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practically blind except for their sensitivity to light they rely on the 6 sensory barbels that surround their mouths to find their way along the ocean floor and their singular nasal passageway to smell out their prey. Hagfish have a unique dental plate inside of their mouths with a row of posterior and anterior keratinous grasping teeth on each side. This dental plate folds bilaterally helping with the grasping motion hagfish use to eat their prey. The dental plate protrudes out and folds onto the flesh of the prey and then retracts back into the hagfish's mouth. It may also use its slime to suffocate its prey though this is mostly used as a defense against predators. The moment a predator grasps a hagfish it will project slime out of its pores, causing the predator to choke. The slime clogs the gills and therefore restricts the rate at which the predator can circulate water to breathe.
385:
developing at only 7 months in some species of hagfish. "The ovary is found in the anterior portion of the gonad, and the testis is found in the posterior part." Reyes indicates four outcomes can happen during development that determines the sex of an individual. If the anterior part develops then the individual is female if the posterior part develops the individual is male. If neither develops the individual becomes sterile. If the individual develops both then the individual becomes a hermaphrodite, research is currently being undertaken to determine where hermaphrodites are to be considered functioning or not.
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response in the predator, thus forcing them to let go of the hagfish. This deters further attack as well, though it is unknown whether there is a toxic compound within the slime and what further effect this has on the predator. Marine mammals and octopuses do not have gills that can be clogged by slime. This slime is made in pores along the sides of hagfish and contains protein threads. These are coiled when contained in cells, but upon release reacts with salt water and expands. This is what causes the slime to fill the mouth. The excretion of the slime appears to have no effect on
42:
487:.) "Hagfish slime is made up of two parts: mucus and tiny fibres, about 15cm long but only a micron wide." These fibres could be a natural, renewable alternative to non-renewable, petroleum-derived fabrics, like nylon and spandex. While no one has yet extracted the proteins to make a spool of hagfish thread, Fudge and his team propose that in the future, these proteins will extracted and made into eco-friendly clothing such as athletic wear; or because of their strength, even bulletproof vests.
328:
hagfish is surrounded by 6 barbels, above that is their singular nasal passage and just inside the mouth is a dental plate with a row of posterior and anterior keratinous grasping teeth on each side. It has seven pairs of gill pouches and forming a line down both the lower sides of its body are pores which often many of them are ringed with a white colour and are used for secreting a snot-like slime which expands out once it has contact with the sea water. Juveniles are lighter in colour.
86:
61:
430:, as it continues foraging despite attacks. This is considered unusual behaviour as in most animals they would be more alert for potential danger or in timid species, run or hide at the threat of danger. Hagfish just keep eating with no change in behaviour again providing an adaptive advantage as instead of using energy on flight, the organism can gain energy from its food.
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life cycles. It is difficult to regulate when the size of the population is unknown as well as the growth and fertility rate. This makes the industries sustainability questionable and has led to a lot of research into hagfish reproduction. But due to the depth at which this species inhabits and the difficulty in observing their behaviour limited knowledge has been gained.
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breeds cyclically or seasonably as females with large eggs present and postovulatory females were found throughout all seasons of the study. It was suggested that the first female spawning is thought to occur when the total length is between 412mm – 534mm, while Males are thought not to mature until
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feeds on the third trophic level (three levels above primary producers). The diet is a variety of invertebrates and includes hermit crabs, shrimps, sharks and bony fish. When hunting the hagfish locates a burrow occupied by potential prey. It then enters the burrow and is believed to grab the prey.
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has an eel-like body with no dorsal fin, a paddle-like tail and are often a grey-brown with a pink or bluish tinge of colour. As with all other hagfish, the New
Zealand hagfish has a skull but no jaw or true vertebral column, it instead has a skeleton made up of cartilage. The rounded mouth of the
470:
Commercially hagfish are considered a delicacy in Korea and Japan. This has led to small-scale fishing in New
Zealand to supply this market. The skin is used to produce eel skin leather. This industry has no regulations unlike many others because of a large number of unknown factors about hagfish
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secretes a slime that acts as a deterrent to predators. Hagfish are hunted by marine mammals and sharks as well as large fish. However, hagfish combat this predation with the slime that they secrete. When grabbed by a predator, the slime fills the mouth and gill chamber. These trigger a gagging
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but they did find a low reproductive rate occurring and therefore issues may arise from commercial fisheries, although they are currently at a 'least concern.' IUCN It can take up to 2 or 3 years after maturing for hagfish to produce only 20–30 eggs. Embryo development is slow with early stages
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are bottom feeders and are known to eat their prey from the inside out. Their diet mainly consists of carrion, although they prey on live animals as well. Hagfish play an important role in the ecosystem, recycling nutrients contained in carcasses that sink to the sea floor. As the hagfish are
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The New
Zealand hagfish is common throughout the temperate coastal shelves, in depths ranging between 1m and 900m. The hagfish is most common between 90 and 700m. "All known Hagfish species live in close proximity to the bottom, either resting on the substrate or occupying burrows."
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was a scavenger and opportunistic feeder. However, it was realised that the energy demands of the population were too large to be maintained by scavenging alone. Research done in the last decade has shown that hagfish can and do hunt.
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is found in coastal areas of New
Zealand in shelf and slope areas along the coast with frequent sighting in Kaikoura. It is also found on rises and banks out in the open ocean. Their New Zealand range includes the Chatham Islands.
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has a range that includes the western
Pacific and stretches down the east coast of Australia from Queensland to Tasmania as well as throughout New Zealand from the North Cape to Snares Shelf and around the Chatham Islands.
1418:
Winegard, Timothy; Herr, Julia; Mena, Carlos; Lee, Betty; Dinov, Ivo; Bird, Deborah; Bernards, Mark; Hobel, Sam; Van
Valkenburgh, Blaire; Toga, Arthur; Fudge, Douglas (4 April 2014).
1017:
Zintzen, Vincent; Roberts, Clive D.; Shepherd, Lara; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Anderson, Marti J.; McVeagh, Margaret; Noren, Michael; Fernholm, Bo (June 2015).
1007:
Ministry of
Fisheries, "New Zealand Fishes. A field guide to common species caught by bottom and midwater fishin",. (Ministry of Fisheries., 1(68), 34., 2011) ISSN 1176-9440
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Holmes, William M.; Cotton, Ross; Xuan, Viet Bui; Rygg, Alex D.; Craven, Brent A.; Abel, Richard L.; Slack, Robert; Cox, Jonathan P.L. (June 2011).
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ties itself into a knot which in turn increases the surface area of contact with the ocean floor and acts as leverage for pulling the prey out.
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It is possible that the slime that is secreted by hagfish could, like in more evolved species, as protection against pathogens and parasites.
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Clark, A. J.; Summers, A. P. (15 November 2007). "Morphology and kinematics of feeding in hagfish: possible functional advantages of jaws".
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hagfish slime research team, stated that when dried, the fibres within the slime become like silk: very thin and strong. (Fudge is now at
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Zintzen, Vincent; Roberts, Clive D.; Anderson, Marti J.; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Harvey, Euan S. (27 October 2011).
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Biometrics research work has pursued applications of the protein fibres within hagfish slime. Douglas Fudge, then head of the
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It is then thought that hagfish may suffocate its prey by producing an excess of slime. To extract the prey from the burrow
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1019:"Review and phylogeny of the New Zealand hagfishes (Myxiniformes: Myxinidae), with a description of three new species"
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Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015).
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1213:"Three-Dimensional Structure of the Nasal Passageway of a Hagfish and its Implications for Olfaction"
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IUCN. (2011, July). Depletion of body snatchers: bad news for marine environment. Retrieved from
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as well as around the south and east coasts of
Australia, at depths between 1 and 900 metres.
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1121:"Morphometics and Gonadal Development of the Hagfish Eptatretus cirrhatus in New Zealand"
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they are about 585mm in length. Not much is yet understood about the gestation period of
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1420:"Coiling and maturation of a high-performance fibre in hagfish slime gland thread cells"
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Lim, Jeanette; Fudge, Douglas S; Levy, Nimrod; Gosline, John M (15 February 2006).
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1052:"Current Knowledge of Hagfish Reproduction: Implications for Fisheries Management"
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Van Der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald (11 November 2014).
1619:
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Zintzen, V; Rogers, KM; Roberts, CD; Stewart, AL; Anderson, MJ (27 June 2013).
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The
Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology
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In a study done on the reproductive stages, there was no indication found that
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General hagfish are found around the world in waters below 22 degrees
Celsius.
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1329:"Hagfish feeding habits along a depth gradient inferred from stable isotopes"
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Reyes, R. B. (n.d.). Eptatretus cirrhatus summary page. Retrieved 2017, from
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in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, hagfish populations exploded.
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Martini, Frederic H.; Beulig, Alfred; Tanaka, Minoru (8 November 2013).
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Powell, Mickie L; Kavanaugh, Scott I; Sower, Stacia A (1 January 2005).
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Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
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1472:"Hagfish Slime Could Provide Fibers for Future Eco-Friendly Clothes"
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Encyclopedia of Britannica. (24 May 2011). Hagfish. Retrieved from
706:. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 27.
1294:"Hagfish slime ecomechanics: testing the gill-clogging hypothesis"
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997:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
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1920s illustration of the body and mouth by Louis Thomas Griffin
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1369:"Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism"
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http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Eptatretus-cirrhatus.html
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http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1999#summary
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Bray, D. (n.d.) Eptatretus cirrhatus. Retrieved from
1101:) into the Quota Management System on 1 October 2014
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and is considered a delicacy. In modern times, some
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883:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 208–213.
1104:. Ministry for Primary Industries. July 2014.
995:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
528:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T154825A4644581.en
1097:Proposed Introduction of the Common Hagfish (
8:
1206:http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/hagfishpaper
914:"Hagfish Slime Could Be Eco-Friendly Fabric"
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1180:"Adhesive constrains hagfish thread skeins"
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1023:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1012:https://www.britannica.com/animal/hagfish
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958:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
762:(Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014)
734:(Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014)
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1362:(Relevant information and references)
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1779:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
580:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
400:For many years, it was believed that
7:
1687:6288674e-90c5-46cd-abf7-202c80cf55b7
918:National Geographic Society Newsroom
1749:IUCN Red List least concern species
1056:Integrative and Comparative Biology
514:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
879:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
681:Powell, Kavanaugh & Sower 2005
627:(Encyclopedia of Britannica, 2011)
436:Whales may be a major predator of
25:
931:Rothschild, Anna (16 July 2015).
912:Kaufman, Rachel (22 April 2014).
751:Martini, Beulig & Tanaka 2013
418:Predators, parasites and diseases
312:found around New Zealand and the
1769:Least concern biota of Australia
1759:Marine fish of Eastern Australia
1489:
993:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
84:
1298:Journal of Experimental Biology
1257:Journal of Experimental Biology
1184:Journal of Experimental Biology
442:whaling industry in New Zealand
1774:Least concern biota of Oceania
1333:Marine Ecology Progress Series
549:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
1:
618:(Ministry of Fisheries, 2011)
1178:Knight, K. (17 April 2014).
1146:10.1371/journal.pone.0078740
440:. During the height of the
1800:
1764:Marine fish of New Zealand
1476:Public Radio International
455:is a traditional food for
704:The fishes of New Zealand
597:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
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81:Scientific classification
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975:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
640:Clark & Summers 2007
503:Mincarone, M.M. (2011).
989:. January 2006 version.
933:"Hagfish Slime Fashion"
467:for special occasions.
27:Species of jawless fish
1784:Fish described in 1801
954:"Eptatretus cirrhatus"
283:
266:Bdellostoma heptatrema
1424:Nature Communications
521:: e.T154825A4644581.
300:), also known by its
281:
1560:Eptatretus_cirrhatus
1546:Eptatretus cirrhatus
1516:Eptatretus cirrhatus
1498:at Wikimedia Commons
1496:Eptatretus cirrhatus
1099:Eptatretus cirrhatus
1079:10.1093/icb/45.1.158
979:Eptatretus cirrhatus
864:Winegard et al. 2014
507:Eptatretus cirrhatus
481:University of Guelph
382:Eptatretus cirrhatus
377:Eptatretus cirrhatus
371:Life cycle/phenology
337:Natural global range
325:Eptatretus cirrhatus
297:Eptatretus cirrhatus
258:Bdellostoma forsteri
226:Petromyzon cirrhatus
200:Eptatretus cirrhatus
35:Broadgilled hagfish
1436:2014NatCo...5.3534W
1385:2011NatSR...1E.131Z
1345:2013MEPS..485..223Z
1137:2013PLoSO...878740M
852:Zintzen et al. 2013
828:Zintzen et al. 2011
657:Zintzen et al. 2015
362:Habitat preferences
292:New Zealand hagfish
288:broadgilled hagfish
250:Heptatremus banksii
51:Conservation status
18:New Zealand Hagfish
1445:10.1038/ncomms4534
1373:Scientific Reports
1269:10.1242/jeb.006940
1197:10.1242/jeb.105841
811:Holmes et al. 2011
485:Chapman University
284:
242:Eptatretus banksii
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1708:Open Tree of Life
1508:Taxon identifiers
1494:Media related to
1393:10.1038/srep00131
1354:10.3354/meps10341
1311:10.1242/jeb.02067
1263:(22): 3897–3909.
1111:978-0-478-43732-4
1036:10.1111/zoj.12239
890:978-1-77554-179-0
558:version (02/2017)
389:Diet and foraging
350:New Zealand range
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961:. Retrieved
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668:(Bray, n.d.)
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465:E. cirrhatus
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453:E. cirrhatus
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332:Distribution
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237:Fleming 1822
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229:Forster 1801
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148:Myxiniformes
29:
1620:iNaturalist
1540:Wikispecies
1430:(1): 3534.
1339:: 223–234.
790:Knight 2014
551:"Myxinidae"
534:19 November
320:Description
269:Müller 1836
261:Müller 1836
1743:Categories
1379:(1): 131.
947:References
899:Q114871191
475:Other uses
169:Eptatretus
1754:Myxinidae
1064:CiteSeerX
722:908128805
491:Citations
176:Species:
158:Myxinidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1638:10821679
1594:FishBase
1525:Wikidata
1464:24698953
1411:22355648
1320:16449564
1285:25221296
1277:17981857
1248:21682312
1240:21538925
1165:24250811
1125:PLOS ONE
1088:21676757
986:FishBase
963:18 April
895:Wikidata
606:25543675
556:FishBase
217:Synonyms
154:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1612:2498614
1531:Q780463
1455:4285696
1432:Bibcode
1402:3216612
1381:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1156:3826707
1133:Bibcode
584:Zootaxa
310:hagfish
308:, is a
210:, 1801)
164:Genus:
144:Order:
134:Class:
128:Agnatha
69: (
1726:279276
1713:105361
1700:279276
1684:NZOR:
1664:154825
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563:18 May
463:serve
138:Myxini
1721:WoRMS
1677:78394
1633:IRMNG
1625:49098
1599:23878
1586:6FYRT
1573:52940
1281:S2CID
1244:S2CID
1216:(PDF)
457:Māori
306:tuere
304:name
1695:OBIS
1672:NCBI
1659:IUCN
1646:ITIS
1607:GBIF
1568:BOLD
1460:PMID
1407:PMID
1316:PMID
1273:PMID
1236:PMID
1161:PMID
1106:ISBN
1084:PMID
999:ISBN
965:2006
937:NOVA
885:ISBN
718:OCLC
708:ISBN
602:PMID
588:3882
565:2017
536:2021
519:2011
286:The
1581:CoL
1555:AFD
1450:PMC
1440:doi
1397:PMC
1389:doi
1349:doi
1337:485
1306:doi
1302:209
1265:doi
1261:210
1228:doi
1224:294
1192:doi
1188:217
1151:PMC
1141:doi
1074:doi
1031:doi
1027:174
592:doi
523:doi
461:iwi
290:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
