42:
76:
1325:
495:
from 39 fossil bones in museums allowed the relationship between New
Zealand and Australian swans to be re-examined, and it turned out the mainland New Zealand and Chatham Island populations formed a distinct group, separated from Australian birds by perhaps 1–2 million years. They proved
336:
in New
Zealand represented one of the very rare cases of a species replacing itself after extinction. After the extinction of the poūwa, there is some evidence occasional vagrant swans arrived from Australia, but it was not until after its deliberate introduction in the 1860s that
474:
with
Australian swan bones, but could not find any marked differences in size or proportion. The species was thenceforth considered to be a population of the black swan that had colonised New Zealand in prehistoric times and been exterminated by early
694:
309:) smaller and slender soccer-player physique." It had relatively shorter wings and longer legs, suggesting it was evolving on a path towards flightlessness, as with other New Zealand waterfowl like
279:) because of its slightly larger bones, and swans not having been introduced to New Zealand until 1864. From 1998 until 2017, it was considered to be simply a New Zealand population of
345:
functions as an ecological surrogate of its extinct relative is unknown. Judging by the presence of their bones in middens, New
Zealand swans were driven extinct by the first
933:
2257:
2323:
416:
into New
Zealand " so the bones could not be from introduced black swans; he also noted that they were larger than those of the Australian species.
285:, until DNA recovered from fossil bones determined that it was indeed a separate species, much larger and heavier than its Australian relative.
2333:
2313:
871:
Worthy, Trevor H. (1998). "A remarkable fossil and archaeological avifauna from
Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand".
2338:
926:
899:
570:
2085:
1808:
607:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Kardamaki, Afroditi; Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul; Waters, Jonathan M. (2017).
375:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2235:
2318:
919:
549:
412:) and from the type locality of Sumner. Forbes noted that "This Sumner cave has been closed since the introduction of
2262:
2156:
1230:
1997:
664:
2009:
1576:
1564:
75:
2115:
609:"Ancient DNA and morphometric analysis reveal extinction and replacement of New Zealand's unique black swans"
370:, in September 1889. The landowner Henry Monck had discovered bones which he presented to John T. Meeson and
2308:
1629:
1617:
1365:
2197:
2127:
1889:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1418:
1271:
41:
297:
was distinctly larger than its
Australian relative, weighing an estimated 10 kg to the 6 kg of
2168:
1992:
1987:
1877:
1721:
1593:
1552:
1194:
544:
171:
2249:
1818:
1503:
1131:
1030:
958:
942:
1948:
1936:
1401:
1389:
1353:
1054:
746:
363:
50:
2095:
2090:
1911:
1862:
1852:
1467:
1341:
1283:
1148:
1143:
1102:
1042:
455:
305:. Standing about 1 m tall, it was "more like a rugby player compared with the Australian swan's (
200:
70:
2046:
844:
Dawson, E. W. (1958). "Re-discoveries of the New
Zealand subfossil birds named by H.O. Forbes".
719:
2272:
1324:
2280:
2139:
2110:
2100:
2073:
1960:
1704:
1665:
1423:
1165:
1153:
1119:
1090:
1078:
1018:
970:
895:
646:
628:
318:
2285:
2144:
2063:
1977:
1733:
1716:
1295:
1006:
853:
811:
780:
636:
620:
538:
521:
513:
463:
371:
310:
302:
234:
191:
2068:
1682:
1605:
1182:
443:
256:
2041:
1413:
476:
387:
341:
became established and increased to a population of approximately 50,000 today. Whether
2328:
1899:
1779:
1750:
1738:
1440:
1206:
857:
815:
641:
608:
578:
525:
471:
425:
2302:
1872:
1867:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1774:
429:
271:
remains in 1889, it was originally considered a separate species from the
Australian
2051:
1894:
1762:
1641:
1515:
1377:
1242:
1066:
367:
260:
127:
2229:
1857:
1692:
1479:
799:
492:
438:
346:
268:
264:
28:
2105:
1653:
1581:
994:
408:
281:
272:
59:
2220:
1520:
632:
362:
The first fossil swan bones in New
Zealand were recovered from Monck's Cave,
1791:
1491:
1218:
349:
settlers around AD 1450 on the mainland and AD 1650 on the Chatham Islands.
87:
1266:
1177:
1114:
650:
624:
500:
to be designated a separate and genetically distinct species, and the name
390:
inhabitants of the cave. Forbes described the new swan species from three
2214:
2014:
391:
137:
107:
32:
2244:
1307:
911:
720:"Monck's Cave at Sumner: explorations by Mr H. O. Forbes and Mr Meeson"
395:
695:"Introducing the Poūwa: New Zealand's unique and ill-fated black swan"
1254:
982:
784:
97:
2191:
479:
settlers, and all New Zealand subfossil swan bones were assigned to
386:, spears, and sinkers, indicating the swans were hunted by early
1972:
1435:
751:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
512:) for the mainland and Chatham birds. The researchers chose the
383:
252:
147:
117:
2195:
915:
450:. A few years later, Forbes's specimens were rediscovered, and
1982:
1525:
379:
520:
for the species, from a legend of a large bird that lived in
894:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 224–227.
442:, and redescribed the species, using fossil bones from the
528:, and whose bones could still be found in the sand dunes.
613:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
402:, from its resemblance to the Australian black swan
325:. Although likely to have the same black plumage as
2204:
1927:
1807:
1681:
1456:
1332:
949:
332:Until recently it was thought that the presence of
329:, this cannot be determined from subfossil bones.
833:(2 ed.). Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
890:Worthy, Trevor H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002).
927:
239:
8:
2177:
2160:
2148:
2131:
2119:
2077:
2055:
2018:
2001:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1915:
1903:
1881:
1844:
1822:
1795:
1783:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1725:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1444:
1427:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1169:
1157:
1135:
1123:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
504:was revived, with two separate subspecies (
2192:
934:
920:
912:
40:
20:
640:
561:
293:Based on numerous bone measurements,
7:
766:
764:
688:
686:
602:
600:
598:
596:
800:"New extinct swan from New Zealand"
747:"The newly-opened cave near Sumner"
858:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1958.tb08793.x
816:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1890.tb06484.x
378:. They were found associated with
14:
2324:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
665:"NZ's ill-fated burly black swan"
2086:North Island little spotted kiwi
1323:
873:Records of the Canterbury Museum
74:
466:compared a large collection of
2037:North Island stout-legged wren
2032:South Island stout-legged wren
693:Rawlence, Nic (26 July 2017).
1:
2334:Fossil taxa described in 1890
829:Oliver, Walter R. B. (1955).
771:Forbes, Henry O. (1890). "".
2314:Extinct birds of New Zealand
496:sufficiently different from
2339:Birds with names in Moriori
569:Gibb, John (27 July 2017).
550:Largest prehistoric animals
382:and fish bones, seal hair,
251:) is an extinct indigenous
2355:
2236:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
2206:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
2157:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1231:South Island oystercatcher
215:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
1998:Auckland Island merganser
1321:
892:The Lost World of the Moa
798:Forbes, Henry O. (1890).
470:from Marfells Beach near
206:
199:
177:
170:
71:Scientific classification
69:
57:
48:
39:
23:
2010:Chatham Island merganser
1577:Northern royal albatross
1565:New Zealand storm petrel
571:"At last, NZ's own swan"
428:was considered lost, so
2273:new-zealand-swan-matapu
1630:South Island saddleback
1618:North Island saddleback
1594:Orange-fronted parakeet
1366:North Island brown kiwi
487:Revival of species name
424:By the 1950s, Forbes's
240:
16:Extinct species of swan
2178:
2161:
2149:
2132:
2120:
2078:
2056:
2019:
2002:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1916:
1904:
1882:
1845:
1823:
1796:
1784:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1726:
1709:
1697:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1541:New Zealand fairy tern
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1445:
1428:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1272:Variable oystercatcher
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1170:
1158:
1136:
1124:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
625:10.1098/rspb.2017.0876
2169:New Zealand musk duck
2116:Scarlett's shearwater
1993:South Island adzebill
1988:North Island adzebill
1878:Erect-crested penguin
1722:Chatham oystercatcher
1553:New Zealand king shag
1195:New Zealand rock wren
745:Meeson, John (1889).
545:Pleistocene megafauna
301:, a clear display of
2319:Holocene extinctions
1819:Antipodean albatross
1809:Subantarctic islands
1132:New Zealand dotterel
1031:Double-banded plover
943:Birds of New Zealand
400:Chenopis sumnerensis
210:Chenopis sumnerensis
2128:North Island takahē
2003:rakiraki maungahuka
1949:New Zealand bittern
1937:South Island piopio
1890:Reischek's parakeet
1536:South Island kōkako
1531:North Island kōkako
1419:South Island takahē
1402:Yellow-eyed penguin
1390:Southern brown kiwi
1354:Little spotted kiwi
448:Cygnus chathamensis
315:Chenonetta finschi)
220:Cygnus chathamensis
163:C. sumnerensis
51:Conservation status
2096:South Island snipe
2091:North Island snipe
1912:Subantarctic snipe
1863:Campbell albatross
1853:Antipodes parakeet
1797:kawau o rangihaute
1468:Black-fronted tern
1342:Great spotted kiwi
1284:White-fronted tern
1149:North Island robin
1144:South Island robin
1103:Long-tailed cuckoo
1043:New Zealand falcon
724:Christchurch Press
619:(1859): 20170876.
510:C. s. chathamensis
374:, Director of the
248:Cygnus sumnerensis
184:Cygnus sumnerensis
2296:
2295:
2281:Open Tree of Life
2198:Taxon identifiers
2189:
2188:
2140:New Zealand goose
1961:New Zealand quail
1705:Chatham albatross
1424:Fiordland penguin
1166:Paradise shelduck
1154:New Zealand scaup
1091:Sacred kingfisher
1079:Grey-faced petrel
971:Black-billed gull
831:New Zealand Birds
581:on 17 August 2017
575:Otago Daily Times
506:C. s. sumnerensis
432:in 1955 declared
376:Canterbury Museum
319:New Zealand goose
227:
226:
64:
2346:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2250:0EFEC802EEED9BDD
2240:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2193:
2181:
2174:New Zealand swan
2164:
2152:
2135:
2123:
2081:
2059:
2027:Long-billed wren
2022:
2005:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1919:
1907:
1885:
1848:
1826:
1799:
1787:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:Chatham parakeet
1729:
1717:Chatham gerygone
1712:
1700:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1448:
1431:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1173:
1161:
1139:
1127:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1007:Buff-banded rail
1002:
990:
978:
966:
936:
929:
922:
913:
906:
905:
887:
881:
880:
868:
862:
861:
841:
835:
834:
826:
820:
819:
795:
789:
788:
785:10.1038/041207a0
768:
759:
758:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
726:. 8 October 1889
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
690:
681:
680:
678:
676:
661:
655:
654:
644:
604:
591:
590:
588:
586:
577:. Archived from
566:
539:Cygnus falconeri
522:Te Whanga lagoon
414:Chenopsis atrata
394:and two partial
303:island gigantism
267:. Discovered as
243:
231:New Zealand swan
186:
182:
79:
78:
63:
44:
27:Temporal range:
24:New Zealand swan
21:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2069:Waitaha penguin
2064:Chatham penguin
1929:
1923:
1811:
1803:
1685:
1683:Chatham Islands
1677:
1606:Red-billed gull
1599:kākāriki karaka
1460:
1458:
1452:
1334:
1328:
1319:
951:
945:
940:
910:
909:
902:
889:
888:
884:
870:
869:
865:
843:
842:
838:
828:
827:
823:
797:
796:
792:
770:
769:
762:
744:
743:
739:
729:
727:
718:
717:
713:
703:
701:
692:
691:
684:
674:
672:
663:
662:
658:
606:
605:
594:
584:
582:
568:
567:
563:
558:
534:
489:
452:C. chathamensis
444:Chatham Islands
422:
404:Chenopis atrata
360:
355:
291:
257:Chatham Islands
195:
188:
180:
179:
166:
73:
65:
62: (1650 CE)
53:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Cygnus (genus)
2301:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2277:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2226:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2111:Imber's petrel
2108:
2103:
2101:Forbes's snipe
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2074:Eyles' harrier
2071:
2066:
2061:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2012:
2007:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1900:Snares penguin
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:tawaki nana hī
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1780:Magenta petrel
1777:
1772:
1760:
1751:Chatham pigeon
1748:
1739:Chatham petrel
1736:
1731:
1719:
1714:
1702:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1207:Shining cuckoo
1204:
1192:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
955:
953:
947:
946:
941:
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
908:
907:
900:
882:
863:
852:(2): 232–237.
836:
821:
790:
760:
737:
711:
682:
671:. 26 July 2017
656:
592:
560:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
533:
530:
526:Chatham Island
502:C. sumnerensis
498:Cygnus atratus
488:
485:
472:Lake Grassmere
468:C. sumnerensis
460:C. sumnerensis
456:junior synonym
434:C. sumnerensis
421:
418:
409:Cygnus atratus
359:
356:
354:
351:
307:Cygnus atratus
295:C. sumnerensis
290:
287:
282:Cygnus atratus
277:Cygnus atratus
269:archaeological
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
175:
174:
168:
167:
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2351:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2145:Finsch's duck
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Haast's eagle
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Campbell teal
1871:
1869:
1868:Campbell shag
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:tētē kākāriki
1842:
1841:Auckland teal
1839:
1837:
1836:Auckland shag
1834:
1832:
1831:Auckland rail
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Chatham snipe
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
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1699:
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1667:
1664:
1660:
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1534:
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1527:
1524:
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1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:endemic birds
1455:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:kiwi pukupuku
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
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1278:
1273:
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1249:
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1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:pīpīwharauroa
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
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1142:
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1126:
1121:
1118:
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1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
989:
984:
983:Brown creeper
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
960:
957:
956:
954:
948:
944:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
917:
914:
903:
901:0-253-34034-9
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
825:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
791:
786:
782:
779:(1053): 209.
778:
774:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
725:
721:
715:
712:
700:
696:
689:
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683:
670:
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660:
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652:
648:
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638:
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599:
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580:
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541:
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536:
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531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
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486:
484:
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478:
473:
469:
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441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
426:type material
419:
417:
415:
411:
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405:
401:
397:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Finsch's duck
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
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236:
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221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
202:
198:
193:
187:
185:
176:
173:
172:Binomial name
169:
165:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
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119:
116:
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109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2205:
2173:
2052:Laughing owl
2047:Chatham kākā
2042:Lyall's wren
1895:Snares snipe
1763:Chatham shag
1642:Shore plover
1516:Foveaux shag
1441:Blue penguin
1378:Okarito kiwi
1243:Spotted shag
1171:pūtangitangi
1067:Grey warbler
891:
885:
879:(1): 79–176.
876:
872:
866:
849:
845:
839:
830:
824:
807:
803:
793:
776:
772:
754:
750:
740:
728:. Retrieved
723:
714:
702:. Retrieved
698:
673:. Retrieved
668:
659:
616:
612:
583:. Retrieved
579:the original
574:
564:
537:
517:
509:
505:
501:
497:
491:Recovery of
490:
480:
467:
459:
451:
447:
437:
433:
423:
413:
407:
403:
399:
398:, naming it
372:Henry Forbes
368:Christchurch
361:
342:
338:
333:
331:
326:
322:
314:
306:
298:
294:
292:
280:
276:
261:South Island
247:
246:
238:
230:
228:
219:
214:
209:
183:
178:
162:
161:
148:
128:Anseriformes
18:
2230:Wikispecies
2162:ruru hinapō
1858:Bounty shag
1693:Black robin
1480:Black stilt
1313:ngutuparore
1277:tōrea pango
1188:tītipounamu
1137:tūturiwhatu
1012:moho-pererū
810:: 264–265.
493:ancient DNA
462:. In 1998,
439:nomen nudum
323:Cnemiornis)
289:Description
265:New Zealand
29:Pleistocene
2303:Categories
2150:manutahora
2106:Snipe-rail
2020:mātuhituhi
1666:Yellowhead
1654:Stitchbird
1582:Otago shag
1570:takahikare
1457:Endangered
1333:Flightless
1248:pārekareka
1060:pīwakawaka
995:Brown teal
556:References
481:C. atratus
347:Polynesian
343:C. atratus
339:C. atratus
334:C. atratus
327:C. atratus
299:C. atratus
273:black swan
1905:pokotiwha
1792:Pitt shag
1647:tūturuatu
1611:tarāpunga
1558:kawau tūī
1492:Blue duck
1473:tarapiroe
1301:pōpokotea
1296:Whitehead
1219:Silvereye
730:16 August
704:17 August
675:17 August
633:0962-8452
585:1 October
454:became a
392:coracoids
358:Discovery
255:from the
156:Species:
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
2215:Wikidata
2015:Bushwren
1917:tutukiwi
1546:tara-iti
1504:Fernbird
1461:(flying)
1260:miromiro
1200:pīwauwau
1183:Rifleman
1125:pīhoihoi
1072:riroriro
1048:kārearea
1036:pohowera
1019:Dabchick
976:tarāpuka
964:korimako
959:Bellbird
757:: 64–70.
699:Sciblogs
651:28747476
532:See also
420:Synonymy
353:Taxonomy
317:and the
259:and the
201:Synonyms
138:Anatidae
134:Family:
108:Chordata
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
33:Holocene
2286:3595917
2263:2023654
2245:Avibase
2221:Q669366
2079:kērangi
1954:kaoriki
1928:Extinct
1744:ranguru
1395:tokoeka
1308:Wrybill
1159:pāpango
1108:koekoeā
1055:Fantail
642:5543223
514:Moriori
366:, near
235:Moriori
194:, 1890)
181:†
160:†
144:Genus:
124:Order:
114:Class:
60:Extinct
2270:NZBO:
2121:ōiruki
2057:whēkau
1966:koreke
1942:piopio
1698:karure
1587:Matapo
1509:mātātā
1446:kororā
1429:tawaki
1414:Kākāpō
1255:Tomtit
1224:tauhou
1178:Pūkeko
1115:Kererū
1096:kōtare
1024:weweia
1000:pāteke
988:pipipi
950:Common
898:
773:Nature
649:
639:
631:
464:Worthy
430:Oliver
396:humeri
364:Sumner
192:Forbes
149:Cygnus
2329:Swans
2179:poūwa
1930:birds
1824:Toroa
1812:birds
1785:tāiko
1768:papua
1756:parea
1727:tōrea
1710:toroa
1686:birds
1671:mōhua
1635:tīeke
1623:tīeke
1407:hoiho
1371:roroa
1347:roroa
1335:birds
1236:tōrea
1120:Pipit
952:birds
806:. 6.
518:poūwa
516:name
477:Māori
446:, as
406:(now
388:Māori
384:adzes
241:poūwa
2258:NCBI
2133:moho
1973:Huia
1659:hihi
1521:Kākā
1497:whio
1485:kakī
1436:Weka
1383:rowi
1289:tara
896:ISBN
846:Ibis
804:Ibis
732:2017
706:2017
677:2017
647:PMID
629:ISSN
587:2022
508:and
253:swan
229:The
118:Aves
1983:Moa
1526:Kea
1267:Tūī
854:doi
850:100
812:doi
781:doi
669:RNZ
637:PMC
621:doi
617:284
524:on
458:of
380:moa
263:of
2305::
2283::
2260::
2247::
2232::
2217::
1084:ōi
877:12
875:.
848:.
808:32
802:.
777:41
775:.
763:^
755:22
753:.
749:.
722:.
697:.
685:^
667:.
645:.
635:.
627:.
615:.
611:.
595:^
573:.
483:.
436:a
245:,
237::
2182:)
2176:(
2165:)
2159:(
2153:)
2147:(
2136:)
2130:(
2124:)
2118:(
2082:)
2076:(
2060:)
2054:(
2023:)
2017:(
2006:)
2000:(
1969:)
1963:(
1957:)
1951:(
1945:)
1939:(
1920:)
1914:(
1908:)
1902:(
1886:)
1880:(
1849:)
1843:(
1827:)
1821:(
1800:)
1794:(
1788:)
1782:(
1771:)
1765:(
1759:)
1753:(
1747:)
1741:(
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1724:(
1713:)
1707:(
1701:)
1695:(
1674:)
1668:(
1662:)
1656:(
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1644:(
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1632:(
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1620:(
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1608:(
1602:)
1596:(
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1584:(
1573:)
1567:(
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1555:(
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1543:(
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1506:(
1500:)
1494:(
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1482:(
1476:)
1470:(
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1443:(
1432:)
1426:(
1410:)
1404:(
1398:)
1392:(
1386:)
1380:(
1374:)
1368:(
1362:)
1356:(
1350:)
1344:(
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1310:(
1304:)
1298:(
1292:)
1286:(
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1257:(
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1233:(
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1221:(
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1209:(
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1197:(
1191:)
1185:(
1174:)
1168:(
1162:)
1156:(
1140:)
1134:(
1128:)
1122:(
1111:)
1105:(
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1093:(
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1081:(
1075:)
1069:(
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1057:(
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1045:(
1039:)
1033:(
1027:)
1021:(
1015:)
1009:(
1003:)
997:(
991:)
985:(
979:)
973:(
967:)
961:(
935:e
928:t
921:v
904:.
860:.
856::
818:.
814::
787:.
783::
734:.
708:.
679:.
653:.
623::
589:.
321:(
313:(
275:(
233:(
190:(
31:-
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