41:, who coined the term, the desire is to embody "within the ongoing political practice of a movement those forms of social relations, decision-making, culture, and human experience that are the ultimate goal". Besides this definition, Leach also gave light to the definition of the concept stating that the term "refers to a political orientation based on the premise that the ends a social movement achieves are fundamentally shaped by the means it employs, and that movement should therefore do their best to choose means that embody or prefigure the kind of society they want to bring about".
207:(but not escapism!) in the realms of possibility––something that words and theories alone cannot provide. As a form of activism, prefigurativism highlights the idea that your means match the ends you can expect. It highlights that social structures enacted in the here-and-now, in the small confines of our organisations, institutions and rituals mirror the wider social structures we can expect to see in the post-revolutionary future.
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demonstrated why the kind of social relations on which it is based were unnecessary. This is why all the condescending remarks about the movement being dominated by a bunch of dumb kids with no coherent ideology completely missed the mark. The diversity was a function of the decentralized form of organization, and this organization
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that it seeks to create. Furthermore, she sees prefigurative politics as strictly connected to the notion of community, referring to it as a network of relationships that are more direct, more personal, and more total than the formal, abstract and instrumental relationships that are embedded in contemporary state and society.
249:(in Spanish: Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) in 1994, quickly morphed into a social movement that criticized both, national and global power structures and looked for the empowerment of local communities through everyday practices of de facto autonomy. After negotiations with the state failed regarding
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For
Breines, "prefigurative politics" centers on "participatory democracy", understood as an ongoing opposition to hierarchical and centralized organization that requires a movement that develops and establishes relationships and political forms that "prefigure" the egalitarian and democratic society
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a way of engaging in social change activism that seeks to bring about this other world by means of planting the seeds of the society of the future in the soil of today's. Prefigurativism is a way of showing what a world without the tyranny of the present might look like. It is a way of finding hope
817:
Andy
Cornell, Consensus: What It Is, What It Is Not, Where It Came From, and Where It Must Go. In We Are Many: Reflections on Movement Strategy from Occupation to Liberation, edited by Kate Khatib et al., 163-73. Oakland: AK Press, 2012; John L. Hammond,. The significance of space in Occupy Wall
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When protesters in
Seattle chanted "this is what democracy looks like," they meant to be taken literally. In the best tradition of direct action, they not only confronted a certain form of power, exposing its mechanisms and attempting literally to stop it in its tracks: they did it in a way which
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rights and culture, the
Zapatistas proceeded to develop their own structures of self-government, autonomous education, healthcare, justice, and agrarian and economic relations, among other transformative practices. This movement continues to raise important issues such as the role of culture and
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For much of its history, the prefigurative impulse was only characteristic of the beginning stages of a rebellion and faded as the movement became more centralized. From the 1960s onward, however, the approach has become both more clearly articulated and more widespread, such that one can now
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and its spinoffs in occupations around the United States). They envisaged creating a public space in the middle of
American cities, for political dialogue and achieved some of the attributes of community in providing free food, libraries, medical care, and a place to sleep. In Spain, the
322:, which include the oneness of mankind, equality of the sexes, and harmony of science and religion. Several authors have written about the community's grassroots praxis as a living experiment in how to progressively instantiate religious or spiritual teachings in the real world.
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was central to prefigurative politics. The crux of prefigurative politics imposed substantial tasks, the central one being to create and sustain within the live practice of the movement, relationships and political forms that "prefigured" and embodied the desired
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identify a stable prefigurative tendency or wing in a wide range of movements around the world, most notably in women's, environmental, autonomous, peace, and indigenous rights movements, and on a more global scale in the movements against neoliberal globalization
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identity in popular mobilization, social spaces for organizing, the possibility of redefining power from below, and moreover have posed self-reflective questions about conventional definitions of politics, Western positivist epistemologies and about the need of
411:
Boggs, Carl. 1977. Marxism, Prefigurative
Communism, and the Problem of Workers' Control. Radical America 11 (November), 100; cf. Boggs Jr., Carl. Revolutionary Process, Political Strategy, and the Dilemma of Power. Theory & Society 4,No. 3 (Fall),
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on a decentralized level and used mass-self communication as a counter-power in order to give useful information on a wide range of options going from vegetarian cooking to the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.
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around the turn of the twentieth century clearly embraced the principle that the means used to achieve any end must be consistent with that end, though they apparently did not use the term "prefiguration". For example,
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235:, which occurs when an oligarchic stratum of activists is co-opted, leading them to abandon the movement's originally radical goals in order to serve their own interests in maintaining power.
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and take-the-square movements organized themselves and stood up for "a real democracy, a democracy no longer tailored to the greed of the few, but to the needs of the people."
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They argue that prefigurative politics is essential for developing agents with the powers, drives, and consciousness to reach a free, equal, and democratic future society.
818:
Street. Interface 5, No. 2 (November 2013), 499-524; Luis Moreno-Caballud and Marina Sitrin, Occupy Wall Street, Beyond
Encampments. yesmagazine.org, November 21, 2011.
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The term prefigurative politics may be recognized in counter institutions, demonstrations and the attempt to embody personal and anti-hierarchical values in politics.
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The concept of prefiguration later came to be used more widely, especially in relation to movements for participatory democracy. It has especially been applied to
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https://marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/17886_prefigurative-politics-building-tomorrow-today-by-paul-raekstad-and-sofa-saio-gradin-reviewed-by-adrian-kreutz/
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272:), the organizing of many of the unemployed workers movements, and the creation of popular neighborhood assemblies reflect the participants' desire for
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Kreutz, Adrian. 2020. Review of Paul
Raekstad and Sofa Saio Gradin: Prefigurative Politics: Building Tomorrow Today, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2020.
307:, community health clinics, and after-school programs and Liberation Schools that focused on Black history, writing skills, and political science.
300:
231:, a strategic paralysis caused parochial or anti-political inclinations inhibit the creation of broader structures of effective coordination; and
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of many of the groups and political parties of the 1960s. It is both a politics of creation, and one of breaking with hierarchy. Breines wrote:
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Anderson, J. 2014. The
Revolutionary Resonance of praxis: Zapatismo as Public Pedagogy. Reframing Activism. Retrieved the 6th of April from:
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716:. Edited by Mike Davis and Michael Sprinker. London: Verso, 1988; Jeffrey S. Juris, 'Anarchism, or the cultural logic of networking'. In
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by developing a pattern of community life and administrative systems in ways which increasingly embody the principles contained in its
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model provides a method of providing cooperatively-owned, resident-controlled permanent housing, outside of the speculative market.
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Boggs, C., Jr. (1977) Marxism, prefigurative communism, and the problem of workers’ control. Radical
America 11–12, (6–1), 98–122.
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Stahler-Sholk, R. 2019. Zapatistas and New Ways of Doing Politics. Eastern Michigan University. Retrieved the 5th of April from:
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RodrĂguez, E. & Herreros, T. (2011). “It's the Real Democracy, Stupid”. Online: www.edu-factory.org/wp/spanishrevolution/
202:, Political Theorist at New College, Oxford, the practice of prefigurative politics, or prefigurativism, can be defined as:
750:
Leach, D. K. (2013). Prefigurative politics. The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements, 1004-1006.
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Leach, D. K. (2013). Prefigurative politics. The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of social and political movements, 1004-1006.
109:, wrote, "How could one want an equalitarian and free society to issue from authoritarian organisation? It is impossible."
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of the United States led a variety of community social programs from the early 1960s, which sought to realize the Party's
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Monticelli, Lara (editor). "The Future Is Now: An Introduction to Prefigurative Politics, Bristol University Press, 2022
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https://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/activistmedia/2014/01/the-revolutionary-resonance-of-praxis-zapatismo-as-public-pedagogy/
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are the modes of organization and social relationships that strive to reflect the future society being sought by the
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Wini Breines, The Great Refusal: Community and Organization in the New Left: 1962-1968 (New York: Praeger, 1982), 6.
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Raekstad, Paul and Gradin, Saio S. "Prefigurative Politics: Building Tomorrow Today" Cambridge: Polity Books, 2020.
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Maeckelbergh, M. (2012). Horizontal democracy now: From alterglobalization to occupation. Interface, 4(1), 207-234.
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https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1724?print=pdf
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Barbara Epstein, 'The Politics of Prefigurative Community: the Non-violent Direct Action Movement'. Pp. 63-92 in
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the deliberate experimental implementation of desired future social relations and practices in the here-and-now.
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227:, in which popular forums are repressed or their sovereignty usurped by a centralized revolutionary authority;
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Additionally, Darcy K. Leach wrote in The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements that:
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Raekstad, Paul and Gradin, Saio S. 2020. Prefigurative Politics: Building Tomorrow Today. Cambridge: Polity.
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Anarchism and the Movement for a New Society: Direct Action and Prefigurative Community in the 1970s and 80s
596:, edited by Anatole Anton and Richard Schmidt, 213-47. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012. Francesca Polletta,
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The subversion of politics: European autonomous social movements and the decolonization of everyday life
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Boggs analyzed three common patterns of decline in the prefigurative movements which are the following:
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283:, in Spain, and in the United States embodied elements of prefiguration (explicitly in the case of
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One of the greatest examples during the 20th century in this regard is the comunismo libertario (
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Boggs was writing in the 1970s about revolutionary movements in Russia, Italy, Spain, and the US
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Hammond, John L. 1984. 'Two Models of Socialist Transition in the Portuguese Revolution'.
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Breines, Wini. 1980. Community and Organization: The New Left and Michels' "Iron Law."
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Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution
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120:(CNT), or in English the National Confederation of Labour, for a few months during the
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665:
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528:. Oakland: AK Press, 2009: 206; Eduardo Romanos, 'Anarchism'. In Snow, David A.,
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2002:
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Contemporary Anarchist Studies: an Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy
433:. 1979. 'The Women's Movement and Organizing for Socialism'. In Sheila Rowbotham,
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2012:
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In Argentina, the occupation and recuperation of factories by workers (such as
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11, No. 1, 22; Cf. Benjamin Franks, 2008. 'Postanarchism and meta-ethics',
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quoted by Benjamin Franks in 'The direct action ethic: From 59 upwards'.
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Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962–1968: The Great Refusal
460:
Community and Organization in the New Left, 1962-1968: The Great Refusal
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720:, edited by Randall Amster et al., 213-223. New York: Routledge, 2009.
570:
1977:
1912:
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Freedom is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements
592:
John L. Hammond, 'Social Movements and Struggles for Socialism'. In
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933:"Prefigurative Politics between Ethical Practice and Absent Promise"
600:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002; Marina Sitrin, ed.,
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983:
846:
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research in general and in oppressed communities in particular.
771:"Prefigurative Politics in Practice: Examples and Strategies"
979:
534:
The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements
443:
Beyond The Fragments: Feminism and the Making of Socialism
387:
Commons Volunteer Librarian; Smith, E. T. (2023-02-01).
281:
occupation movements of 2011 in Egypt and the Arab world
116:) society organized by anarcho-syndicalists such as the
76:
The politics of prefiguration rejected the centrism and
57:. The concept of prefiguration was further applied by
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Reshaping the US Left: Popular Struggles in the 1980s
162:
described the prefigurative politics of those at the
475:12 (Winter-Spring), 83-100; Hammond, John L. 1988.
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616:"Geographies of the future: Prefigurative politics"
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Horizontalism: Voices of Popular Power in Argentina
458:27, No. 4 (April), 419-429; Breines, Wini. 1989.
61:to the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s, by
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45:is the attempt to enact prefigurative politics.
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8:
661:"On the necessity of prefigurative politics"
240:Examples of prefigurative political programs
532:, Bert Klandermans, and Doug McAdam (eds),
462:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
2778:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
1308:
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710:. Institute for Anarchist Studies, 2009.
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643:
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124:. Workers took collective control of the
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18:New society within the shell of the old
1781:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
159:Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology
148:Perspectives on prefigurative politics
247:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
69:(SDS), and by John L. Hammond to the
7:
614:Jeffrey, Craig; Dyson, Jane (2021).
389:"Prefigurative Politics in Practice"
890:Karlberg, Michael (3 August 2022).
518:16, No. 2 (Autumn-Winter), 135-53;
879:. Friesen Press. pp. 354–373.
187:define prefigurative politics as:
118:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
25:
944:(2). SAGE Publications: 521–537.
775:The Commons Social Change Library
553:Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology
479:. New York: Monthly Review Press.
245:What began as a rebellion of the
144:at the turn of the 21st century.
67:Students for a Democratic Society
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1816:International Conference of Rome
1806:International Conference of Rome
175:the movement's ideology. (p. 84)
892:"The Pursuit of Social Justice"
314:community strives to realise a
140:of the 1970s and 1980s and the
1928:Australian Anarchist Centenary
1853:German Revolution of 1918–1919
930:Gordon, Uri (2 October 2017).
445:, 21-155. London: Merlin Press
1:
1567:Decentralized planned economy
862:Beyond the Culture of Contest
525:Direct Action: An Ethnography
1162:Proletarian internationalism
1863:1919 United States bombings
693:Katsiaficas, George. 2006.
621:Progress in Human Geography
604:. Oakland: AK Press, 2006.
305:Free Breakfast for Children
142:anti-globalization movement
2900:
2818:Situationist International
1888:Spanish Revolution of 1936
1746:Self-managed social center
926:London: Pluto Press, 2007.
860:Karlberg, Michael (2004).
769:YouthxYouth (2024-03-26).
594:Taking Socialism Seriously
536:. Oxford: Blackwell: 2013.
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1943:Really Really Free Market
1938:1999 Seattle WTO protests
1227:Temporary autonomous zone
1154:Permanent autonomous zone
1089:Consensus decision-making
680:10.1177/07255136211056992
659:Monticelli, Lara (2021).
562:10.29164/22prefigpolitics
550:. In Stein, Felix (ed.).
546:Fians, Guilherme (2022).
338:Consensus decision-making
1933:Carnival Against Capital
1858:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1847:Manifesto of the Sixteen
1741:Radical environmentalism
1690:Independent Media Center
1622:Workers' self-management
1069:Autonomous social center
950:10.1177/0032321717722363
697:. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
635:10.1177/0309132520926569
548:"Prefigurative Politics"
358:Workers' self-management
320:principles and teachings
164:1999 Seattle WTO protest
1562:Cost the limit of price
333:Interstitial revolution
138:US antinuclear movement
86:Participatory democracy
2358:Bosnia and Herzegovina
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1158:Prefigurative politics
1149:Participatory politics
1094:Conscientious objector
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1923:Kate Sharpley Library
1898:Red inverted triangle
1841:High Treason Incident
1831:Congress of Amsterdam
1237:Voluntary association
1049:Anti-authoritarianism
1039:Anarchist criminology
1034:Anarchist Black Cross
875:Hanley, Paul (2014).
530:Donatella Della Porta
473:Insurgent Sociologist
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114:libertarian communism
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71:Portuguese Revolution
2849:Anarchism portal
2253:Fictional characters
1736:Radical cheerleading
303:. Programs included
263:community land trust
179:Political theorists
2798:Left-libertarianism
1873:Kronstadt rebellion
1811:Trial of the Thirty
1776:Revolutions of 1848
1718:No gods, no masters
1527:Synthesis anarchism
1517:Anarcho-syndicalism
1505:Types of federation
297:Black Panther Party
126:means of production
2748:Anti-globalization
2418:Dominican Republic
2243:Anarcho-punk bands
1903:Labadie Collection
1893:Barcelona May Days
1796:Cantonal rebellion
1730:Property is theft!
1696:The Internationale
1650:Anarchist bookfair
1449:Without adjectives
1304:Schools of thought
285:Occupy Wall Street
136:in the 1960s, the
134:Italian Autonomism
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2758:Anti-war movement
2263:Jewish anarchists
1771:French Revolution
1724:Popular education
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1217:Spontaneous order
1079:Classless society
938:Political Studies
847:"What BaháʼĂs Do"
516:Anarchist Studies
512:Anarchist Studies
439:Hilary Wainwright
431:Rowbotham, Sheila
343:Counter-economics
301:Ten Point Program
122:Spanish Civil War
16:(Redirected from
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2738:Anti-consumerism
2733:Anti-corporatism
1883:Amakasu Incident
1826:Strandza Commune
1801:Haymarket affair
1702:Jewish anarchism
1644:A las Barricadas
1612:Social ownership
1597:Market socialism
1572:Free association
1532:Union of egoists
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1232:Union of egoists
1192:Security culture
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2228:
2227:
2226:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:Occupy movement
1821:Ferrer movement
1756:
1755:
1754:
1670:Escuela Moderna
1628:
1627:
1626:
1536:
1496:
1453:
1417:Insurrectionary
1376:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1172:Refusal of work
1059:Anti-militarism
1054:Anti-capitalism
1013:
1008:
978:
929:
916:
914:Further reading
911:
910:
900:
898:
889:
888:
884:
874:
873:
869:
859:
858:
854:
845:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
779:
777:
768:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
737:
733:
728:
724:
711:
705:
701:
692:
688:
658:
657:
653:
613:
612:
608:
591:
587:
545:
544:
540:
509:
505:
500:
496:
488:Breines, Wini.
487:
483:
470:
466:
456:Social Problems
453:
449:
429:
425:
420:
416:
410:
406:
397:
395:
386:
385:
381:
376:
329:
242:
152:Anthropologist
150:
107:Mikhail Bakunin
105:, a comrade of
103:James Guillaume
51:
43:Prefigurativism
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Libertarianism
2800:
2795:
2793:Left communism
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:Related topics
2720:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:United Kingdom
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Czech Republic
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:González Prada
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Makhnovshchina
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Hague Congress
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Labour voucher
1589:
1587:Give-away shop
1584:
1579:
1577:General strike
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Affinity group
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Post-anarchist
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:Social ecology
1402:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1382:Post-classical
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Social ecology
1199:
1197:Self-ownership
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Horizontalidad
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:Class struggle
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Affinity group
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
977:
976:
973:
970:
927:
923:Anarchy Alive!
917:
915:
912:
909:
908:
882:
867:
852:
838:
829:
820:
810:
798:
786:
761:
752:
743:
731:
722:
699:
686:
651:
628:(4): 641–658.
606:
585:
538:
503:
494:
481:
464:
447:
423:
414:
404:
378:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Food Not Bombs
345:
340:
335:
328:
325:
324:
323:
308:
293:
290:15-M movements
277:
266:
259:
241:
238:
149:
146:
50:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2896:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:United States
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:French Guiana
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Biennio Rosso
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Paris Commune
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Mutual credit
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Communization
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:Philosophical
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:Individualist
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Animal rights
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Individualism
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Direct action
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
928:
925:
924:
920:Gordon, Uri.
919:
918:
913:
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
871:
868:
863:
856:
853:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
824:
821:
814:
811:
808:
802:
799:
796:
790:
787:
776:
772:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
719:
715:
709:
703:
700:
696:
690:
687:
681:
676:
673:(1): 99–118.
672:
668:
667:
666:Thesis Eleven
662:
655:
652:
646:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
586:
581:
577:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
521:
520:David Graeber
517:
513:
507:
504:
498:
495:
492:, 1989, p. 6.
491:
485:
482:
478:
474:
468:
465:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
418:
415:
408:
405:
394:
390:
383:
380:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
282:
278:
275:
274:horizontalism
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
252:
248:
244:
243:
239:
236:
234:
233:corporativism
230:
226:
221:
217:
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:Adrian Kreutz
198:According to
196:
192:
188:
186:
182:
181:Paul Raekstad
176:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
154:David Graeber
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
99:
95:
90:
87:
81:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2861:
2854:
2840:
2753:Anti-statism
2743:Anti-fascism
2648:South Africa
2148:Pi i Margall
1845:
1694:
1655:Anarcho-punk
1642:
1617:Wage slavery
1582:Gift economy
1477:Postcolonial
1459:Contemporary
1412:Independence
1359:Collectivist
1278:Love and sex
1109:Deep ecology
1044:Anationalism
941:
937:
921:
899:. Retrieved
895:
885:
876:
870:
861:
855:
841:
832:
823:
813:
801:
789:
778:. Retrieved
774:
764:
755:
746:
734:
725:
717:
713:
702:
694:
689:
670:
664:
654:
645:11343/252070
625:
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312:Baháʼà Faith
256:decolonizing
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2663:Switzerland
2623:Puerto Rico
2608:Philippines
2573:New Zealand
2568:Netherlands
2438:El Salvador
2273:Periodicals
1836:Tragic Week
1707:Lifestylism
1602:Mutual bank
1557:Cooperative
1522:Platformism
1472:Free-market
1400:Primitivist
1283:Nationalism
1212:Somatherapy
1124:Freethought
901:October 12,
571:10023/25123
435:Lynne Segal
393:The Commons
310:The global
229:spontaneism
185:Saio Gradin
78:vanguardism
2783:Dual Power
2768:Autonomism
2763:Autarchism
2423:East Timor
2393:Costa Rica
2338:Bangladesh
2333:Azerbaijan
2043:Feyerabend
1680:Freeganism
1330:Illegalist
1268:Capitalism
1207:Sociocracy
1177:Revolution
1144:Mutual aid
1074:Black bloc
780:2024-04-19
398:2024-04-19
374:References
251:indigenous
225:Jacobinism
98:Anarchists
65:to the US
39:Carl Boggs
2823:Socialism
2773:Communism
2708:Venezuela
2643:Singapore
2578:Nicaragua
2503:Indonesia
2483:Hong Kong
2478:Guatemala
2323:Australia
2313:Argentina
2284:By region
2268:Musicians
2173:Santillán
2123:Malatesta
2093:Kropotkin
2073:Guillaume
1751:Symbolism
1665:DIY ethic
1542:Economics
1487:Post-left
1432:Christian
1427:Religious
1364:Communist
1349:Mutualist
1313:Classical
1273:Education
1222:Squatting
1182:Rewilding
1119:Free love
1011:Anarchism
958:0032-3217
580:247729590
353:Squatting
2878:Category
2856:Category
2618:Portugal
2598:Paraguay
2558:Mongolia
2543:Malaysia
2388:Colombia
2368:Bulgaria
2158:Proudhon
2118:Maksimov
2098:Landauer
2048:Giovanni
1998:Bookchin
1913:May 1968
1685:Infoshop
1437:Buddhist
1422:Pacifist
1390:Feminist
1369:Magonist
1337:Naturist
1293:Violence
1288:Religion
1187:Sabotage
1019:Concepts
966:54199855
327:See also
89:society.
55:New Left
2863:Outline
2813:Marxism
2713:Vietnam
2703:Uruguay
2688:Ukraine
2678:Tunisia
2628:Romania
2583:Nigeria
2563:Morocco
2513:Ireland
2493:Iceland
2488:Hungary
2468:Germany
2463:Georgia
2448:Finland
2443:Estonia
2428:Ecuador
2413:Denmark
2398:Croatia
2353:Bolivia
2348:Belgium
2343:Belarus
2328:Austria
2318:Armenia
2308:Andorra
2303:Algeria
2298:Albania
2218:Yarchuk
2193:Tolstoy
2188:Thoreau
2183:Stirner
2178:Spooner
2143:Parsons
2068:Graeber
2058:Goldman
2018:Durruti
2003:Chomsky
1993:Bonanno
1988:Berkman
1983:Bakunin
1762:History
1712:May Day
1634:Culture
1029:Anarchy
412:359-93.
49:History
2683:Turkey
2673:Taiwan
2658:Sweden
2638:Serbia
2633:Russia
2613:Poland
2593:Panama
2588:Norway
2553:Monaco
2548:Mexico
2538:Latvia
2518:Israel
2473:Greece
2453:France
2373:Canada
2363:Brazil
2293:Africa
2223:Zerzan
2213:Warren
2198:Tucker
2168:Rocker
2163:Reclus
2153:Pouget
2133:Michel
2113:Makhno
2088:KĹŤtoku
2078:He-Yin
2053:Godwin
2038:Ferrer
2008:Cleyre
1973:Armand
1968:Alston
1959:People
1442:Jewish
1354:Social
1325:Egoist
1254:Issues
964:
956:
877:Eleven
578:
368:Utopia
2668:Syria
2653:Spain
2533:Korea
2528:Japan
2523:Italy
2498:India
2433:Egypt
2383:China
2378:Chile
2258:Films
2248:Books
2234:Lists
2203:Volin
2108:MagĂłn
2083:Kanno
2033:Faure
2028:Ervin
2023:Ellul
1908:Provo
1675:Films
1492:Queer
1467:Black
1395:Green
962:S2CID
576:S2CID
270:Zanon
35:group
2603:Peru
2508:Iran
2403:Cuba
2208:Ward
2138:Most
2128:Mett
1660:Arts
954:ISSN
903:2022
437:and
295:The
279:The
261:The
183:and
2103:Liu
2013:Day
1918:LIP
1139:Law
946:doi
675:doi
671:167
640:hdl
630:doi
566:hdl
558:doi
173:was
156:in
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