205:
1480:
2138:
193:
237:
213:
1346:
229:
20:
177:(1846–1951). In 1906, official documents written in Newari were declared illegal. The use of the language for business and literary purposes was forbidden. Books were confiscated and writers were jailed. As a result, not only literary creations but also writing for general purposes almost ceased; and the distance between the spoken and the written language began to widen.
611:
Dramas are traditionally performed on open "dabu" (platform) built at temple squares and major intersections. Most of the traditional dramas are related to deities and demons. Masked characters are central to such dramas. Music forms an important part of drama. Most of them are narrated with the help
557:
As part of the protests, weekly literary meets were held at street squares and public courtyards for more than a year. Inspired by the literary activity, a host of new and young writers emerged. Poets Buddha Sayami, Nati Bajra
Bajracharya, Shree Krishna Anu and Janak Newa and novelist Ratna Bahadur
244:
During this period, a new generation of writers emerged who asserted themselves by producing literary works defying government restrictions. The renaissance aimed to restore the Newar language's lost glory and stimulate creative literature. The activities of this period laid the foundation for the
123:
were keen lyricists and playwrights. Dance dramas written at the time continue to be performed during annual festivals. King
Mahindra Malla (reigned 1560–1574) is regarded as the first Newari poet. Other notable poets among the Malla kings include Siddhi Narsingh Malla (1619-1669), Pratap Malla,
553:
system was established. Under the system's one-language policy, Nepal Bhasa suffered another period of suppression. In 1965, the language was banned from being broadcast over Radio Nepal. The removal of Newari from Nepal's only radio station sparked a protest movement which became known as the
221:
573:
Newari literature has a niche readership. Poetry, short stories, essays, novels, travelogues, biographies and religious discourses are the popular genres. A number of literary magazines are published. Translations of Nepal Bhasa literature in
English and
650:
Novel writing has increased with the progressive increase in literacy after the modernization of Nepal. Restriction of the knowledge of alphabets to a certain caste of society during the medieval era reduced the viability of leisure reading among the
458:. Besides providing an opportunity for the growing number of writers, it had a major effect on standardizing the language. In 1946, the monks were allowed to return, and religious writing in Newari was permitted to be published after being censored.
115:
besides being a prolific period for Nepal Bhasa literature. The literary genres prevalent during this era consist of chronicles, epics, stories, scientific manuals mainly dealing with astrology and medicine, didactic poems and drama.
654:
History literature in Newari dates from the Malla era. Stone inscriptions were placed in important places to commemorate important events. Mention of family lines of the person instilling the inscription is also found in many
391:, India in 1939 and shipped to Nepal. After half of the print run had been sold, the rest of the copies were confiscated; and the contributors along with Singh were put in prison. Singh is best known as the founder of
646:
in Newari. Very few of them were in written form initially. However, with an increase in literacy rate and an awareness amongst the people, those stories have been penned down. Stories on other topics have also taken
351:
The years 1941–1945 are known as the jail years for the large number of authors who were imprisoned for their literary or political activities. They were a productive period and resulted in an outpouring of works.
558:
Sayami are some of the figures brought up by the protests. They introduced fresh literary styles and extended the bounds of Nepal Bhasa literature. The 1965 Movement was thus a very productive period.
425:
Braving official harassment, the monks produced a steady stream of books on
Buddhism from India and greatly enriched the corpus of religious literature. Among the prominent authors of this period were
288:, India. Authors also worked to standardize the grammar and spelling, and new literary styles and genres were embraced. A grammar of the language, the first in modern times, was published in 1928.
154:(1831), a play based on a Buddhist story. Pundit Sundarananda (circa 1793–1833) is known for his epics while Amritananda, besides composing poetry, wrote a grammar of Nepal Bhasa (1831).
34:
The earliest known document in Newar is called "The
Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 during the Thakuri period. The earliest dated stone inscription in Nepal Bhasa is dated
139:
The queens Riddhi Laxmi (1680–1687), considered to be Nepal's first woman poet, Jaya Laxmi and Bhuvan Laxmi were also prominent songwriters. Among the public, Jagat
Keshari (1678) of
466:
The overthrow of the Ranas in 1951 and move towards democracy brought a freer environment to writers. The 1950s saw a surge in literary activity and the appearance of new authors.
252:
The renaissance also marked the advent of private printing presses and the end of handwritten books. In 1909, Nisthananda
Bajracharya published the first printed book in Newari,
612:
of songs sung at intervals. The theme of most dramas is to create social well-being with morals illustrating the rise, turbulence and fall of evil. There are fixed dates in the
469:
Baikuntha Prasad Lacoul belongs to the end of the renaissance and the beginning of the modern period. He is credited with introducing
Western romanticism in Newari poetry.
343:
The 1940s marked the beginning of the modern period in Newari literature. During this period, new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays also emerged.
180:
A small number of hymns and religious stories were produced during this period. Notable writers of the era were Swami
Abhayananda (younger brother of famed prime minister
1557:
565:, founded in 1979 in Kathmandu, are some of the prominent organizations that emerged during this period to promote literature and struggle for language rights.
39:
331:
These writers spearheaded the revival of the language. Among the leaders of the renaissance, Bajracharya, Mahaju, Malla and
Kansakar are honored as the
680:
2177:
623:
Poetry writing constituted a pompous part of medieval Malla aristocracy. Many of the kings were well-renowned poets. Epic poetry is very popular.
414:
Theravada Buddhist monks were especially influential in developing Nepal Bhasa literature. The resurgence of Newari coincided with the revival of
531:(born 1937) is a prolific, versatile and popular poet and songwriter. His works range from a collection of children's poems and songs entitled
1388:
1302:
912:
503:(गजिगुलुया म्हगसय् पशुपतिनाथ, "Pashupatinath in the Dreams of a Marijuana Smoker"), published in 1975, is one of his most loved works.
366:
were among the prominent writers of the period who were jailed for their writings. While in prison, Hridaya produced his greatest work
2172:
1596:
1510:
1380:
1294:
1247:
1213:
1170:
1136:
1093:
980:
891:
845:
824:
803:
782:
751:
658:
Philosophy is one of the subjects of Siddhidas Mahaju's writings who has produced a number of works related to the norms of society.
124:
Ranjit Malla and Jaya Prakash Malla. Siddhi Narasingha Malla was the first Nepal Bhasa playwright. He wrote a one-act play entitled
383:
Singh (1902-1983) was sentenced to life imprisonment for editing and publishing an anthology of poems by various poets entitled
1662:
628:
31:
of Nepal has the fourth oldest literature tradition among the Sino-Tibetan languages (after Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese).
1316:
993:
Singh, Phatte Bahadur (September 1979). "Nepali Biharya Aitihasik Pristabhumi ("Historical Background of Nepali Bihar")".
395:, the first daily newspaper in Nepal Bhasa which began publication in Kathmandu in 1955. He was the editor and publisher.
422:
since the 14th century, the number of their followers rapidly swelled, and books began to be published to educate them.
280:
1260:
448:, India and formed an organization named Dharmodaya Sabha. In 1947, the association launched a monthly magazine titled
1567:
1106:
661:
Legal literature formulated during the reign of Jayastithi Malla formulated a major part of the norm of Newar society.
507:
332:
639:, are among the well-known ballads. Siddhidas Mahaju and Chittadhar Hridaya are two great poets of the modern period.
418:
in Nepal, which the rulers disliked equally. From 1930, when the first yellow-robed monks appeared on the streets of
858:
715:
561:
Birat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi (Grand Newari Literary Conference Trust), formed in 1962 in Bhaktapur, and
2162:
444:
In 1944, the Ranas exiled eight monks for refusing to stop teaching Buddhism and writing in Newari. They went to
535:("Sugar Elephant") to romantic and progressive compositions that have earned him the epithet of People's Poet.
426:
325:
510:
Vaidya. Syasya belongs to the young generation of writers that emerged in the 1950s. His early works include
2167:
1959:
1183:
741:
562:
434:
295:
688:
525:
Narayan Devi (born 1935) is a poet whose poetry deals with women's empowerment and social discrimination.
367:
642:
Stories ranging from the origin of the Kathmandu Valley to its temples and important monuments have been
430:
359:
310:
1450:
1056:
1026:
942:
320:
1964:
1847:
1524:
579:
406:, who had been jailed on political charges, began writing in Newari too during their time in prison.
363:
246:
150:
In the later part of the Classical Period, Rajendra Bikram among the Shah kings is famed for writing
1655:
591:
538:
438:
133:
616:(Nepal Era) calendar for the performance of specific plays. Most dramas are performed by specific
2031:
1908:
1759:
1617:
1562:
1427:
624:
528:
496:
472:
355:
305:
1883:
1744:
1990:
1827:
1592:
1506:
1384:
1376:
1298:
1290:
1243:
1209:
1166:
1132:
1089:
976:
908:
887:
841:
820:
799:
778:
747:
550:
403:
399:
315:
1888:
1451:"The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)"
1057:"The Newars: The Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal)"
2015:
1893:
1852:
300:
278:
Jagat Sundar Malla worked to promote education. In 1925, Dharmaditya Dharmacharya published
267:
because of the availability of Devanagari printing type. In 1913, Siddhidas Mahaju composed
144:
1799:
1729:
1630:
1107:"Sugata Saurabha: An Epic Poem from Nepal on the Life of the Buddha by Chittadhar Hridaya"
575:
264:
204:
167:
220:
2141:
2123:
2118:
1946:
1873:
1671:
1648:
1008:
743:
The Nepalese Caitya: 1500 Years of Buddhist Votive Architecture in the Kathmandu Valley
643:
255:
28:
627:, which describes the expulsion of children from Kathmandu in the early 19th century,
2156:
2000:
1980:
1837:
602:, the first Grand Nepal Bhasa Literary Conference was held from 17–18 December 1975.
181:
120:
112:
1525:"Nepali and Nepal Bhasa Literature in English Translation: A Reference Bibliography"
1402:
493:
Ramapati Raj Sharma (born 1931) is a poet whose works draw inspiration from nature.
192:
2097:
2087:
1936:
1832:
1784:
1724:
1716:
1675:
681:"The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114"
613:
598:
composed songs and gave music recitals during festivals in the 1940s and 1950s. In
236:
212:
197:
174:
163:
35:
475:(1909–1997) was the first woman poet and short story writer in the modern period.
23:
King Mahindra Malla (reigned 1560–1574) is regarded as the first Nepal Bhasa poet.
478:
Satya Mohan Joshi (born 1920) is a poet, historian and cultural expert. The epic
1734:
1691:
1481:"Linguistic Movement of 2022 BS: A Case Study of the Newars in Kathmandu Valley"
632:
228:
2082:
1739:
1683:
636:
450:
260:
53:
42:, where they are an ubiquitous element at heritage sites, are in Nepal Bhasa.
905:
Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection.
541:(1939–1987) was a poet whose works encompass romantic to progressive poetry.
2102:
2092:
2051:
2041:
1985:
1769:
1264:
455:
419:
415:
208:
The first magazine in Nepal Bhasa was published from Kolkata, India in 1925.
19:
490:
who went to China in the 13th century, are two of his many notable works.
111:
This was a golden age of cultural development and art and architecture in
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2010:
1898:
1764:
1640:
590:
Poets based outside Nepal Mandala have also promoted Newari. Among them,
578:
appear frequently. Literary organizations hold regular public recitals.
38:
293 (1173 AD). From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of
2061:
1931:
1812:
1706:
1287:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.
1240:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.
1206:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal.
599:
595:
487:
445:
388:
285:
1995:
1926:
1921:
1878:
1842:
1822:
1779:
1754:
1749:
1696:
373:
140:
1263:. Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK). 2008. Archived from
1163:
Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: The History of Nepalbhasa Literature.
170:, formerly known as Khaskura or Gorkhali, began edging out Newari.
2005:
1916:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1774:
1027:"Education in the Mother Tongue: The Case of Nepal Bhasa (Newari)"
617:
272:
184:), Hari Bhakta Mathema, Man Bahadur Joshi and Bir Bahadur Malla.
162:
After the Gorkha conquest of Nepal in 1768 and the advent of the
89:
Nepal Bhasa literature can be broadly divided into four periods.
1701:
1351:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
482:(published in 1955) about the last Malla king of Kathmandu, and
1644:
1503:
Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.
817:
Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.
775:
Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature.
1868:
903:
Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Pal, Pratapaditya (1985)
1025:
Hoek, Bert van den & Shrestha, Balgopal (January 1995).
582:
is the first female novelist writing in the Bhasa language.
259:, a Buddhist text. Another major change was the adoption of
147:
is celebrated for a hymn dedicated to Goddess Chandeswari.
1129:
Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.
1086:
Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.
997:. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Pala, Tri-Chandra Campus.
973:
Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.
838:
Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.
796:
Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.
1373:
The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History.
499:(1931–2013) is known for his epic poetry and satire. His
196:
Cover of a book about Dipankar Buddha published in 1917 (
1229:
Kathmandu: Bhikkhu Aniruddha Mahasthavir. Pages 124–125.
128:
in 1633 based on a Hindu story. His most famous work is
1347:"Socio-Cultural Aspects of Theravada Buddhism in Nepal"
1430:. Library of Congress New Delhi Office. 6 October 2010
514:("Dragon", a collection of poems, published in 1955),
74:(गोपालराज वंशावली), a history of Nepal written in 1389
68:(अमरकोश), a Sanskrit-Newari dictionary written in 1381
380:("Wax Flower", published in 1948) among other works.
2111:
2075:
2024:
1973:
1945:
1907:
1861:
1798:
1715:
1682:
1523:Chene, Mary Des; Gautam, Bhaskar (December 1999).
1150:Siddhicharanya Nibandha ("Siddhicharan's Essays").
925:Clark, T.W. (December 1969). "Nepali and Pahari".
506:R. R. N. "Syasya" (1932–2002) was the pen name of
376:. Shrestha wrote a collection of poems entitled
86:(1633) written by King Siddhi Narasingha Malla.
486:(published in 1984) about the Nepalese artist
291:The most important figures of this era were:
45:The first books appeared in the 14th century.
1656:
8:
1428:"The South Asian Literary Recording Project"
1285:LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005).
1261:"Ven. Bhikkhu Aniruddha: Patriarch of Nepal"
1204:LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005).
1566:. nepalnews.com. 2003-01-16. Archived from
1238:LeVine, Sarah and Gellner, David N. (2005)
1015:Kathmandu: The Sajha Publication. Page 134.
56:: हरमेखला, a medical manual written in 1374
1663:
1649:
1641:
549:In 1960, parliament was abolished and the
284:, the first ever magazine in Newari, from
40:stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley
1186:. Nepal Press Institute. 15 February 2010
554:Movement of 1965 ("Bais Salya Andolan").
1225:Mahasthavir, Bhikkhu Dharmaloka (1999).
263:script to write the language instead of
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
191:
18:
1612:. Hem Bajra Bajracharya. December 1975.
1250:. Pages 121–122. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
943:"Diversity and Change in the Languages"
671:
62:(नारदस्मृति) a law book written in 1380
1626:
1615:
82:(1518), and the first one-act play is
1587:Bajracharya, Phanindra Ratna (2003).
1532:Studies in Nepali History and Society
631:, about a luckless Tibet trader, and
518:("Rainbow", short stories, 1956) and
173:Overt suppression was started by the
7:
1449:Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999).
1152:Kathmandu: Phalcha Pithana. Page 73.
1055:Shrestha, Bal Gopal (January 1999).
884:Nepal Bhasaya Prachin Kavya Sirjana.
1558:"Ganki Basundhara Award given away"
746:. Edition Axel Menges. p. 25.
635:, about an ill-fated pilgrimage to
245:future course of the language. The
372:, an epic poem on the life of the
132:(1641) which is shown annually at
14:
501:Gajiguluya Mhagasay Pashupatinath
2137:
2136:
1591:Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy.
1505:Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy.
1165:Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy.
907:University of California Press.
886:Kathmandu: Royal Nepal Academy.
819:Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy.
777:Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy.
16:Literature in the Newar language
2178:Nepalese literature by language
1345:Tewari, Ramesh Chandra (1983).
1148:Shrestha, Siddhicharan (1992).
1131:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
1088:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
975:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
941:Hutt, Michael (December 1986).
840:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
798:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
1501:Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000).
1403:"Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"
1184:"History of Nepali Journalism"
1161:Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000).
815:Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000).
773:Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000).
99:Renaissance Period (1909–1941)
1:
1317:"Theravada Buddhism in Nepal"
927:Current Trends in Linguistics
859:"Classical Newari Literature"
716:"Classical Newari Literature"
522:("Blue Lotus", story, 1956).
387:. He had the book printed in
1401:Sada, Ivan (December 2005).
1127:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992).
1084:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992).
971:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992).
836:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992).
794:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992).
281:Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa
119:The kings and queens of the
102:Modern Period (1941 onwards)
93:Classical Period (1505–1847)
1109:. Oxford Scholarship Online
508:Rebati Ramanananda Shrestha
429:, Amritananda Mahasthavir,
333:Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa
2194:
1589:Who's Who in Nepal Bhasha.
1479:Maharjan, Basanta (2008).
1289:Harvard University Press.
1242:Harvard University Press.
1208:Harvard University Press.
2173:Cultural history of Nepal
2132:
1371:Brown, T. Louise (1996).
1216:, 9780674019089. Page 45.
882:Vaidya, Janak Lal (2002)
271:, a Newar version of the
740:Gutschow, Niels (1997).
629:Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni
427:Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya
326:Dharmaditya Dharmacharya
249:dates from this period.
78:The first story book is
1960:Nepal Bhasa renaissance
563:Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala
435:Pragyananda Mahasthavir
296:Nisthananda Bajracharya
224:Amritananda Mahasthavir
96:Dark Period (1847–1909)
1227:A Pilgrimage in China.
952:. Tribhuvan University
484:Aranikoya Swet Chaitya
241:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
24:
586:Outside Nepal Mandala
431:Dhammalok Mahasthavir
360:Siddhicharan Shrestha
311:Yogbir Singh Kansakar
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
195:
22:
1965:Nepal Bhasa movement
1848:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra
1267:on 27 September 2013
1013:The Road to Nowhere.
929:. The Hague: Mouton.
644:passed down verbally
580:Shashikala Manandhar
410:Revival of Theravada
364:Phatte Bahadur Singh
247:Nepal Bhasa movement
72:Gopālarāja Vaṃśāvalī
592:Ganesh Lal Shrestha
539:Girija Prasad Joshi
439:Aniruddha Mahathera
393:Nepal Bhasa Patrika
240:Girija Prasad Joshi
143:in the east of the
134:Patan Durbar Square
2032:Newar caste system
1563:The Kathmandu Post
1315:Kloppenborg, Ria.
533:Chiniyamha Kisicha
529:Durga Lal Shrestha
497:Madan Mohan Mishra
473:Moti Laxmi Upasika
416:Theravada Buddhism
356:Chittadhar Hridaya
306:Jagat Sundar Malla
242:
234:
226:
218:
216:Chittadhar Hridaya
210:
202:
188:Renaissance Period
25:
2150:
2149:
1625:Missing or empty
1570:on August 3, 2004
1389:978-0-415-08576-2
1303:978-0-674-01908-9
913:978-0-520-05407-3
694:on 8 January 2016
404:Dharma Ratna Yami
400:Kedar Man Vyathit
321:Prasiddha Batajoo
316:Shukraraj Shastri
232:Satya Mohan Joshi
152:Mahasatwa Pakhyan
2185:
2163:Newar literature
2140:
2139:
1853:Bunga Dyah Jatra
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1000:
998:
990:
984:
969:
963:
961:
959:
957:
947:
938:
932:
930:
922:
916:
901:
895:
880:
874:
872:
870:
868:
863:
855:
849:
834:
828:
813:
807:
792:
786:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
720:
711:
705:
703:
701:
699:
693:
687:. Archived from
679:Malla, Kamal P.
676:
301:Siddhidas Mahaju
145:Kathmandu Valley
107:Classical period
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2128:
2107:
2071:
2020:
1969:
1941:
1903:
1857:
1794:
1711:
1678:
1669:
1639:
1638:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1009:Malla, Kamal P.
1007:
1003:
992:
991:
987:
970:
966:
955:
953:
945:
940:
939:
935:
924:
923:
919:
902:
898:
881:
877:
866:
864:
861:
857:
856:
852:
835:
831:
814:
810:
793:
789:
785:. Pages 20, 25.
772:
768:
758:
756:
754:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
718:
713:
712:
708:
697:
695:
691:
678:
677:
673:
668:
608:
606:Literary genres
588:
571:
547:
464:
412:
369:Sugata Saurabha
349:
341:
269:Siddhi Ramayana
265:Nepal alphabets
190:
168:Nepali language
160:
109:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Newar language
2165:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2124:Newar Buddhism
2121:
2119:Newar Hinduism
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Bahra ceremony
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1601:
1580:
1549:
1515:
1494:
1471:
1441:
1419:
1393:
1364:
1337:
1307:
1305:. Pages 48–49.
1278:
1252:
1231:
1218:
1197:
1175:
1154:
1141:
1120:
1098:
1077:
1047:
1017:
1001:
985:
964:
933:
917:
896:
875:
850:
829:
808:
787:
766:
752:
732:
706:
670:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
640:
621:
607:
604:
587:
584:
570:
567:
546:
543:
463:
462:Post-democracy
460:
411:
408:
348:
347:The jail years
345:
340:
337:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
256:Prajnaparamita
189:
186:
159:
156:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
76:
75:
69:
63:
57:
29:Newar language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Majipa Lakhey
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Swayambhunath
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Bhairab Naach
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1632:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:99933-560-0-X
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:99933-56-00-X
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:0-415-08576-4
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:0-674-01908-3
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:9780674019089
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:0-674-01908-3
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:99933-56-00-X
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:81-208-0963-7
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:81-208-0963-7
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
989:
986:
982:
981:81-208-0963-7
978:
974:
968:
965:
951:
944:
937:
934:
928:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
897:
893:
892:99933-50-32-X
889:
885:
879:
876:
860:
854:
851:
847:
846:81-208-0963-7
843:
839:
833:
830:
826:
825:99933-56-00-X
822:
818:
812:
809:
805:
804:81-208-0963-7
801:
797:
791:
788:
784:
783:99933-56-00-X
780:
776:
770:
767:
755:
753:9783930698752
749:
745:
744:
736:
733:
717:
710:
707:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
665:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
610:
609:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
568:
566:
564:
559:
555:
552:
545:Panchayat era
544:
542:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
467:
461:
459:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
344:
339:Modern period
338:
336:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
287:
283:
282:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
250:
248:
238:
230:
222:
214:
206:
199:
194:
187:
185:
183:
182:Bhimsen Thapa
178:
176:
171:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:Katti Pyakhan
127:
126:Ekādaśīvbrata
122:
121:Malla dynasty
117:
114:
113:Nepal Mandala
106:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
85:
84:Ekadaśī Brata
81:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
47:
46:
43:
41:
37:
32:
30:
21:
2088:Nepal Sambat
1954:
1937:Newar window
1909:Architecture
1833:Pahan Charhe
1785:Sanyaakhunya
1676:Newar people
1627:|title=
1609:
1604:
1588:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1561:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1538:(2): 383–430
1535:
1531:
1518:
1502:
1497:
1484:. Retrieved
1474:
1461:. Retrieved
1458:CNAS Journal
1457:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1372:
1367:
1362:Pages 89-90.
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1310:
1286:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:the original
1255:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1205:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1128:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1101:
1085:
1080:
1067:. Retrieved
1064:CNAS Journal
1063:
1050:
1037:. Retrieved
1034:CNAS Journal
1033:
1020:
1012:
1004:
994:
988:
972:
967:
954:. Retrieved
950:CNAS Journal
949:
936:
926:
920:
904:
899:
883:
878:
865:. Retrieved
853:
837:
832:
816:
811:
795:
790:
774:
769:
757:. Retrieved
742:
735:
723:. Retrieved
709:
704:Pages 15–25.
696:. Retrieved
689:the original
684:
674:
614:Nepal Sambat
589:
572:
560:
556:
548:
537:
532:
527:
524:
519:
515:
511:
505:
500:
495:
492:
483:
480:Jaya Prakash
479:
477:
471:
468:
465:
449:
443:
424:
413:
397:
392:
385:Nepali Bihar
384:
382:
377:
368:
354:
350:
342:
330:
290:
279:
277:
268:
254:Ek Bishanti
253:
251:
243:
198:Nepal Sambat
179:
175:Rana dynasty
172:
164:Shah dynasty
161:
151:
149:
138:
129:
125:
118:
110:
88:
83:
80:Tantrākhyāna
79:
77:
71:
65:
59:
49:
44:
36:Nepal Sambat
33:
26:
1692:Gunla Bajan
1599:. Page 225.
1513:. Page 118.
1375:Routledge.
1173:. Page 105.
721:. p. 1
714:Malla, KP.
625:Sitala Maju
398:Poets like
158:Dark Period
50:Haramekhalā
2157:Categories
2083:Newa dance
1955:Literature
1884:Jaa Nakigu
1745:Chuchumari
1740:Chataamari
1574:2008-08-28
1434:27 January
1412:23 January
1391:. Page 21.
1329:19 January
1190:13 January
1113:24 January
1039:12 January
915:. Page 19.
894:. Page 17.
867:10 January
827:. Page 37.
698:27 January
666:References
637:Gosaikunda
451:Dharmodaya
261:Devanagari
60:Nāradsmṛti
54:Devanāgarī
2103:Bhaktapur
2093:Kathmandu
2052:Ranjitkar
2042:Chitrakar
1991:Lokeshwar
1986:Pashupati
1770:Lakhamari
1618:cite news
1407:ECS Nepal
1335:Page 306.
1139:. Page 4.
1096:. Page 4.
999:Page 186.
983:. Page 4.
931:Page 262.
848:. Page 3.
806:. Page 1.
551:Panchayat
456:Kalimpong
420:Kathmandu
2142:Category
2112:Religion
2067:Kansakar
2057:Tuladhar
2047:Maharjan
2037:Shrestha
2011:Matrikas
1947:Language
1899:Mha Puja
1800:Festival
1765:Kachilaa
1542:26 March
1492:Page 19.
1486:25 April
1469:Page 91.
1463:22 April
1356:19 April
1075:Page 87.
1069:23 March
1045:Page 74.
1011:(1979).
962:Page 10.
956:20 March
759:26 March
725:19 March
520:Uphoswan
66:Amarkośa
2062:Sthapit
1974:Deities
1932:Chaitya
1889:Iihipaa
1862:Rituals
1813:Sa Paru
1717:Cuisine
1707:Bhusyah
1324:Kailash
873:Page 2.
685:Kailash
651:masses.
600:Pokhara
596:Hetauda
512:Malakha
488:Araniko
446:Sarnath
389:Bettiah
378:Seeswan
286:Kolkata
2025:Castes
2016:Kumari
1996:Lakhey
1927:Vihara
1922:Pagoda
1879:Jankwa
1843:Samyak
1828:Swanti
1823:Mohani
1780:Sanyaa
1755:Choila
1750:Yomari
1697:Dhimay
1672:Topics
1595:
1509:
1387:
1379:
1301:
1293:
1271:13 May
1246:
1212:
1169:
1135:
1092:
979:
911:
890:
844:
823:
802:
781:
750:
655:cases.
618:Guthis
576:Nepali
374:Buddha
275:epic.
200:1037).
166:, the
141:Banepa
2098:Patan
2006:Ajima
1917:Stupa
1894:Sagan
1818:Yenya
1808:Gunla
1790:Thwon
1775:Takha
1725:Ailaa
1684:Music
1528:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1320:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
862:(PDF)
719:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
647:root.
569:Today
516:Kapan
454:from
273:Hindu
2076:Misc
1735:Baji
1730:Momo
1702:Dhaa
1631:help
1610:Jhee
1593:ISBN
1544:2014
1507:ISBN
1488:2012
1465:2012
1436:2012
1414:2012
1385:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1358:2012
1331:2012
1299:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1273:2012
1244:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1192:2012
1167:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1115:2012
1090:ISBN
1071:2012
1041:2012
977:ISBN
958:2011
909:ISBN
888:ISBN
869:2012
842:ISBN
821:ISBN
800:ISBN
779:ISBN
761:2014
748:ISBN
727:2014
700:2012
633:Silu
437:and
402:and
362:and
27:The
1869:Ihi
1760:Jaa
1674:of
995:Jaa
594:of
2159::
1622::
1620:}}
1616:{{
1560:.
1534:.
1530:.
1456:.
1405:.
1383:,
1349:.
1322:.
1297:,
1062:.
1032:.
948:.
683:.
441:.
433:,
358:,
335:.
136:.
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1633:)
1629:(
1577:.
1546:.
1536:4
1490:.
1467:.
1438:.
1416:.
1360:.
1333:.
1275:.
1194:.
1117:.
1073:.
1043:.
960:.
871:.
763:.
729:.
702:.
620:.
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
