908:
31:
1229:. Billboards appear as the third or fourth paragraph from the top, and may be up to two paragraphs long. Unlike a lead, a billboard rarely gives everything away. It reflects the fact that feature writers aim to hold their readers' attention to the end, which requires engendering curiosity and offering a "payoff." Feature paragraphs tend to be longer than those of news stories, with smoother transitions between them. Feature writers use the active-verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news but often put more personality in their prose.
893:. Additional billboards of any of these types may appear later in the article (especially on subsequent pages) to entice further reading. Journalistic websites sometimes use animation techniques to swap one billboard for another (e.g. a slide of a call-out may be replaced by a photo with pull quote after some short time has elapsed). Such billboards are also used as pointers to the article in other sections of the publication or site, or as advertisements for the piece in other publication or sites.
861:) can be either a subordinate title under the main headline, or the heading of a subsection of the article. It is a heading that precedes the main text, or a group of paragraphs of the main text. It helps encapsulate the entire piece, or informs the reader of the topic of part of it. Long or complex articles often have more than one subheading. Subheads are thus one type of entry point that help readers make choices, such as where to begin (or stop) reading.
581:
728:; their reputations, according to both professional standards and reader expectations, are often tied to the appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the majority of readers, engaging, and succinct. Within these limits, news stories also aim to be comprehensive. However, other factors are involved, some stylistic and some derived from the media form.
1147:
This structure enables readers to stop reading at any point and still come away with the essence of a story. It allows people to explore a topic to only the depth that their curiosity takes them, and without the imposition of details or nuances that they could consider irrelevant, but still making
1008:
NASA is proposing another space project. The agency's budget request, announced today, included a plan to send another mission to the Moon. This time the agency hopes to establish a long-term facility as a jumping-off point for other space adventures. The budget requests approximately $ 10 billion
977:
Charnley states that "an effective lead is a brief, sharp statement of the story's essential facts." The lead is normally a single sentence, is ideally 20â25 words in length, and must balance the ideal of maximum information conveyed against the constraint of the unreadability of a long sentence.
1161:
Some writers start their stories with the "1-2-3 lead", yet there are many kinds of lead available. This format invariably starts with a "Five Ws" opening paragraph (as described above), followed by an indirect quote that serves to support a major element of the first paragraph, and then a direct
824:
in journalism jargon) of a story is typically a complete sentence (e.g., "Pilot Flies Below
Bridges to Save Divers"), often with auxiliary verbs and articles removed (e.g., "Remains at Colorado camp linked to missing Chicago man"). However, headlines sometimes omit the subject (e.g., "Jumps From
978:
This makes writing a lead an optimization problem, in which the goal is to articulate the most encompassing and interesting statement that a writer can make in one sentence, given the material with which he or she has to work. While a rule of thumb says the lead should answer most or all of the
731:
Among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor in presenting information. Commentary is usually confined to a separate section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policies dictate the use of
1143:
Journalists usually describe the organization or structure of a news story as an inverted pyramid. The essential and most interesting elements of a story are put at the beginning, with supporting information following in order of diminishing importance.
1032:" is to begin the article with background information or details of secondary importance to the readers, forcing them to read more deeply into an article than they should have to in order to discover the essential points. It is a common mistake in
877:) on the same page to grab the reader's attention as they are flipping through the pages to encourage them to stop and read that article. When it consists of a (sometimes compressed) sample of the text of the article, it is known as a
769:
Journalistic prose is explicit and precise and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose (see
1215:
A feature's first paragraphs often relate an intriguing moment or event, as in an "anecdotal lead". From the particulars of a person or episode, its view quickly broadens to generalities about the story's subject.
1186:
News stories are not the only type of material that appear in newspapers and magazines. Longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of a newspaper, are known as
678:
News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics relative to the intended audience: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.
1197:
news in several ways. Foremost is the absence of a straight-news lead, most of the time. Instead of offering the essence of a story up front, feature writers may attempt to lure readers in.
1621:
907:
616:
911:
Press release of the Swiss government. Typical structure with title, lead paragraph (summary in bold), other paragraphs (details) and contact information.
927:
in journalism jargon), comprising the story's first, or leading, sentence or possibly two. The lead almost always forms its own paragraph. The spelling
1025:" is the second most important front page news of the day. The off-lead appears either in the top left corner, or directly below the lead on the right.
1082:, etc., in journalism jargon) is a brief paragraph (occasionally there can be more than one) that summarizes the news value of the story, sometimes
1701:
The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The
Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative Newspaper
1158:
to ensure that they present the most important facts first, rather than requiring the reader to go through several paragraphs to find them.
1776:
1177:
A short, catchy word or phrase accompanying a major headline, "intended to provoke interest in, editorialize about, or provide orientation"
1017:
Humans will be going to the Moon again. The NASA announcement came as the agency requested $ 10 billion of appropriations for the project.
1151:
The inverted pyramid structure also enables articles to be trimmed to any arbitrary length during layout, to fit in the space available.
1575:
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1423:
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ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror").
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is capsule summary text, often just one sentence or fragment, which is put into a sidebar or text box (reminiscent of an outdoor
609:
1872:
1406:
55:
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in journalistic jargon) form the bulk of an article. Common usage is that one or two sentences each form their own paragraph.
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2044:
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News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular eventâwho, what, when, where, and why (the
226:
105:
885:, and when it consists of a quotation (e.g. of an article subject, informant, or interviewee), it is referred to as a
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30:
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1769:
709:
322:
262:
141:
136:
70:
761:. The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity.
1722:
The
Elephants of Style: A Trunkload of Tips on the Big Issues and Gray Areas of Contemporary American English
1448:
1333:
2135:
1876:
1505:
317:
59:
1501:
Working the Story: A Guide to
Reporting and News Writing for Journalists and Public Relations Professionals
2110:
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1912:
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1205:
1201:
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to the journalist(s) who broke a story, even if they are employed by a rival organization. Definitions of
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744:. Newspapers with an international audience, for example, tend to use a more formal style of writing.
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The specific choices made by a news outlet's editor or editorial board are often collected in a
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1307:"What the Heck Is a Hed/Dek? Learning the Lingo in Periodical Publishing By Janene Mascarella"
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aims to provide a comprehensive thesis which tells the reader what the article will cover. A
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Philip Gerard. Creative
Nonfiction: Researching and Crafting Stories of Real Life (1998)
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and/or set off in a box. Nut-shell paragraphs are used particularly in feature stories
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1261:. New York City: Columbia University Press / MJF Books. "JOURNALESE" entry, p. 260.
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is sometimes used, usually pejoratively, to refer to news-style writing. Another is
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1383:
1083:
753:
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675:", to refer to the decreasing importance of information in subsequent paragraphs.
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The
Winning Brief: 100 Tips for Persuasive Briefing in Trial and Appellate Court
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2015:
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Feature stories often close with a "kicker" rather than simply petering out.
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September 7, 1998, updated
December 14, 2005 (retrieved December 28, 2018)
985:
Article leads are sometimes categorized into hard leads and soft leads. A
2311:
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491:
1866:
1816:
1694:
The Editor's
Toolbox: A Reference Guide for Beginners and Professionals
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49:
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The last story in the news broadcast; a "happy" story to end the show.
1040:
style, where its downsides are often mitigated by the inclusion of an
1841:
567:
1680:
The
Reporter's Notebook : Writing Tools for Student Journalists
1563:
The
Broadcast Journalism Handbook: A Television News Survival Guide
906:
741:
653:
641:
2055:
1860:
1811:
1498:
Starr, Douglas Perret; Dunsford, Deborah Williams (2014-01-14).
1338:
Info-Truck: A blog about delivering informationâby the truckload
967:
716:
they incorporate. It is considered unethical not to attribute a
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537:
237:
40:
1758:
1219:
The section that signals what a feature is about is called the
1204:
point of view, it is common for a feature article to slip into
943:
1754:
1608:
Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News
1593:
Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News
825:
Boat, Catches in Wheel") or verb (e.g., "Cat woman lucky").
1472:
1715:
New York Public Library Writer's Guide to Style and Usage
1706:
M. L. Stein, Susan Paterno, and R. Christopher Burnett.
915:
The most important structural element of a story is the
1148:
that information available to more interested readers.
1708:
The Newswriter's Handbook Introduction to Journalism
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1927:
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1532:
News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism
937:
1636:"How Journalists Are Redefining the Word 'Kicker'"
1334:"How to Write Headlines and Decks (Heds and Deks)"
1254:
671:. This form of structure is sometimes called the "
1748:"Ideological Placement of Each Source's Audience"
1352:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: subhead"
1208:. The journalist often details interactions with
1257:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
1770:
1411:. Holt Rinehart And Winston Inc. p. 185.
610:
8:
1620:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1687:Be a Writer: Your Guide to the Writing Life
1200:While straight news stories always stay in
708:and standards have varied in the degree of
667:) and also often howâat the opening of the
1777:
1763:
1755:
1212:subjects, making the piece more personal.
617:
603:
18:
1699:Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly.
1685:Steve Peha and Margot Carmichael Lester.
993:introduces the topic in a more creative,
962:, originally to avoid confusion with the
1750:. Pew Research Center. January 26, 2016.
1560:Thompson, Robert; Malone, Cindy (2004).
1245:
1170:A kicker can refer to multiple things:
519:
471:
400:
209:
113:
21:
1613:
1449:"Explainer: Explaining Today's Papers"
997:fashion, and is usually followed by a
1566:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.
1162:quote to support the indirect quote.
7:
1595:. Taylor & Francis. p. 422.
970:or the related typographical term "
16:Prose style used for news reporting
1089:
982:, few leads can fit all of these.
966:type formerly made from the metal
751:; common style guides include the
14:
1692:Buck Ryan and Michael O'Donnell.
1606:Stewart, Alexander, Peter, Ray.
1005:Example of a hard-lead paragraph
999:nutshell paragraph (or nut graf)
933:
579:
29:
1014:Example of a soft-lead sentence
1529:Cotter, Colleen (2010-02-11).
1193:. Feature stories differ from
1:
1842:Pundit / commentator
1405:Charnley, Mitchell V (1966).
1380:"The Mavens' Word of the Day"
1154:Writers are often admonished
1139:Inverted pyramid (journalism)
1036:, but a characteristic of an
568:Pundit / commentator
1360:American Heritage Dictionary
1001:, a brief summary of facts.
782:, and they rarely depend on
704:style. Over time and place,
648:reporting in media, such as
106:Index of journalism articles
2344:List of journalism articles
1253:Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993).
1087:
2393:
1537:Cambridge University Press
1136:
1133:Inverted pyramid structure
1101:
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2341:
1610:. Routledge. p. 170.
591:Category: Journalism
1506:Rowman & Littlefield
1802:Journalists (reporters)
1422:Kensler, Chris (2007).
700:generally adhere to an
528:Journalists (reporters)
1913:Editorial independence
1673:Real-World Newsletters
1156:"Don't bury the lead!"
912:
96:Editorial independence
2269:Pink-slime journalism
2254:Horse race journalism
1425:Unzipped! Newswriting
910:
901:Further information:
586:Journalism portal
449:Pink-slime journalism
434:Horse race journalism
2372:Journalism standards
2244:Freedom of the press
1737:"Basic News Writing"
1284:"Basic News Writing"
956:Early Modern English
424:Freedom of the press
2306:Newspaper of record
1386:. November 28, 2000
1044:at the start of an
765:Terms and structure
486:Newspaper of record
1713:Andrea Sutcliffe.
1332:Morrison, Daniel.
1064:nutshell paragraph
1052:Nutshell paragraph
958:) is also used in
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759:US News Style Book
702:expository writing
638:news-writing style
634:journalistic style
2354:
2353:
2332:Alternative media
2284:Yellow journalism
1918:Journalism school
1742:. Ohlone College.
1671:Linda Jorgensen.
1661:Bryan A. Garner.
1311:WritersWeekly.com
995:attention-seeking
706:journalism ethics
681:The related term
627:
626:
512:Alternative media
464:Yellow journalism
101:Journalism school
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2274:Public relations
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1508:. p. 122.
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1313:. July 20, 2005
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2196:Underground
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2001:Video games
1956:Environment
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1893:News values
1888:Objectivity
1822:Copy editor
869:An article
749:style guide
710:objectivity
548:Copy editor
378:Underground
293:Explanatory
218:Adversarial
187:Video games
142:Environment
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2066:Churnalism
1991:Technology
1903:Defamation
1853:Profession
1786:Journalism
1645:2019-03-26
1484:2018-04-08
1478:Wiktionary
1365:2023-03-27
1292:2009-07-29
1236:References
1110:Paragraphs
1098:Paragraphs
1072:nut 'graph
891:pull quote
847:subheading
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687:headlinese
683:journalese
658:television
650:newspapers
630:News style
482:Newspapers
473:News media
439:Media bias
343:Non-profit
328:Multimedia
248:Churnalism
177:Technology
86:Defamation
23:Journalism
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2229:Fake news
2151:Narrative
2131:Immersion
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2061:Broadcast
1807:Columnist
1616:cite book
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991:soft lead
987:hard lead
875:billboard
871:billboard
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780:metaphors
776:anecdotes
533:Columnist
492:Magazines
409:Fake news
333:Narrative
313:Immersion
273:Community
243:Broadcast
2346:–
2322:Internet
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1390:July 29,
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1076:nut graf
1068:nutshell
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