1937:
1947:
460:
77:
1957:
419:: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some communications forbidden by the network policy. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet, that is assumed to not be secure or trusted.
137:
Networking devices includes a broad range of equipment which can be classified as core network components which interconnect other network components, hybrid components which can be found in the core or border of a network and hardware or software components which typically sit on the connection
539:: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound) to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. Used (for example) when a computer communicates with another computer over a telephone network.
210:-based networks are integrated into building infrastructure and household utilities, network hardware will become an ambiguous term owing to the vastly increasing number of network-capable endpoints.
402:
Hardware or software components which typically sit on the connection point of different networks (for example, between an internal network and an external network) include:
251:. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node. It works on
919:
269:, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports. It works on
393:(brouter): a device that works as a bridge and as a router. The brouter routes packets for known protocols and simply forwards all other packets as a bridge would.
1993:
973:
782:
2084:
1690:
1662:
297:
and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances.
1715:
530:
1566:
481:
98:
1720:
992:
576:
830:
1225:
571:
1872:
1700:
1230:
507:
384:
124:
2104:
2066:
1986:
1960:
1054:
425:(NAT): network service (provided as hardware or as software) that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa.
1348:
624:
1601:
743:
1639:
1258:
966:
854:
485:
336:
102:
2099:
1781:
1758:
1488:
1478:
648:
672:
2476:
2471:
1862:
1450:
1358:
1263:
1039:
1024:
591:
546:
524:
230:
2435:
1979:
1950:
1685:
1183:
649:"The TCP/IP Guide - Overview Of Key Routing Protocol Concepts: Architectures, Protocol Types, Algorithms and Metrics"
470:
261:: a multi-port device that connects devices together at the same or different speeds on a computer network, by using
87:
1922:
1571:
422:
489:
474:
106:
91:
1940:
1867:
1842:
1705:
1353:
959:
432:
1791:
1624:
1210:
1079:
316:
188:
2342:
1852:
1786:
1677:
1493:
1153:
60:
2312:
2281:
2261:
2221:
2026:
1917:
1748:
1629:
1396:
1386:
1381:
145:
2246:
2119:
2114:
1887:
1857:
1847:
1743:
1657:
1533:
1473:
1440:
1430:
1313:
1278:
1268:
1205:
1074:
1049:
1044:
1009:
542:
416:
346:
555:: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying the signal; used in base-band networks only.
2421:
2377:
2347:
2109:
2016:
1647:
1619:
1591:
1586:
1415:
1391:
1343:
1326:
1321:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1250:
1200:
1195:
1112:
1058:
168:
2440:
2416:
2144:
2129:
2051:
2021:
1912:
1837:
1753:
1738:
1503:
1283:
1240:
1235:
1132:
1094:
428:
43:, are electronic devices that are required for communication and interaction between devices on a
2394:
2367:
2286:
1877:
1776:
1652:
1609:
1518:
1460:
1445:
1435:
1220:
1019:
901:
581:
380:
351:
307:
devices together at the same speed, making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple
240:
203:
2061:
2046:
1897:
1827:
1806:
1768:
1576:
1543:
1523:
1215:
1127:
1001:
806:
586:
566:
366:
207:
48:
2430:
2327:
2167:
2036:
1730:
1614:
1581:
1376:
1298:
1187:
1173:
1168:
1117:
1104:
1029:
982:
891:
328:
262:
234:
44:
2387:
2382:
2362:
2352:
2307:
2291:
2266:
2216:
2172:
2124:
2041:
2031:
1801:
1695:
1667:
1561:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1338:
1333:
1273:
1163:
1137:
1089:
1034:
442:
410:
280:
199:
172:
164:
2372:
2357:
2322:
2251:
2231:
2206:
2191:
2094:
1907:
1811:
1710:
1556:
1528:
370:
340:
320:
276:
258:
52:
520:
Other hardware devices used for establishing networks or dial-up connections include:
2465:
2226:
2177:
2056:
1796:
1084:
390:
319:
appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A hub works at the
265:
to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced
51:
in a computer network. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called
905:
413:
which allows clients to make indirect network connections to other network services.
247:
between computer networks. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the
2256:
2236:
2139:
1892:
1551:
436:
406:
308:
300:
266:
195:
17:
2211:
2149:
2089:
2002:
1882:
1508:
1420:
552:
459:
244:
160:
156:
76:
152:
has become increasingly popular, especially for portable and handheld devices.
2411:
2276:
2196:
1902:
1832:
1425:
1158:
1014:
946:
533:: a device connecting the attached computer to a radio-based computer network.
332:
56:
2399:
2271:
2134:
1407:
1368:
374:
324:
284:
270:
252:
218:
Network hardware can be classified by its location and role in the network.
690:
896:
879:
237:
by converting transmission speeds, protocols, codes, or security measures.
2449:
2405:
2317:
2182:
1468:
304:
290:
248:
142:
2337:
2201:
206:
may also be considered networking hardware. As technology advances and
719:
331:. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a
2186:
312:
294:
149:
141:
The most common kind of networking hardware today is a copper-based
951:
362:
Hybrid components can be found in the core or border of a network.
2426:
2332:
536:
184:
383:: a hardware device that converts between two different types of
2445:
180:
1975:
955:
226:
Core network components interconnect other network components.
148:
which is a standard inclusion on most modern computer systems.
1971:
453:
445:: connects devices with a serial port to a local area network.
176:
70:
343:
except in very old installations or specialized applications.
610:
608:
527:(NIC): a device connecting a computer to a computer network.
27:
Devices that mediate data transmission in a computer network
718:
E., Decker; A., Rijsinghani; K., McCloghrie; P., Langille.
339:. Hubs are now largely obsolete, having been replaced by
807:"bridge router Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia"
155:
Other networking hardware used in computers includes
2300:
2158:
2075:
2009:
1820:
1767:
1729:
1676:
1638:
1600:
1542:
1459:
1405:
1367:
1312:
1249:
1182:
1146:
1103:
1067:
1000:
377:, provides functionality at higher protocol layers.
691:"Hubs Versus Switches – Understand the tradeoffs"
233:: an interface providing a compatibility between
1987:
991:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
967:
8:
720:"Definitions of Managed Objects for Bridges"
488:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
431:: interface between a WAN connection to an
105:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1994:
1980:
1972:
974:
960:
952:
895:
880:"Internet Security: FIREWALLS and BEYOND"
508:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
187:, etc.) as well as devices which assure
604:
293:: an electronic device that receives a
1691:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1716:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
531:Wireless network interface controller
7:
1035:Energy consumption (Green computing)
486:adding citations to reliable sources
243:: a networking device that forwards
103:adding citations to reliable sources
1721:Distributed artificial intelligence
993:ACM Computing Classification System
947:USF Explanation of network hardware
577:List of networking hardware vendors
1226:Integrated development environment
572:Data circuit-terminating equipment
373:that, in addition to switching on
279:: a device that connects multiple
25:
1701:Automated planning and scheduling
1231:Software configuration management
2105:Failure of electronic components
1955:
1945:
1936:
1935:
458:
202:and devices associated with the
75:
1946:
1349:Computational complexity theory
315:introduced at the input of any
1133:Network performance evaluation
335:to all ports if they detect a
327:and all devices form a single
1:
1504:Multimedia information system
1489:Geographic information system
1479:Enterprise information system
1068:Computer systems organization
138:point of different networks.
47:. Specifically, they mediate
2100:List of emerging electronics
1863:Computational social science
1451:Theoretical computer science
1264:Software development process
1040:Electronic design automation
1025:Very Large Scale Integration
592:Telecommunications equipment
525:Network interface controller
1686:Natural language processing
1474:Information storage systems
878:Oppliger, Rolf (May 1997).
771:. Delmar. pp. 256–257.
41:computer networking devices
2493:
1602:Human–computer interaction
1572:Intrusion detection system
1484:Social information systems
1469:Database management system
769:Network+ Guide to Networks
614:IEEE 802.3-2012 Clause 9.1
423:Network address translator
303:: for connecting multiple
1931:
1868:Computational engineering
1843:Computational mathematics
989:
884:Communications of the ACM
433:Internet service provider
1878:Computational healthcare
1873:Differentiable computing
1792:Graphics processing unit
1211:Domain-specific language
1080:Computational complexity
311:(I/O) ports, in which a
2343:Electromagnetic warfare
1853:Computational chemistry
1787:Photograph manipulation
1678:Artificial intelligence
1494:Decision support system
920:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
855:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
831:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
783:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
744:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
673:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
625:"ATIS Telecom Glossary"
61:data terminal equipment
2313:Automotive electronics
2262:Robotic vacuum cleaner
2222:Information technology
2027:Electronic engineering
1918:Educational technology
1749:Reinforcement learning
1499:Process control system
1397:Computational geometry
1387:Algorithmic efficiency
1382:Analysis of algorithms
1030:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
2247:Portable media player
2120:Molecular electronics
2115:Low-power electronics
1888:Electronic publishing
1858:Computational biology
1848:Computational physics
1744:Unsupervised learning
1658:Distributed computing
1534:Information retrieval
1441:Mathematical analysis
1431:Mathematical software
1314:Theory of computation
1279:Software construction
1269:Requirements analysis
1147:Software organization
1075:Computer architecture
1045:Hardware acceleration
1010:Printed circuit board
897:10.1145/253769.253802
767:Dean, Tamara (2010).
543:ISDN terminal adapter
387:, for interoperation.
347:Wireless access point
194:Taking a wider view,
2441:Terahertz technology
2422:Open-source hardware
2378:Consumer electronics
2348:Electronics industry
2110:Flexible electronics
2017:Analogue electronics
1648:Concurrent computing
1620:Ubiquitous computing
1592:Application security
1587:Information security
1416:Discrete mathematics
1392:Randomized algorithm
1344:Computability theory
1322:Model of computation
1294:Software maintenance
1289:Software engineering
1251:Software development
1201:Programming language
1196:Programming paradigm
1113:Network architecture
545:(TA): a specialized
482:improve this section
99:improve this section
2477:Computer networking
2472:Networking hardware
2417:Nuclear electronics
2242:Networking hardware
2145:Quantum electronics
2130:Organic electronics
2052:Printed electronics
2022:Digital electronics
1923:Document management
1913:Operations research
1838:Enterprise software
1754:Multi-task learning
1739:Supervised learning
1461:Information systems
1284:Software deployment
1241:Software repository
1095:Real-time computing
429:Residential gateway
159:equipment (such as
150:Wireless networking
33:Networking hardware
2395:Marine electronics
2368:Integrated circuit
2287:Video game console
2085:2020s in computing
2067:Thermal management
1706:Search methodology
1653:Parallel computing
1610:Interaction design
1519:Computing platform
1446:Numerical analysis
1436:Information theory
1221:Software framework
1184:Software notations
1123:Network components
1020:Integrated circuit
653:www.tcpipguide.com
582:Network simulation
381:Protocol converter
352:Structured cabling
285:OSI layers 1 and 2
204:internet of things
2459:
2458:
2436:Radio electronics
2062:Schematic capture
2047:Power electronics
1969:
1968:
1898:Electronic voting
1828:Quantum Computing
1821:Applied computing
1807:Image compression
1577:Hardware security
1567:Security services
1524:Digital marketing
1304:Open-source model
1216:Modeling language
1128:Network scheduler
587:Node (networking)
567:Computer hardware
518:
517:
510:
367:Multilayer switch
323:(layer 1) of the
135:
134:
127:
49:data transmission
37:network equipment
18:Networking device
16:(Redirected from
2484:
2431:Radio navigation
2328:Data acquisition
2037:Microelectronics
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1759:Cross-validation
1731:Machine learning
1615:Social computing
1582:Network security
1377:Algorithm design
1299:Programming team
1259:Control variable
1236:Software library
1174:Software quality
1169:Operating system
1118:Network protocol
983:Computer science
976:
969:
962:
953:
934:
933:
931:
930:
916:
910:
909:
899:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
803:
797:
796:
794:
793:
779:
773:
772:
764:
758:
757:
755:
754:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
695:
687:
681:
680:
669:
663:
662:
660:
659:
645:
639:
638:
636:
635:
621:
615:
612:
513:
506:
502:
499:
493:
462:
454:
341:network switches
329:collision domain
281:network segments
263:packet switching
214:Specific devices
200:tablet computers
189:content delivery
173:network services
165:database servers
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
79:
71:
45:computer network
35:, also known as
21:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2388:Small appliance
2383:Major appliance
2363:Home automation
2353:Embedded system
2308:Audio equipment
2296:
2292:Washing machine
2217:Home theater PC
2173:Central heating
2168:Air conditioner
2160:
2154:
2125:Nanoelectronics
2077:
2071:
2042:Optoelectronics
2032:Instrumentation
2005:
2000:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1927:
1908:Word processing
1816:
1802:Virtual reality
1763:
1725:
1696:Computer vision
1672:
1668:Multiprocessing
1634:
1596:
1562:Security hacker
1538:
1514:Digital library
1455:
1406:Mathematics of
1401:
1363:
1339:Automata theory
1334:Formal language
1308:
1274:Software design
1245:
1178:
1164:Virtual machine
1142:
1138:Network service
1099:
1090:Embedded system
1063:
996:
985:
980:
943:
938:
937:
928:
926:
918:
917:
913:
877:
876:
872:
863:
861:
853:
852:
848:
839:
837:
829:
828:
824:
815:
813:
805:
804:
800:
791:
789:
781:
780:
776:
766:
765:
761:
752:
750:
742:
741:
737:
728:
726:
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
693:
689:
688:
684:
671:
670:
666:
657:
655:
647:
646:
642:
633:
631:
623:
622:
618:
613:
606:
601:
596:
562:
514:
503:
497:
494:
479:
463:
452:
443:Terminal server
411:network service
400:
360:
224:
216:
131:
120:
114:
111:
96:
80:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:Communications
2443:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2373:Home appliance
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Home appliance
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Control system
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Microwave oven
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Bioelectronics
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1812:Solid modeling
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Control method
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1663:Multithreading
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Formal methods
1554:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:World Wide Web
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
987:
986:
981:
979:
978:
971:
964:
956:
950:
949:
942:
941:External links
939:
936:
935:
911:
870:
846:
822:
798:
774:
759:
735:
724:tools.ietf.org
710:
682:
664:
640:
616:
603:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
550:
540:
534:
528:
516:
515:
466:
464:
457:
451:
448:
447:
446:
440:
426:
420:
414:
399:
396:
395:
394:
388:
378:
359:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
321:physical layer
298:
288:
283:. It works on
274:
256:
238:
223:
220:
215:
212:
133:
132:
83:
81:
74:
68:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2489:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Clothes dryer
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Semiconductor
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Mixed reality
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1630:Accessibility
1628:
1626:
1625:Visualization
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:Dependability
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
988:
984:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
957:
954:
948:
945:
944:
940:
925:
921:
915:
912:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
871:
860:
856:
850:
847:
836:
832:
826:
823:
812:
811:www.pcmag.com
808:
802:
799:
788:
784:
778:
775:
770:
763:
760:
749:
745:
739:
736:
725:
721:
714:
711:
699:
698:ccontrols.com
692:
686:
683:
678:
674:
668:
665:
654:
650:
644:
641:
630:
626:
620:
617:
611:
609:
605:
598:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
521:
512:
509:
501:
491:
487:
483:
477:
476:
472:
467:This section
465:
461:
456:
455:
449:
444:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
397:
392:
391:Bridge router
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:
363:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
221:
219:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:mobile phones
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:storage areas
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
144:
139:
129:
126:
118:
108:
104:
100:
94:
93:
89:
84:This section
82:
78:
73:
72:
66:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2301:Applications
2282:Water heater
2257:Refrigerator
2241:
2237:Mobile phone
2140:Piezotronics
1893:Cyberwarfare
1552:Cryptography
1122:
927:. Retrieved
924:www.atis.org
923:
914:
887:
883:
873:
862:. Retrieved
859:www.atis.org
858:
849:
838:. Retrieved
835:www.atis.org
834:
825:
814:. Retrieved
810:
801:
790:. Retrieved
787:www.atis.org
786:
777:
768:
762:
751:. Retrieved
748:www.atis.org
747:
738:
727:. Retrieved
723:
713:
702:. Retrieved
697:
685:
677:www.atis.org
676:
667:
656:. Retrieved
652:
643:
632:. Retrieved
629:www.atis.org
628:
619:
519:
504:
495:
480:Please help
468:
450:End stations
437:home network
407:Proxy server
401:
385:transmission
361:
309:input/output
301:Repeater hub
267:network hubs
245:data packets
225:
217:
193:
161:file servers
154:
140:
136:
121:
112:
97:Please help
85:
40:
36:
32:
31:
29:
2408:electronics
2212:Home cinema
2150:Spintronics
2090:Atomtronics
2003:Electronics
1903:Video games
1883:Digital art
1640:Concurrency
1509:Data mining
1421:Probability
1154:Interpreter
553:Line driver
498:August 2022
409:: computer
375:OSI layer 2
271:OSI layer 2
253:OSI layer 3
157:data center
115:August 2022
57:end systems
2466:Categories
2412:Multimedia
2402:technology
2277:Television
2207:Home robot
2197:Dishwasher
2159:Electronic
1961:Glossaries
1833:E-commerce
1426:Statistics
1369:Algorithms
1327:Stochastic
1159:Middleware
1015:Peripheral
929:2021-06-20
864:2021-06-20
840:2021-06-20
816:2016-02-12
792:2021-06-20
753:2021-06-20
729:2016-02-12
704:2013-12-10
658:2016-02-12
634:2021-06-20
599:References
333:jam signal
2400:Microwave
2272:Telephone
2161:equipment
2135:Photonics
1782:Rendering
1777:Animation
1408:computing
1359:Semantics
1050:Processor
890:(5): 94.
549:for ISDN.
469:does not
337:collision
325:OSI model
175:(such as
86:does not
2450:Wireless
2406:Military
2338:e-health
2318:Avionics
2187:Notebook
2183:Computer
2076:Advanced
2010:Branches
1941:Category
1769:Graphics
1544:Security
1206:Compiler
1105:Networks
1002:Hardware
906:15271915
560:See also
435:and the
417:Firewall
305:Ethernet
291:Repeater
249:Internet
235:networks
143:Ethernet
2202:Freezer
1951:Outline
547:gateway
490:removed
475:sources
231:Gateway
146:adapter
107:removed
92:sources
2333:e-book
2267:Tablet
2227:Cooker
2192:Camera
2078:topics
904:
700:. 2002
398:Border
371:switch
358:Hybrid
313:signal
295:signal
277:Bridge
259:Switch
241:Router
2446:Wired
2427:Radar
2252:Radio
1354:Logic
1188:tools
902:S2CID
694:(PDF)
537:Modem
185:email
67:Range
53:hosts
2448:and
2429:and
1186:and
1059:Form
1055:Size
473:any
471:cite
369:: a
317:port
222:Core
181:DHCP
167:and
90:any
88:cite
892:doi
484:by
177:DNS
171:),
101:by
59:or
39:or
2468::
1057:/
922:.
900:.
888:40
886:.
882:.
857:.
833:.
809:.
785:.
746:.
722:.
696:.
675:.
651:.
627:.
607:^
208:IP
198:,
191:.
183:,
179:,
163:,
63:.
55:,
2185:/
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
995:.
975:e
968:t
961:v
932:.
908:.
894::
867:.
843:.
819:.
795:.
756:.
732:.
707:.
679:.
661:.
637:.
511:)
505:(
500:)
496:(
492:.
478:.
439:.
287:.
273:.
255:.
128:)
122:(
117:)
113:(
109:.
95:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
