95:, and collections of these cells can be considered to be mental maps. Individual place cells do not only respond to one unique area only however, the patterns of activation of these cells overlap to form layered mental maps within the hippocampus. A good analogy is the example of the same television or computer screen pixels being used to light up any trillions of possible combinations to produce images, just as the place cells can be used in any multiple possible combinations to represent mental maps. The hippocampus' right side is more oriented towards responding to spatial aspects, whereas the left side is associated with other context information. Also, there is evidence that experience in building extensive mental maps, such as driving a city taxi for a long time (since this requires considerable memorization of routes), can increase the volume of one's hippocampus.
237:, which is the process of transferring information that is currently in working memory into ones long-term memory. This process is also known as memory modulation. The amygdala works to encode recent emotional information into memory. Memory research has shown that the greater ones emotional arousal level at the time of the event, the greater the chance that the event will be remembered. This may be due to the amygdala enhancing the emotional aspect of the information during encoding, causing the memory to be processed at a deeper level and therefore, more likely to withstand forgetting.
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and provides spatial awareness and navigational skills. Also, it integrates all of our sensory information (touch, sight, pain etc.) to form a single perception. Parietal lobe gives the ability to focus our attention on different stimuli at the same time, PET scans show high activity in the parietal lobe when participates being studied were asked to focus their attention at two separate areas of attention. Parietal lobe also assists with verbal short term memory and damage to the supramarginal gyrus cause short term memory loss.
391:. For example, when you are thinking about how to get to a mall you have never been to before, you combine various bits of knowledge you already have: the layout of the city the mall is in, information from a map, knowledge of traffic patterns in that area and conversations with your friends about the location of the mall. By actively using all of this information, you can determine the best route for you to take. This action involves the controlled use of information in working memory, coordinated by the frontal lobes.
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left side of the brain can lead to language discrepancies, i.e. difficulty in properly identifying letters, numbers and words, inability to incorporate visual stimuli to comprehend multiple ways an object can be found. Right side damage causes non-verbal problems, i.e. identifying geometric shapes, perception of figures and faces. In almost all regions of the brain left side damage leads to general language problems whereas right side damage leads to general perception and problem solving skills.
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535:. The ventral stream is responsible for object representation and recognition and is also commonly known as the "what" stream. The dorsal stream is responsible for guiding our actions and recognizing where objects are in space, commonly known as the "where" or "how" stream. Once in the information is organized and sent through the pathways it continues to the other areas of the brain responsible for visual processing.
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398:. For example, the knowledge of the information itself, as well as knowing where information came from must be put together into a single memory representation; this is called source monitoring. Sometimes we experience situations where information becomes separated, such as when we recall something, but cannot remember where we remember it from; this is referred to as a
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is largely affected by this disease. In one study, FTLD patients were interviewed and asked to describe a significant event from five different periods of their lives. Using the interview and different methods of imaging, the experimenters hoped to find links between patterns of brain volume loss and
187:
This separation makes sense if the cerebellum, which is far removed from the hippocampus, is responsible for procedural learning. The cerebellum is more generally involved in motor learning, and damage to it can result in problems with movement, specifically it is considered to co-ordinate timing and
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volumes that encompass the frontal and temporal lobes were found. Through comparison to a control group of patients it was found that parenchymal volumes increased during episodic recall, and decreased during semantic recall. The experimenters discussed that lifespan autobiographical episodic recall
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damage to the visual field. When damage occurs in the occipital lobe it is most common to see the effects on the opposite side of the brain. Since the brain regions are so specialized in their functioning, damages done to specific areas of the brain can cause specific type of damage. Damage to the
538:
The most important function of the
Occipital lobe is vision. Due to the positioning of this lobe at the back of the head it is not susceptible to much injury but any significant damage to the brain can cause a variety of damage to our visual perception system. Common problems in the occipital lobe
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The parietal lobe has many functions and duties in the brain and its main functioning can be divided down into two main areas: (1) sensation and perception (2) constructing a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. The parietal lobe helps us to mediate attention when necessary
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Located above the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobes are two amygdalae (singular "amygdala"). The amygdalae are associated with both emotional learning and memory, as it responds strongly to emotional stimuli, especially fear. These neurons assist in encoding emotional memories and enhancing
484:) and the inability to perceive objects. Damage to the right parietal lobe can result in neglecting part of the body or space (contralateral neglect), which can impair many self-care skills such as dressing and washing. Right side damage can also cause difficulty in making things (constructional
608:
Most people can instantly and easily use visual-spatial memory to remember locations and pictures, but a person with
Parkinson's disease would find this difficult. He or she would also have trouble encoding this visual and spatial information into long-term memory. This suggests that the basal
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Damage to the temporal lobe can affect an individual in a litany of ways ranging from: disturbance of auditory sensation and perception, disturbance of selective attention of auditory and visual input, disorders of visual perception, impaired organization and categorization of verbal material,
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tests have shown the active role of the amygdala in fear conditioning in rats. Research involving lesions to the basolateral nucleus have shown a strong association with memories involving fear. The central nucleus is linked with the behavioral responses that are dependent on the basolateral's
492:) and drawing ability. Neglect syndrome tends to be more prevalent on the right side of the parietal lobe, because the right mediates attention to both the left and right fields. Damage in the somatic sensory cortex results in loss of perception of bodily sensations, namely sense of touch.
310:
Damage to the basal ganglia has been linked to dysfunctional learning of motor and perceptual-motor skills. Most disorders that are associated with damage to these areas of the brain involve some type of motor dysfunction, as well as trouble with mental switching between tasks in
612:
People with
Parkinson's disease display working memory impairment during sequence tasks and tasks involving events in time. They also have difficulty in knowing how to use their memory, such as when to change strategies or maintain a train of thought.
460:, superior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the frontal lobe, visually at the top of the back of the head. The make up of the parietal lobe is defined by four anatomical boundaries in the brain, providing a division of all the four lobes.
467:
Damage to the parietal lobe results in the syndrome ‘neglect' which is when patients treat part of their body or objects in their visual field as though it never existed. Damage to the left side of the parietal lobe can result in what is called
604:
involves both damage to the basal ganglia and certain memory dysfunctions, suggesting that the basal ganglia are involved in specific types of memory. Those who have this disease have problems with both their working memory and spatial memory.
179:
that have difficulty forming new memories and/or remembering old events may sometimes retain the ability to perform complex musical pieces, suggesting that procedural memory is completely dissociated from conscious memory, also known as
175:, and motor learning, such as skills requiring co-ordination and fine motor control. An example of a skill requiring procedural memory would be playing a musical instrument, or driving a car or riding a bike. Individuals with
296:. The basic functions of these nuclei deal with cognition, learning, and motor control and activities. The basal ganglia are also associated with learning, memory, and unconscious memory processes, such as motor skills and
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The temporal lobes are also concerned with recognition memory. This is the capacity to identify an item as one that was recently encountered. Recognition memory is widely viewed as consisting of two components, a
376:. The cortex here serves our ability to plan the day, organize work, type a letter, pay attention to details and control the movements of your arms and legs. It also contributed to your personality and behaviour.
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them. This process results in emotional events being more deeply and accurately encoded into memory. Lesions to the amygdalae in monkeys have been shown to impair motivation, as well as the processing of emotions.
229:
Emotional experiences and events are somewhat fragile and take a while to be completely set into memory. This slow process, referred to as consolidation, allows emotions to influence the way the memory is stored.
551:, inability to recognize words and inability to recognize movement. A study was done in which patients suffered from a tumour on the occipital lobe and the results shows that the most frequent consequence was
1108:
Winograd, E. (1988). Some observations on prospective remembering. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical
Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues. Vol. 2, pp. 348-353.
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Many studies of different disease and disorders that have symptoms of memory loss have provided reinforcing evidence to the study of the anatomy of the brain and which parts are more utilized in memory.
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Warrington, E., & Weiskrantz, L. (1973). An analysis of short-term and long-term memory defects in man. In J.A. Deutsch, ed. The
Physiological Basis of Memory. New York: Academic Press.
126:. This is supported by studies in which lesions are applied to rat hippocampi at different times after learning. The process of consolidation may take up to a couple years.
1338:
Westmoreland, B. et al. (1994). Medical
Neurosciences: An Approach to Anatomy, Pathology, and Physiology by Systems and Levels. New York: NY. Little, Brown and Company.
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due to the degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. Studies have found significant decreases in the essential needs for proper functioning in these lobes. The
300:. Particularly, one division within the ventral striatum, the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in the consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of drug memory.
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The occipital lobe is the smallest of all four lobes in the human cerebral cortex and located in the rearmost part of the skull and considered to be part of the
307:. Specifically, research has shown that this part of the basal ganglia plays a role in acquiring stimulus-response habits, as well as in solving sequence tasks.
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The frontal lobes help a person select out memories that are most relevant on a given occasion. It can coordinate various types of information into a coherent
137:, which means that explicit descriptions of actual events (episodic) cannot be learned, but some meaning and knowledge is gained from experiences (semantic).
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Kuypers, H. (1981). Anatomy of the descending pathways. V. Brooks, ed. The
Nervous System, Handbook of Physiology, vol. 2. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
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992:"Activation of PKCzeta and PKMzeta in the nucleus accumbens core is necessary for the retrieval, consolidation and reconsolidation of the drug memory"
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component (i.e. Do I know this person waving at me?) and a recollective component (i.e. That is my friend Julia, from evolutionary psychology class).
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Robbins, TW; Kadhim, Z; Ersche KD; Everitt BJ (2008). "Drug
Addiction and the memory systems of the brain". New York Academy of Sciences 1141
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in humans. In one study, single-cell recordings were taken from electrodes implanted in a rat's hippocampus, and it was found that certain
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on both the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Lobes in this cortex are more closely associated with memory and in particular
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McKinnon, M.C.; Nica, E.I.; Sengdy, P.; Kovacevic, N.; Moscovitch, M.; Freedman, M.; Miller, B.L.; Black, S.E.; Levine, B. (2008).
107:, the inability to form new memories. This implies that the hippocampus is important not only for storing cognitive maps, but for
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Unlike the hippocampus which is involved in the encoding of complex memories, the cerebellum plays a role in the learning of
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reaction to fear. The central nucleus of the amygdala is also linked to emotions and behaviors motivated by food and sex.
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Conway, M. A.; Pleydell Pearce, C. W. (2000). "The construction of autobiographical memories in the self memory system".
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Montomery, P. Siverstein, P., et al. (1993). Spatial updating in
Parkinson's disease, Brain and Cognition, 23, 113-126.
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Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., & Jessell, T. (1991). Principles of Neural
Science. 3rd edition. New York: NY. Elsevier.
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McGaugh, JL (2004). "The Amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences".
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The frontal lobes are also involved in the ability to remember what we need to do in the future; this is called
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448:. Thus, general semantic knowledge or more personal episodic memories of one's childhood could be affected.
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Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. (1990). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.
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Rugg, M.; Yonelinas, A.P. (2003). "Human recognition memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective".
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was largely damaged in FTLD patients and semantic autobiographical memory seemed to be spared.
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The caudate nucleus is thought to assist in learning and memory of associations taught during
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335:. Huntington's and Parkinson's disease involve both motor deficits and cognitive impairment.
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1409:"Autobiographical memory and patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration"
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Packard, M.G.; Knowlton, B. (2002). "Learning and Memory Functions of the Basal Ganglia".
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693:"Hippocampal resections impair associative learning and recognition memory in the monkey"
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accuracy of movements, and to make long-term changes (learning) to improve these skills.
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Goodale, MA; Milner, AD (1992). "Separate visual pathways for perception and action".
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responded strongly only when the rat was in certain locations. These cells are called
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523:. Once the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus receives the information it is sent down the
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and connected to the cerebral cortex. Specifically, the basal ganglia includes the
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63:, and lies next to the medial temporal lobe. It is made up of two structures, the
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845:"Associative Structure of Fear Memory After Basolateral Amygdala Lesions in Rats"
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Squire, L.R.; Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). "The medial temporal lobe memory system".
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Crespo, JA.; Stöckl P; Ueberall F; Marcel J; Saria A; Zernig G (February 2012).
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Cowan, Nelson. (2005). Working Memory Capacity. Psychology Press. New York.
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160:("little brain") is a structure located at the rear of the brain, near the
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504:. The occipital lobe sits directly above the cerebellum and is situated
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Johnson, M.K.; Hashtroudi, S.; Lindsay, S. (1993). "Source Monitoring".
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Blakemore & Frith (2005). The Learning Brain. Blackwell Publishing.
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512:, or parieto-occipital sulcus. This lobe is known as the centre of the
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where it is organized and sent down one of two possible path ways;
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system, the main function of the occipital lobe is that of vision.
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is a structure in the brain that has been associated with various
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ganglia work in both encoding and recalling spatial information.
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disturbance of language comprehension, and altered personality.
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Mishkin, M.; Appenzeller, T. (1987). "The anatomy of memory".
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of information. Therefore, the frontal lobes are important in
472:. It includes right-left confusion, difficulty with writing (
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Retinal sensors send signals through the optic tract to the
315:. Such symptoms are often present in those who suffer from
23:
encompasses a wide variety of anatomical structures in the
588:
Through image processing, patterns of significant reduced
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which are located in the medial temporal lobe, above the
103:
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding area can cause
118:, the slow process by which memories are converted from
129:
It has also been found that it is possible to form new
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In regard to memory, temporal lobe damage can impair
788:"Drug Addiction and the memory systems of the brain"
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Variety of structures in the brain related to memory
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356:The frontal lobes are located at the front of each
456:The parietal lobe is located directly behind the
379:When considering the frontal lobes in regards to
368:. It is separated from the parietal lobe by the
168:, in that it has a wavy, or convoluted surface.
83:There is evidence that the hippocampus contains
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1059:The organization of recent and remote memories
480:). It can also produce disorders of language (
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665:The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience
635:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 6th ed
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569:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration and memory
1618:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
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786:Robbins, TW; Ersche KD; Everitt BJ (2008).
164:. It looks like a miniature version of the
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691:Mahut, H; Zola-Morgan S; Moss M (1982).
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417:The temporal lobes are a region of the
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543:, movement and colour discrimination,
71:, each containing different types of
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1057:Frankland P.W., Bontempi B. (2005).
114:The hippocampus is also involved in
476:) and difficulty with mathematics (
252:(red) and related structures (blue)
709:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01214.1982
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14:
1899:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1413:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
765:10.1038/scientificamerican0687-80
582:autobiographical domain in memory
574:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
133:without the hippocampus, but not
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2109:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
1982:Memory and social interactions
1061:. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 119–130.
637:. New York: Worth Publishers.
597:Parkinson's disease and memory
585:performance in the interview.
241:Basal ganglia and motor memory
1:
1238:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00131-1
949:Annual Review of Neuroscience
901:Annual Review of Neuroscience
843:Rabinak, CA; Maren S (2008).
59:functions. It is part of the
1818:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1375:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
1017:10.1371/journal.pone.0030502
421:that is located beneath the
233:The amygdala is involved in
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697:The Journal of Neuroscience
633:Kolb, B; Whishaw I (2008).
576:(FTLD) is a common form of
213:Memory of fear conditioning
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2156:Levels of Processing model
2081:World Memory Championships
1914:Lost in the mall technique
1761:dissociative (psychogenic)
521:Lateral geniculate nucleus
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1088:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3
2194:The Seven Sins of Memory
2139:Intermediate-term memory
1944:Indirect tests of memory
1921:Recovered-memory therapy
1871:Misattribution of memory
510:Parieto-occipital sulcus
288:, which consists of the
177:transient global amnesia
1881:Source-monitoring error
1425:10.1162/jocn.2008.20126
1150:10.1126/science.1896849
849:Behavioral Neuroscience
813:10.1196/annals.1441.020
488:), denial of deficits (
427:autobiographical memory
400:source monitoring error
347:The cortical structures
2472:Neuroscience of memory
2288:George Armitage Miller
2248:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1076:Psychological Bulletin
539:are field defects and
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218:Pavlovian conditioning
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31:Subcortical structures
21:neuroanatomy of memory
2451:Philosophy portal
2439:Psychology portal
2303:Henry L. Roediger III
1904:False memory syndrome
1876:Misinformation effect
1856:Imagination inflation
525:primary visual cortex
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1808:Motivated forgetting
1181:Psychological Review
667:. Psychology Press.
560:Damage to the cortex
370:primary motor cortex
329:Huntington's disease
321:athymhormic syndrome
305:operant conditioning
235:memory consolidation
225:Memory consolidation
116:memory consolidation
2318:Arthur P. Shimamura
2218:Richard C. Atkinson
2035:Effects of exercise
1909:Memory implantation
1793:Interference theory
1709:Selective retention
1689:Meaningful learning
1132:1991Sci...253.1380S
1126:(5026): 1380–1386.
1008:2012PLoSO...730502C
804:2008NYASA1141....1R
757:1987SciAm.256f..80M
745:Scientific American
602:Parkinson's disease
358:cerebral hemisphere
339:Cortical structures
333:Parkinson's disease
270:subthalamic nucleus
105:anterograde amnesia
2415:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2238:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2144:Involuntary memory
2045:Memory improvement
2030:Effects of alcohol
1992:Transactive memory
1970:Politics of memory
1939:Exceptional memory
470:Gerstmann syndrome
407:prospective memory
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2258:Marcia K. Johnson
2129:Exosomatic memory
2114:Context-dependent
2104:Absent-mindedness
1987:Memory conformity
1965:Collective memory
1866:Memory conformity
1803:Memory inhibition
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1714:Tip of the tongue
1419:(10): 1839–1853.
674:978-1-84872-003-9
644:978-0-7167-9586-5
514:visual perception
173:procedural memory
135:episodic memories
131:semantic memories
109:encoding memories
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2343:Robert Stickgold
2313:Richard Shiffrin
2268:Elizabeth Loftus
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2124:Childhood memory
1931:Research methods
1813:Repressed memory
1788:Forgetting curve
1776:transient global
1647:Autobiographical
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1215:
1214:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1019:
987:
981:
980:
944:
933:
932:
896:
883:
882:
872:
861:10.1037/a0012903
855:(6): 1284–1294.
840:
834:
833:
815:
783:
777:
776:
740:
731:
730:
720:
703:(9): 1214–1229.
688:
679:
678:
663:Ward, J (2009).
660:
649:
648:
630:
446:long-term memory
374:precentral gyrus
282:ventral striatum
274:substantia nigra
124:long term memory
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2419:
2400:Dominic O'Brien
2378:
2347:
2328:Susumu Tonegawa
2308:Daniel Schacter
2283:Eleanor Maguire
2273:Geoffrey Loftus
2228:Stephen J. Ceci
2223:Robert A. Bjork
2199:
2118:state-dependent
2092:
2064:
1996:
1977:Cultural memory
1953:
1949:Memory disorder
1925:
1885:
1827:
1718:
1628:
1603:
1548:
1505:
1500:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1366:10.1.1.207.6873
1353:Trends Neurosci
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1194:10.1.1.621.9717
1178:
1177:
1173:
1141:10.1.1.421.7385
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
989:
988:
984:
946:
945:
936:
898:
897:
886:
842:
841:
837:
785:
784:
780:
742:
741:
734:
690:
689:
682:
675:
662:
661:
652:
645:
632:
631:
624:
619:
599:
571:
562:
498:
454:
423:Sylvian fissure
419:cerebral cortex
415:
360:and positioned
354:
341:
325:Fahr's syndrome
298:implicit memory
294:caudate nucleus
286:dorsal striatum
278:globus pallidus
260:are a group of
243:
227:
215:
194:
182:explicit memory
166:cerebral cortex
143:
101:
81:
38:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Paul R. McHugh
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Ivan Izquierdo
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Hindsight bias
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Memory erasure
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:post-traumatic
1753:
1748:
1743:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Personal-event
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1624:Working memory
1621:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1594:Motor learning
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1510:Basic concepts
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1396:
1340:
1328:
1312:
1303:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1216:
1187:(2): 261–288.
1171:
1110:
1101:
1063:
1050:
1041:
982:
934:
884:
835:
778:
732:
680:
673:
650:
643:
621:
620:
618:
615:
598:
595:
570:
567:
561:
558:
545:hallucinations
533:ventral stream
497:
496:Occipital lobe
494:
458:central sulcus
453:
450:
414:
411:
389:working memory
366:parietal lobes
353:
350:
340:
337:
313:working memory
242:
239:
226:
223:
214:
211:
193:
190:
142:
139:
100:
97:
85:cognitive maps
80:
79:Cognitive maps
77:
37:
34:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2484:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2374:Clive Wearing
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Endel Tulving
2336:
2334:
2333:Anne Treisman
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Brenda Milner
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:James McGaugh
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Sigmund Freud
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:retrospective
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Muscle memory
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:Art of memory
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Memory biases
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Confabulation
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:Memory errors
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:post-hypnotic
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Rote learning
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Hyperthymesia
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Active recall
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Consolidation
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:(7): 313–19.
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:(2): e30502.
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
681:
676:
670:
666:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
640:
636:
629:
627:
623:
616:
614:
610:
606:
603:
594:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
559:
557:
554:
553:contralateral
550:
546:
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
461:
459:
452:Parietal lobe
451:
449:
447:
442:
438:
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
413:Temporal lobe
412:
410:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:basal ganglia
251:
250:Basal ganglia
247:
240:
238:
236:
231:
224:
222:
219:
212:
210:
203:
198:
191:
189:
185:
183:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
152:
147:
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
86:
78:
76:
74:
70:
69:Dentate gyrus
66:
62:
61:limbic system
58:
54:
47:
42:
35:
30:
28:
26:
22:
2405:Ben Pridmore
2323:Larry Squire
2233:Susan Clancy
2192:
2076:Memory sport
2001:Other topics
1891:False memory
1846:Cryptomnesia
1823:Weapon focus
1783:Decay theory
1544:Neuroanatomy
1543:
1503:Human memory
1416:
1412:
1356:
1352:
1306:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1079:
1075:
1053:
1044:
999:
995:
985:
952:
948:
904:
900:
852:
848:
838:
795:
791:
781:
751:(6): 80–89.
748:
744:
700:
696:
664:
634:
611:
607:
600:
587:
572:
563:
537:
518:
499:
466:
462:
455:
443:
439:
431:
416:
404:
396:memory trace
393:
385:coordination
378:
355:
352:Frontal lobe
309:
302:
255:
232:
228:
216:
207:
186:
170:
155:
128:
113:
102:
82:
65:Ammon's Horn
64:
50:
20:
18:
2263:Eric Kandel
2211:Researchers
2183:Prospective
2134:Free recall
2088:Shas Pollak
1741:anterograde
1657:Declarative
1359:(1): 20–5.
1082:(1): 3–28.
907:(1): 1–28.
798:(1): 1–21.
590:parenchymal
490:anosognosia
435:familiarity
162:spinal cord
93:place cells
53:hippocampus
46:hippocampus
36:Hippocampus
2298:Lynn Nadel
2176:intertrial
2161:Metamemory
2149:flashbacks
2069:In society
1766:retrograde
1728:Forgetting
1699:Procedural
1609:Short-term
1579:Eyewitness
955:: 563–93.
617:References
158:cerebellum
151:cerebellum
141:Cerebellum
67:, and the
2050:Nutrition
1958:In groups
1771:selective
1746:childhood
1674:Flashbulb
1634:Long-term
1534:Attention
1361:CiteSeerX
1189:CiteSeerX
1136:CiteSeerX
549:illusions
506:posterior
502:forebrain
478:acalculia
2466:Category
2352:Patients
2023:mnemonic
2018:chunking
1684:Implicit
1667:Semantic
1662:Episodic
1652:Explicit
1517:Encoding
1443:18370601
1254:16522300
1246:12860190
1211:10789197
1036:22348011
996:PLOS ONE
969:12052921
929:17502659
921:15217324
879:19045948
822:18991949
578:dementia
541:scotomas
474:agraphia
362:anterior
317:dystonia
292:and the
284:and the
266:thalamus
202:amygdala
192:Amygdala
99:Encoding
2171:Priming
2097:Related
2040:Emotion
1736:Amnesia
1574:Eidetic
1561:Sensory
1522:Storage
1434:6553881
1383:1374953
1166:5449289
1158:1896849
1128:Bibcode
1120:Science
1096:8346328
1027:3277594
1004:Bibcode
977:1536485
870:2593860
830:6694636
800:Bibcode
773:3589645
753:Bibcode
727:7119874
718:6564312
508:to the
486:apraxia
482:aphasia
364:to the
290:putamen
89:neurons
2204:People
2189:memory
2120:memory
2060:Trauma
1599:Visual
1589:Iconic
1584:Haptic
1569:Echoic
1527:Recall
1441:
1431:
1391:793980
1389:
1381:
1363:
1252:
1244:
1209:
1191:
1164:
1156:
1138:
1094:
1034:
1024:
975:
967:
927:
919:
877:
867:
828:
820:
771:
725:
715:
671:
641:
529:dorsal
381:memory
280:, the
276:, the
262:nuclei
57:memory
2383:Other
2055:Sleep
2008:Aging
1553:Types
1387:S2CID
1250:S2CID
1162:S2CID
973:S2CID
925:S2CID
826:S2CID
120:short
73:cells
25:brain
2185:and
2116:and
1439:PMID
1379:PMID
1242:PMID
1207:PMID
1154:PMID
1092:PMID
1032:PMID
965:PMID
917:PMID
875:PMID
818:PMID
796:1141
769:PMID
723:PMID
669:ISBN
639:ISBN
256:The
200:The
156:The
149:The
51:The
44:The
19:The
1429:PMC
1421:doi
1371:doi
1234:doi
1199:doi
1185:107
1146:doi
1124:253
1084:doi
1080:114
1022:PMC
1012:doi
957:doi
909:doi
865:PMC
857:doi
853:122
808:doi
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