649:, the NADPH oxidase subunits RbohD and RbohF have overlapping functions are expressed in different tissues and at different levels. However, in contrast to animal phagocytes, wherein generated ROS are contained in the sealed phagolysosome, oxidative burst in plants is not contained. Consequently, generated ROS bear additional effects alongside pathogen toxicity. Hydrogen peroxide induces oxidative cross-linking of the plant’s cell wall glycoproteins. This reduces susceptibility to enzymatic degradation by pathogens.
613:. Hydrogen peroxide itself is also spermicidal. However, the generated reactive species are maintained at lower levels than in immunity to protect the fertilised egg itself from oxidative damage. This is achieved by the elimination of hydrogen peroxide primarily through the dual function of the same egg oxidase, and secondarily through cytoplasmic ROS scavengers, such as
526:) stimulation of respective receptors. Superoxide is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide at a rate close to the diffusion-limited rate. This spatial restriction for superoxide‘s dismutation allows for specificity of redox signalling. Specificity is also ensured by NOX1 localisation in specific microdomains in the cell’s plasma membrane. Through channels such as
507:(GSH:GSSG). Antioxidant enzymes counterbalance redox signalling by eliminating the involved molecules, importantly superoxide anion and nitric oxide. Redox signalling is critical for normal processes such as proliferation, differentiation, as well as vascular function and neurotransmission. It is also involved in disease states such as
456:. This is the fusion of granules with the phagolysosome, releasing their contents, including myeloperoxidase. As many microbicidal products are formed during respiratory burst, the importance of individual molecules in killing invading pathogens is not wholly understood.
437:, inducing protein crosslinking. Both oxidations result in protein aggregation, and ultimately, cell death. Sulfhydryl groups can be oxidised up to three times by three HClO molecules, forming sulfenic acids, sulfinic acids and
1724:
Wojtaszek P, Trethowan J, Bolwell GP (September 1995). "Specificity in the immobilisation of cell wall proteins in response to different elicitor molecules in suspension-cultured cells of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)".
657:, which is the death of a small number of host cells at the site of infection, for the purpose of limiting pathogenic infection. ROS production in plants can be used as a readout for successful pathogen recognition via a
414:, releasing Fe for the Fenton reaction. Peroxynitrite may also react with various amino acids in the peptide chain, thereby altering protein structure and subsequently, protein function. It most commonly oxidises
586:, NADPH oxidase inhibitors have been shown to be sufficient to block these growth factor pathways. Tumorigenic cells also simultaneously maintain high levels of antioxidants to protect against cancer cell death.
542:, usually produce far lower levels of ROS than neutrophils, and may require activation for their bactericidal properties. Instead, their transient oxidative burst regulates the inflammatory response by inducing
554:
Cancer cells can manipulate cell signalling by producing excess levels of ROS, thereby constitutively activating pathways to promote their cellular growth and proliferation. Implicated pathways include
239:
887:
Winterbourn CC (June 1985). "Comparative reactivities of various biological compounds with myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride, and similarity of the oxidant to hypochlorite".
478:, wherein NOX2 is defective. Phagocytosis may still occur, but without proper functioning NOX2, there is no superoxide production, and therefore no respiratory burst. The bacterial
223:
or enzymatically react with other molecules to give rise to other ROS. The phagocytic membrane reseals to limit exposure of the extracellular environment to the generated reactive
922:
Prütz WA (January 1998). "Interactions of hypochlorous acid with pyrimidine nucleotides, and secondary reactions of chlorinated pyrimidines with GSH, NADH, and other substrates".
852:
Pereira WE, Hoyano Y, Summons RE, Bacon VA, Duffield AM (June 1973). "Chlorination studies. II. The reaction of aqueous hypochlorous acid with alpha-amino acids and dipeptides".
1681:
Bradley DJ, Kjellbom P, Lamb CJ (July 1992). "Elicitor- and wound-induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response".
1479:
Bradley DJ, Kjellbom P, Lamb CJ (July 1992). "Elicitor- and wound-induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response".
1091:
422:
nitration through other generated RNS. Altered protein function includes changes in enzyme catalytic activity, cytoskeletal organisation and cell signal transduction.
1524:"Elicitor-stimulated ion fluxes and O2- from the oxidative burst are essential components in triggering defense gene activation and phytoalexin synthesis in parsley"
1298:
Irani K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, Sollott SJ, Der CJ, Fearon ER, et al. (March 1997). "Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts".
1921:
Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon R, Lamb C (November 1994). "H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response".
530:
or diffusion, hydrogen peroxide enters the cytosol. There, it oxidises the cysteine groups of redox-sensitive proteins, which can then transduce signals.
1452:
Doke N (1985-11-01). "NADPH-dependent O2− generation in membrane fractions isolated from wounded potato tubers inoculated with
Phytophthora infestans".
1115:
Schafer FQ, Buettner GR (June 2001). "Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple".
238:
495:
In non-phagocytic cells, oxidative burst products are used in intracellular signalling pathways. The generated ROS achieve this via shifting the cell
445:, which are increasingly irreversible and bactericidal. Meanwhile, methionine oxidation is reversible. HOCl can also react with primary or secondary
452:
Integral to hypochlorous acid formation is myeloperoxidase. Myeloperoxidase is most abundant in neutrophils, wherein phagocytosis is accompanied by
1583:"Arabidopsis gp91phox homologues AtrbohD and AtrbohF are required for accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant defense response"
459:
Due to the high toxicity of generated antimicrobial products including ROS, neutrophils have a short life span to limit host tissue damage during
449:, producing chloroamines which are toxic to bacteria. Protein cross linking and aggregation may also occur, as well as disruption of FeS groups.
1819:
Chen Z, Silva H, Klessig DF (December 1993). "Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid".
653:, which is analogous to innate immunity in animals, is also induced in the exposed plant cells. Hydrogen peroxide exposure may also result in
630:
1006:
Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC (November 1998). "Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killing".
410:, which are responsible for its bactericidal effects. It may react directly with proteins that contain transition metal centers, such as
1642:"The Arabidopsis NADPH oxidases RbohD and RbohF display differential expression patterns and contributions during plant immunity"
1236:
Forman HJ, Torres M (December 2002). "Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling".
1150:
Forman HJ, Torres M (December 2002). "Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling".
1964:
Keppler LD (1989). "Active Oxygen
Production During a Bacteria-Induced Hypersensitive Reaction in Tobacco Suspension Cells".
471:
425:
Hypochlorous acid reacts with a range of biomolecules, including DNA, lipids and proteins. HClO may oxidise cysteines and
650:
1187:"The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Redox-Dependent Signaling: Homeostatic and Pathological Responses in Mammalian Cells"
141:
1271:
Szatrowski TP, Nathan CF (February 1991). "Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells".
538:
Oxidative burst in phagocytes is most commonly associated with bacterial killing. However, macrophages, especially
242:
Generation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in the phagolysosome, implicated in respiratory burst.
564:
247:
179:
270:
1998:
654:
523:
38:
2014:
1341:
Gorrini C, Harris IS, Mak TW (December 2013). "Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy".
504:
330:
167:
1875:
1828:
1594:
1535:
391:
The exposure to these reactive species in the respiratory burst results in pathology. This is due to
258:
152:
2019:
539:
274:
220:
1770:"Function of Oxidative Cross-Linking of Cell Wall Structural Proteins in Plant Disease Resistance"
1946:
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synthesis for redox signalling, resulting in an influx of neutrophils and activated macrophages.
403:
251:
629:
Oxidative burst acts as a defence mechanism to pathogen infection in plants. This is seen post
571:. In humans, mitochondrial ROS is required alongside those released in the oxidative burst for
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1413:"The oxidative burst at fertilization is dependent upon activation of the dual oxidase Udx1"
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94:
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Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B, Lesavre P, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L (May 2000).
733:
Leto TL, Geiszt M (September 2006). "Role of Nox family NADPH oxidases in host defense".
1879:
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2008:
1934:
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900:
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641:). As in animals, the production of reactive oxygen species in plants is mediated by
519:
453:
438:
367:
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membrane. Post bacterial phagocytosis, it is activated, producing superoxide via its
186:
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125:
90:
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ions, prominently chloride ions, myeloperoxidase uses hydrogen peroxide to produce
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121:
1311:
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Respiratory burst requires a 10 to 20 fold increase in oxygen consumption through
1429:
1412:
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618:
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activity following an increase in oxygen consumption. This is essential for the
500:
117:
1868:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
820:
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egg. This is believed to be evolutionally divergent from that in neutrophils.
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There are 3 main pathways for the generation of reactive oxygen species or
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140:, and the respiratory burst is vital for the subsequent degradation of
1864:"Function of the oxidative burst in hypersensitive disease resistance"
1092:"Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) - Immunology; Allergic Disorders"
1055:
Laboratory
Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology
508:
433:
and sulfur groups respectively. The former leads to the formation of
302:
1354:
594:
Most notably, oxidative burst post fertilisation can be seen in the
499:
state. This may be monitored by the ratio of the antioxidant enzyme
1522:
Jabs T, Tschope M, Colling C, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (April 1997).
1051:"Neutrophils: molecules, functions and pathophysiological aspects"
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Morales J, Kadota Y, Zipfel C, Molina A, Torres MA (March 2016).
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163:
98:
1862:
Tenhaken R, Levine A, Brisson LF, Dixon RA, Lamb C (May 1995).
136:, are especially implicated in the respiratory burst. They are
411:
684:"Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity"
193:
centre, which transfers electrons from cytosolic NADPH to O
1238:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1152:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
518:
transiently produces a burst of superoxide in response to
366:
Nitric oxide may react with superoxide anions to produce
178:
breakdown is vital to produce NADPH. This occurs via the
889:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
805:"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease"
1386:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie
1185:Di Marzo N, Chisci E, Giovannoni R (October 2018).
959:"Antimicrobial actions of reactive oxygen species"
633:detection by cell-surface located receptors (e.g.
768:Imlay JA (2003). "Pathways of oxidative damage".
1768:Brisson LF, Tenhaken R, Lamb C (December 1994).
803:Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L (January 2007).
265:) generates hydrogen peroxide from superoxide.
1581:Torres MA, Dangl JL, Jones JD (January 2002).
1411:Wong JL, Créton R, Wessel GM (December 2004).
97:. Respiratory burst is also implicated in the
8:
333:(the inducible isoform, iNOS, in immunity)
1997:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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1020:10.1182/blood.V92.9.3007.421k47_3007_3017
982:
828:
709:
699:
398:Notably, peroxynitrite is a very strong
234:Pathways for reactive species generation
924:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
674:
609:of the ovum proteins to prevent lethal
582:cells. However, in oncogenic Kras mice
89:This is usually utilised for mammalian
782:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938
166:in humans) activity. NADPH is the key
277:, of which are both catalyzed by Fe.
151:. This is an important aspect of the
7:
1117:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
682:Herb M, Schramm M (February 2021).
735:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
25:
601:Hydrogen peroxide is produced by
474:is an inherited disease of human
185:The NOX2 enzyme is bound in the
1096:MSD Manual Professional Edition
349:2L-arginine + 3NADPH + 3 H + 4O
1646:Journal of Experimental Botany
1343:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
37:) is the rapid release of the
1:
1454:Physiological Plant Pathology
1312:10.1126/science.275.5306.1649
1129:10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00480-4
854:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
770:Annual Review of Microbiology
472:Chronic Granulomatous Disease
406:, protein oxidation, protein
27:Immune system chemical weapon
1935:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90544-4
1695:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90530-p
1493:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90530-P
1466:10.1016/0048-4059(85)90044-X
1430:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.10.014
957:Fang FC (6 September 2011).
901:10.1016/0304-4165(85)90120-5
866:10.1016/0304-4165(73)90198-0
651:Systemic acquired resistance
418:, and may indirectly induce
18:Neutrophil respiratory burst
1398:10.1515/bchm2.1908.57.1-2.1
269:are then generated via the
128:. Myeloid cells, including
93:, but also plays a role in
2036:
821:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006
514:The NADPH oxidase isoform
395:to the engulfed bacteria.
1068:10.1038/labinvest.3780067
503:to its oxidised product,
387:Defense against pathogens
248:reactive nitrogen species
180:pentose phosphate pathway
1999:Medical Subject Headings
219:The superoxide can then
1889:10.1073/pnas.92.10.4158
1841:10.1126/science.8266079
1727:Plant Molecular Biology
747:10.1089/ars.2006.8.1549
655:hypersensitive response
575:pathway stimulation in
105:. It may also occur in
39:reactive oxygen species
1608:10.1073/pnas.012452499
1549:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4800
936:10.1006/abbi.1997.0440
701:10.3390/antiox10020313
505:glutathione disulphide
243:
1787:10.1105/tpc.6.12.1703
975:10.1128/mBio.00141-11
809:Physiological Reviews
331:Nitric oxide synthase
241:
101:of animals following
91:immunological defence
1978:10.1094/phyto-79-974
1250:10.1164/rccm.2206007
1204:10.3390/cells7100156
1164:10.1164/rccm.2206007
540:alveolar macrophages
491:Non-phagocytic cells
271:Haber–Weiss reaction
259:Superoxide dismutase
120:can be divided into
1880:1995PNAS...92.4158T
1833:1993Sci...262.1883C
1599:2002PNAS...99..517T
1540:1997PNAS...94.4800J
486:Cellular signalling
301:In the presence of
261:(or alternatively,
170:of NOX2, and bears
1739:10.1007/BF00032668
1659:10.1093/jxb/erv558
1417:Developmental Cell
404:lipid peroxidation
337:the production of
321:+ Cl —> ClO + H
244:
197:in the phagosome.
82:), from different
1995:Respiratory+burst
1780:(12): 1703–1712.
1306:(5306): 1649–52.
1244:(12 Pt 2): S4-8.
1158:(12 Pt 2): S4-8.
741:(9–10): 1549–61.
431:sulfhydryl groups
402:that can lead to
307:hypochlorous acid
293:—> OH + OH + O
267:Hydroxyl radicals
59:hydrogen peroxide
31:Respiratory burst
16:(Redirected from
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1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:(1): 517–22.
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:(9): 4800–5.
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1423:(6): 801–14.
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1392:(1–2): 1–16.
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1097:
1093:
1090:Fernandez J.
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1061:(5): 617–53.
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:(1): 183–91.
929:
925:
918:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:(2): 204–10.
894:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:(1): 170–80.
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
668:
666:
665:based assay.
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:NADPH oxidase
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:cross-linking
604:
599:
597:
590:Fertilisation
589:
587:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
549:
547:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:growth factor
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
457:
455:
454:degranulation
450:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
386:
384:
371:
369:
368:peroxynitrite
356:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
308:
304:
300:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
253:
249:
240:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:free radicals
222:
221:spontaneously
217:
213:
201:
198:
192:
188:
187:phagolysosome
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:NADPH oxidase
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:myeloid cells
119:
112:
110:
108:
104:
103:fertilization
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
60:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1689:(1): 21–30.
1686:
1682:
1676:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1487:(1): 21–30.
1484:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1279:(3): 794–8.
1276:
1272:
1266:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1011:
1007:
1001:
966:
962:
952:
927:
923:
917:
892:
888:
882:
857:
853:
847:
812:
808:
798:
773:
769:
763:
738:
734:
728:
691:
688:Antioxidants
687:
677:
628:
600:
593:
553:
550:Cancer cells
537:
513:
494:
470:
461:inflammation
458:
451:
424:
397:
390:
382:
365:
339:nitric oxide
245:
229:
218:
215:
203:
199:
184:
157:
142:internalised
118:Immune cells
116:
88:
34:
30:
29:
1197:(10): 156.
776:: 395–418.
619:glutathione
603:egg oxidase
584:fibroblasts
534:Macrophages
501:glutathione
476:neutrophils
427:methionines
212:+ NADP + H
134:neutrophils
130:macrophages
107:plant cells
2020:Leukocytes
2009:Categories
1972:(9): 974.
1101:2020-03-12
694:(2): 313.
669:References
663:peroxidase
611:polyspermy
596:sea urchin
429:via their
377:+ NO → ONO
361:O + 3NADP
357:+ 2NO + 4H
355:citrulline
343:L-arginine
138:phagocytic
625:In plants
577:oncogenic
573:mitogenic
528:aquaporin
480:infection
408:nitration
335:catalyses
250:(RNS) in
168:substrate
149:pathogens
147:or other
1908:11607542
1806:12244231
1755:23319754
1711:12312001
1668:26798024
1627:11756663
1509:12312001
1439:15572124
1371:20604657
1363:24287781
1328:19733670
1258:12471082
1223:30287799
1172:12471082
1137:11368918
1077:10830774
1036:45991444
993:21896680
839:17237348
790:14527285
755:16987010
720:33669824
615:catalase
544:cytokine
420:tyrosine
416:cysteine
176:Glycogen
145:bacteria
113:Immunity
1951:1488844
1943:7954825
1876:Bibcode
1849:8266079
1829:Bibcode
1821:Science
1747:7548825
1703:1623521
1595:Bibcode
1568:9114072
1536:Bibcode
1501:1623521
1320:9054359
1300:Science
1285:1846317
1214:6211135
1028:9787133
984:3171981
944:9439597
909:2986713
874:4745674
830:2248324
711:7923022
659:luminol
467:Disease
370:anion.
353:—> 2
273:or the
86:types.
41:(ROS),
2001:(MeSH)
1949:
1941:
1906:
1896:
1847:
1804:
1797:160556
1794:
1753:
1745:
1709:
1701:
1666:
1625:
1618:117592
1615:
1566:
1556:
1507:
1499:
1437:
1369:
1361:
1326:
1318:
1283:
1256:
1221:
1211:
1170:
1135:
1075:
1034:
1026:
991:
981:
942:
907:
872:
837:
827:
788:
753:
718:
708:
522:(e.g.
509:cancer
447:amines
303:halide
57:) and
1947:S2CID
1899:41903
1751:S2CID
1707:S2CID
1559:20805
1505:S2CID
1367:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1191:Cells
1032:S2CID
1008:Blood
969:(5).
645:. In
631:PAMPs
569:MAPKs
557:NF-κB
497:redox
341:from
191:redox
1939:PMID
1923:Cell
1904:PMID
1845:PMID
1802:PMID
1743:PMID
1699:PMID
1683:Cell
1664:PMID
1623:PMID
1564:PMID
1497:PMID
1481:Cell
1435:PMID
1359:PMID
1316:PMID
1281:PMID
1254:PMID
1219:PMID
1168:PMID
1133:PMID
1073:PMID
1024:PMID
989:PMID
963:mBio
940:PMID
905:PMID
870:PMID
835:PMID
786:PMID
751:PMID
716:PMID
635:FLS2
617:and
580:KRAS
567:and
565:HIFs
561:PI3K
516:NOX1
439:R–SO
164:NOX2
132:and
124:and
99:ovum
84:cell
33:(or
1974:doi
1931:doi
1894:PMC
1884:doi
1837:doi
1825:262
1792:PMC
1782:doi
1735:doi
1691:doi
1654:doi
1613:PMC
1603:doi
1554:PMC
1544:doi
1489:doi
1462:doi
1425:doi
1394:doi
1351:doi
1308:doi
1304:275
1246:doi
1242:166
1209:PMC
1199:doi
1160:doi
1156:166
1125:doi
1063:doi
1016:doi
979:PMC
971:doi
932:doi
928:349
897:doi
893:840
862:doi
858:313
825:PMC
817:doi
778:doi
743:doi
706:PMC
696:doi
639:EFR
637:or
524:EGF
412:FeS
285:+ H
2011::
1970:79
1968:.
1945:.
1937:.
1927:79
1925:.
1902:.
1892:.
1882:.
1872:92
1870:.
1866:.
1843:.
1835:.
1823:.
1800:.
1790:.
1776:.
1772:.
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1729:.
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1458:27
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1419:.
1415:.
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1388:.
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1345:.
1322:.
1314:.
1302:.
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1240:.
1217:.
1207:.
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1166:.
1154:.
1131:.
1121:30
1119:.
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1059:80
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1022:.
1012:92
1010:.
987:.
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833:.
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686:.
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309:.
254::
227:.
204:2O
182:.
174:.
155:.
109:.
1980:.
1976::
1953:.
1933::
1910:.
1886::
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1330:.
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1038:.
1018::
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864::
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325:O
323:2
319:2
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315:2
313:H
295:2
291:2
289:O
287:2
283:2
281:O
210:2
206:2
195:2
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