19:
93:
troops started donning uniforms, initially in a color resembling
Russian green and then French blue. Since the new uniform resembled non-Muslim clothing and went against Islamic clothing, the traditionalist clergy at first opposed it. However, the state leaders were able to convince them that it was
84:
in Europe. In 1819, a regiment of 800 men was made up entirely of
Russian deserters. French instructors began working at Tabriz in 1807, but after Iran severed ties with France, British officers made up the majority of the training staff. New ideas and administrative procedures were introduced with
80:, a commander in Abbas Mirza's army who rose to the rank of general, was the most well-known of these Russian troops. This approach of recruiting foreign instructors was strengthened when untrustworthy forces that had fought in France were sent to the Caucasian front during the
109:
for their ideas of military reform being based on a
European model. Accusations of professing Christianity was even made towards Mirza Bozorg, who was the main driving force behind the reforms.
285:
266:
239:
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98:("one who is willing to sacrifice his head"), which is still used in the Iranian military today, was given to the soldiers.
18:
102:
106:
81:
290:
76:
Abbas Mirza first employed
Russian prisoners of war and deserters who provided practical instruction.
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army capable of fighting in a modern environment. Its name and military reforms resembled that of the
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235:
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250:
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56:
279:
231:
Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the
Struggle with Imperial Russia
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44:
26:
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30:
52:
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261:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 79–84.
105:, as well as conservative court members criticized Abbas Mirza and
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required for the defense of Muslim areas. The title
259:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/1: Āb–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd
43:("The new order") was a project started by the
8:
101:Abbas Mirza's jealous brothers, especially
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186:
159:
147:
118:
128:
174:
7:
25:illustrating a military review with
62:reforms made by the Ottoman Sultan
14:
68:
286:Military history of Qajar Iran
1:
103:Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah
307:
162:, p. 43 (see note 2).
82:War of the Sixth Coalition
210:. Yale University Press.
107:Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam
51:to build an up-to-date
208:Iran: A Modern History
34:
21:
251:"ʿAbbās Mīrzā Qajar"
249:Busse, H. (1982).
35:
268:978-0-71009-090-4
241:978-0-7556-3737-9
217:978-0-300-11254-2
177:, pp. 79–84.
298:
272:
255:Yarshater, Ehsan
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78:Samson Makintsev
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71: 1789–1807
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234:. I.B. Tauris.
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33:, dated 1815/16
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291:Reform in Iran
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131:, p. 199.
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60:Nizam-I Cedid
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47:crown prince
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40:Nezam-e Jadid
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27:Fath-Ali Shah
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187:Behrooz 2023
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160:Behrooz 2023
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39:
38:
36:
23:Oil painting
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129:Amanat 2017
49:Abbas Mirza
31:Abbas Mirza
280:Categories
175:Busse 1982
113:References
89:reforms.
64:Selim III
228:(2023).
206:(2017).
257:(ed.).
197:Sources
57:Ottoman
53:Iranian
265:
238:
214:
96:sarbaz
253:. In
91:Nezam
87:Nezam
45:Qajar
263:ISBN
236:ISBN
212:ISBN
85:the
73:).
37:The
29:and
282::
167:^
136:^
121:^
69:r.
271:.
244:.
220:.
66:(
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