517:
651:, who made the final choice, whether in 1905 or later. This was the case when the mangi of Siha's succession was chosen in 1900, 1905, 1919, 1920, and 1927. He was chosen in the following way. The two candidates for the throne, Jacobus and Tarawia, were called to the boma, the German administrative centre in Moshi, together with their followers. There, a German commander overheard their disagreements and made a decision for them. Some of Mangi Ngulelo's warriors from Machame had been sent to speak up for Jacobus. The German officer had to rely on Hamisi Muro, a Machame man, in addition to the official interpreter in the Boma to translate the arguments of both sides from Kichagga into Swahili that he could understand.
567:
345:, much like the Arusha. He urged them to let the Arusha advance all the way into the trenches and not to assault until he gave the signal by killing an Arusha himself. As a result, the Arusha were enticed inside the circular entrenchment that had been built around each settlement. They were perplexed when Siaye gave the order to attack because they couldn't distinguish who was who. In the trenches, they were pursued and slain. At the time, the spears in use in Siha were short, with the spearhead no wider than one hand's span.
683:
583:
490:
599:, though. The Mmari clan currently held the most sway and had served as Siha's rulers for Ngalami and Saiye before him. In Samake alone, the Orio clan had intermittently provided a succession of rulers, including Kirema, Maletua, Lilio, and Maimbe. On the other hand, Sinare's Kileo clan had a long lineage that went back to its lone ruling figure, Mmdusio. The assertions of the Orio clan appeared to be more compelling than those of Kileo when seen in the context of old Samake alone.
575:
655:
Jacobus had gone down in his underwear, so the German officer decided in his favor and made arrangements for him to be dressed. A drastic but understandable deviation from Chagga custom, which calls for a Mangi to be established in his own kingdom among his people, followed by an immediate installation of him as Mangi of Siha, the only time a Mangi has been installed on
Kilimanjaro on a boma. Tarawia was then deported to Uru.
352:'s brother, persuaded Saiye to usurp his brother and assume authority. Saiye provided him with a home in Mrau village. Saiye launched two eastward incursions. On the first, he crossed the Lawate (Liwate) River and proceeded as far as the Namwi River (the centre of the kingdom of Masama), returning with a large number of animals. He moved deeper on the second raid, accompanied by Mang'aro, crossing the enormous riverine of
727:
556:
482:, saying (as any Chagga then would) that his people would not eat worms; he had been lashed by a German officer for needing a clash with Nkunde of Wanri; it was reported to the Germans that he was conspiring with the Maasai to overthrown the Germans; a well-known charge that was lightly employed across Kilimanjaro as one of the most convenient and simple ways to get rid of a
433:. When he returned, he enlisted the assistance of Kyuu in Masama and murdered Lilio. Lilio belonged to the same clan as Kibosho's royal family, the Orio Clan. Mangi Sina, one of Kilimanjaro's titans, was there at the height of his extremely lengthy reign. People from Kibosho arrived on the day of Lilio's death, taking Lilio's son Maimbe back to Kibosho with his leading men.
703:
case after hearing from his father and ex-mangi Jacob that they both backed the boy. Siha and
Machame were both under Abdiel's control. through a family member of the Machame clan named Gideon son of Nassua, indirectly governing Siha. Gideon's leadership over Siha was ruthless, productive, and continuous from 1927 until 1945. His son John ruled as mangi from 1945 onwards.
453:. The Germans were well received by the two mangis, both when their authority was limited and later when it was established; for those who had gone to Kibosho with Lilio's son Maimbe took part in the battle when Kibosho was conquered by the Germans and on their return told the Siha people to take warning and give no resistance when the Germans finally came.
36:
457:
Shangali delegated the poisoning to
Mantiri of Nguni (now part of Masama). Nkunde became unwell. Sina requested that Shangali deliver Nkunde to him in Kibosho. On the way, Nkunde stopped in Machame and asked Shangali to look after his son Mwandi Simeon. He continued on under escort, but was beheaded before reaching Kibosho.
473:
In the first stage, it is unclear if Sinare's ascension to power in old Samake was the result of entirely internal conspiracies or of outside influence in the form of support from
Machame, with whose royal house Sinare was married. The situation was evident in terms of the higher price that followed,
698:
From 1920 through 1927, Malamya served as Siha's mangi. It is said that he enjoyed the support of the populace and established a tranquil regime. Even in Wanri, the heart of the kingdom, where the Mmari and
Mwandri clans were the most powerful, he was able to establish the baraza. In 1927, tax money
662:
when Matolo of the Orio clan assumed power but was swiftly deposed, Jacob's authority continued until 1920. Jacob did not make an effort to appease the Mmari and
Mwandri tribes and instead continued to rule the country from Old Samake. He is regarded as having been a strong and brutal king. He would
528:
on the battlefield, Sinare was ordered to capture him as soon as he returned to Samake. And one day at midday, he dispatched his men to
Ngalami's house in Komboko. They apprehended him and transported him to the location of the mission, with the people of Komboko joining them and vowing to fight for
408:
The white man's askaris blew trumpets. The people were scared, so they changed the planks so that they could enter. The white man inquired about the mangi. Lilio had gone into hiding. In his place, his kinsman, the former mangi Kirema, appeared. The white man persisted, and Lilio ultimately emerged.
369:
Mangi
Ngalami of the Mmari clan. He was Saiye's cousin, the same age, and also lived in Komboko. At first, he dominated the entire country except for Samake village, which included Komboko, Mrau, Wanri, and Mae, as well as probably the two upper villages adjacent to Samake, namely Maene and Kichicha
702:
Simeon, son of Nkunde of the
Mwandri clan in Wanri was appointed as Mangi of Siha soon after, but British administrative officer F.C. Hallier compelled him to retire after a few months. Mangi Abdiel, the son of Shangali of Machame, desired exclusive access to Siha. As a result, Hallier accepted the
643:
The ongoing conflict between these two foreign powers was unmatched in
Antiquity in terms of its severity and longevity. It was obvious that everyone would support the opposing position in any debate. While Kibosho, which had previously backed the rival Orio clan in Samake during the reign of Mangi
460:
Simeon and his mother stayed with Shangali in Machame until Simeon reached the age of marriage and married the daughter of the leader of the Shangali clan's rival branch, Ngamini, before returning to Siha. Ngalami filled the void left by Nkunde's death. He was the absolute ruler of Siha. Meanwhile,
670:
Although Jacob's mangi practices were not novel to Kilimanjaro, they were carried out with a sternness that eventually prompted people to complain about him to the British Administration. By 1920, indications that his power was waning allowed Jacob to effectively seek a justification for retiring.
654:
Hamisi's version of the conflicting claims can be inferred not only from the fact that Ngulelo served as his chief but also from the fact that he was friends with the Kileo family and had previously prevented the German authorities from hanging Jacobus' father Sinare when serving as mangi of Siha.
602:
Ngalami's passing marked the end of a chapter in Siha's history. He was the final leader selected by the Siha people and the one who, up to that point, could most nearly claim to have united all of Siha under his dominion. Since Sinare's arrival, their political fates in the 20th century have been
464:
Sinare's arrival would signal the greatest political power Siha had ever known, as he would become mangi not only of old Samake but of all of Siha within a year. This was going to be a busy year for him in the last year of the nineteenth century. There was no time to install him as mangi of Samake
456:
Meanwhile, despite German domination, Mangi Sina of Kibosho tried to avenge the murder of his kinsman, Lilio. Receiving poison from Funde, a German intelligence agent ordered to keep him under watch. He gave it to mangi Shangali of Machame with the request that mangi Nkunde of Wanri be dispatched.
412:
After three days, his caravan descended and camped in Wanri, then descended and descended into Kibosho. At the time, the Siha had never heard of a white man on Kilimanjaro, which was an intriguing side note because they had close relationships with people on east Kilimanjaro in Usseri but not with
329:
Saiye was abducted as a little boy by the Arusha during one of their raids in Komboko. He was reared by them, who taught him military tactics and helped him become a good fighter. He persuaded the elders that he could teach the Siha how to repel the Arusha. He showed them how to construct defence
392:
The people of Samake picked Lilio of the Orio clan to rule over them when Ngalami was first chosen. The first Arabs arrived in Siha while control was split between the two mangis. They came from the northwest, in the direction of Ngare Nairobi, and set up camp just west of the Sanya River in the
356:
into the Machame kingdom. Ndesserua had told his soldiers to wait until Saiye and all the men were across before attacking. They were encircled, with no way out, and were all slaughtered save for a handful who managed to rush down to the plain, turn west, and climb the mountainside to Siha. This
404:
Before the Arabs arrived, there had been a severe famine in Maasailand, causing Maasai women and children to flee to Siha. The Siha people sold them as slaves to the Arabs. Subsequently, the two mangis sold their own people to the Arabs, establishing their authority by trading individuals from
388:
More often than not, he ruled only a portion of Siha, albeit the largest portion, while in old Samake and, in one case, Wanri, a slew of unique characters rose and fell, each exerting for a little period of time the independent powers of mangi. The continuity of Ngalami's reign brings the time
461:
mangi Sina dispatched Lilio's son Maimbe back, who took control of old Samake. After a short time, Maimbe set out to seek assistance from Kinabo in Mkuu to maintain his authority, but he was reputedly killed by a lion when he arrived in Kamanga. He passed away around the end of the 1890s.
405:
opposing Siha villages for weaponry. The Arabs were accompanied by the first white man to visit Siha on their second visit. As the people of old Samake saw the foreigners approaching, they gathered up the boards they used to bridge the protective trench that surrounded Lilio's land.
512:
There, he and his accomplice, young Mangi Shangali of Machame, befriended Sinare and arranged for him to be Mangi of Siha. Sinare was a minor player in the broader scheme, and it's possible that he owed this sympathetic attention to the objectives of his friendship with Shangali.
325:
ward). The kingdom also goes by the current as of 1961's name Kibongoto, which the first European immigrants who arrived there mispronounced Komboko. Although Kibongoto is the name used now in administrative records and maps, Siha is still the only name ever used on the mountain.
611:
From 1900 until 1905, Sinare was the ruler of Siha. He ruled from Old Samake, which was perched high in the northwestern corner of the kingdom. This was a wise move since it benefited his supporters, but it was extremely problematic from an administrative standpoint. In 1905,
631:
by Naruru and his wife. Naruru had another man give the wine to Sinare because his wife was afraid to do it herself. The man declined Sinare's request to take a sip of the beverage. He then instructed Naruru to take a sip, which was done. Then Sinare drank. Both passed away.
441:
began with the rule of these two Mangis, Nkunde governing Wanri and Ngalami ruling the rest of Siha from Komboko. The dating is known since the first Germans arrived during the rule of these two mangis, after they beat mangi Sina of Kibosho in the recorded fight in 1891.
465:
before he was summoned by the German authority to fight the Arusha in Arusha, as were all the other mangis of Kilimanjaro; upon his return, he was installed in Samake, and immediately afterwards mangi Ngalami was hanged by the Germans, and Sinare stepped into his shoes.
798:
Chandler, Caitlin L. "Skeletons from Kilimanjaro; East African Families Seek to Reclaim the Remains of Their Ancestors from German Colonial Collections." The Dial, 23 Mar. 2023, www.thedial.world/issue-3/germany-reparations-tanzania-skeletons-maji-maji-rebellion.
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from the Siha Native Treasury vanished, and Malamya was falsely accused of stealing a calf that the Maasai gave him after they had stolen it from some Europeans. The British swiftly removed him, and following his return to Kibosho, he was assassinated.
401:, iron wire, needles, and lead bracelets with them. The Siha people traded ivory and slaves with them. Further camps were established east of the Sanya in Komboko near the market centre in 1964, as well as higher up in the middle of old Samake.
635:
Siha fell into disarray after Sinare's passing, and all unresolved succession disputes erupted once more. A faction in old Samake favoured the success of Jacobus, a young uncircumcised lad who was Sinare's son. A party sought Maanya's brother
594:
Outside influence was responsible for Sinare's accession. The prospects of a member of his clan wresting the chieftainship from the then-dominant clan at such a late point, with German power fully established, were slim. Sinare got in by the
282:
say that Lakanna Mmari, their earliest paternal ancestor in recollection, travelled down to Siha in the 18th century (six generations ago from the 1960s when the clan was interviewd by author Kathleen Stahl) from the Ushira plateau on
644:
Sina, now naturally lends its support to the Mmari clan, hostile as that clan was to the Machame which contributed to the fall of Ngalami, Machame under Mangi Shangali had already supported the Kileo clan in the person of Sinare.
590:
Two days later, Shangali dispatched his men to assist Sinare in maintaining order in Siha. Marealle and Shangali's confidant, Funde arrived. He and Shangali's men were there at the installation. Sinare thus became Siha's Mangi.
477:
There were plausible reasons given for Ngalami's downfall: he was on bad terms with an Arab named Mohammed, who lived in Komboko and informed the German authorities against him; he rejected to allocate rice supplied during a
747:
R.O. "The Chagga and Their Chiefs – History of the Chagga People of Kilimanjaro. By Kathleen M. Stahl. The Hague: Mouton, 1964. Pp. 394, Maps. 32 Guilders.” The Journal of African History, vol. 5, no. 3, 1964, pp. 462–464.,
436:
Mangi Ngalami quickly seized the small chiefdom of Samake, while Nkunde established himself as mangi of Wanri. Other people moved down to Wanri to join Nkunde because he was a valiant warrior who was well-regarded. The
428:
in Kichagga) of the Mwandri Clan. To avenge his father's death, this man's son Nkunde took the high trail around the back of the mountain to seek help from his blood brother Kinabo in Mkuu in present-day
509:, who was then enjoying the highest favors of the German government and was at the pinnacle of his authority, orchestrated the successful maneuver that brought down his biggest opponents on Kilimanjaro.
663:
ride his horse while tying the victim to it as punishment. If you gave him a skinny goat, he would beat it against a wall until it died. He would ask someone to kneel down when he was holding a
533:, where they were hanged alongside many other Kilimanjaro kings and noblemen. Including Meli of Moshi, Moleila of Kibosho and Ngalami's brother. They were hanged by German military commander
311:, the Kileos were furrow surveyors, the Masake (Masaki) were the first to plant the seeds in the long rains, and the Munoo (Munuo) were the first to plant the seeds during the short rains.
616:, a relative of Ngalami, served as one of his advisors. By filing a complaint against him with the German authorities, Sinare colluded against him. From Machame, the Germans dispatched
675:(Ngalami's eldest son) was put forth by some, and Jacob used his power to make things complicated. The argument was referred to Major Dundas, the newly assigned British officer at the
640:, arguing that the Mmari clan had the right to rule as they had done before Sinare's ascension. Mangi Sianga of Kibosho backed Tarawia, while Mangi Ngulelo of Machame backed Jacobus.
474:
the kingship of all Siha. Siha, a distant mountain region far from the big political centres of power, was sucked into the central whirlpool, a pawn in a large political game.
385:
together with the other kings of Kilimanjaro and Meru by German authorities in 1900, giving him an unbroken reign of at least ten years. At times, his power was unquestioned.
520:
German Moshi Boma Built in 1893 on the former site of Mangi Meli's Boma, this is where Nagalami and his were imprisoned before they were hanged the next day in March 1900
348:
He then led them on their first raid, as Sihans had never gone on a raid before, and they successfully raided the nearby Masama kingdom. Mang'aro, Mangi Ndesserua of
710:
of the Mmari clan to represent them; Mangi Abdiel rejected their selection as inappropriate and chose Jacob in its place. Until his death in 1962, he was in power.
647:
Any Mmari clan candidate never had the opportunity to receive a fair hearing from the local official of the European administrative power, whether German or
516:
620:
to detain Maanya. The Askaris shot his wife as he was hiding. He eventually emerged from hiding and was transported to prison, where he passed away.
365:
Because only old men remained after Siaye's death, the kingdom was thrown into anarchy. Clan elders dominated parts of the country for a time before
1292:
381:, the beginning of his reign can be dated to some time during the 1880s (perhaps, but less likely, as early as the 1870s). He ruled until he was
373:
By allowing for events in his reign that occurred prior to the arrival of the first German commanders, who arrived after the reported defeat of
242:
means king in Kichagga. Ngalami ruled from the Siha seat of Komboko (Kibong'oto) in the 1880s to 1900 when he was executed in Moshi by the
315:,the blacksmiths, were barred from marrying anyone from another clan and from having anything in common with anyone from another tribe.
627:, invited Sinare to his home for a drink as retaliation for his brother's death. The drink that was meant for Sinare had been secretly
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1240:
1215:
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667:(Meeting place) so he could sit on his back until the meeting was finished. He used beatings and sexual abuse as a form of control.
179:
389:
together. It is the second of three phases that have characterised the Siha's history since the mid-nineteenth century.
430:
370:(Kishisha), the remaining region of Sumu being sparsely populated. Ngalami was to govern for an long period of time.
544:
on 2 March 1900.The German colonial government ordered the removal of his head after dying, and it is thought that
227:
77:
671:
Once more, Siha people disagreed over who should succeed the current mangi. A candidate from the Mmari clan named
1287:
418:
566:
760:
Ekemode, Gabriel Ogunniyi. “German Rule in North-East Tanzania, 1885–1914." Eprints.soas.ac.uk, 1 Jan. 1973,
539:
686:
Barnaba Ngalami Mmari and his family, he is the firstborn of Ngalami, taken c.late 1929, while in exile in
682:
691:
679:(German fort). He made the decision to name ex-mangi Malamya of Kibosho, an outsider, as Mangi of Siha.
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their much closer neighbours, the Machame across the Kikafu River. Otherwise, they would have known of
582:
489:
534:
235:
104:
81:
337:
during war, sent news that they were going to raid Siha. Saiye told the warriors to paint their
603:
largely moulded by outside forces as a result of the big political game played on Kilimanjaro.
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Execution tree in Moshi where the Ngalami and 19 other rulers and noblemen were hanged in 1900
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334:
284:
124:
497:
The real explanation was that Ngalami's fate and Sinare's succession had been decided on the
414:
223:
211:
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502:
263:
203:
574:
648:
446:
304:
100:
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him. Ngalami and one of his brothers were subsequently brought across the mountain to
1281:
549:
342:
292:
251:
243:
219:
424:
Lilio's reign came to an end with his murder. In Wanri, he assassinated a nobleman (
706:
At the newly established divisional council of Hai, the Siha people elected Simeon
374:
353:
308:
215:
409:
Gifts were exchanged, but the white man did not reveal the reason for his visit.
303:, and bananas. As a warrior, his kin from the Mmari clan was tasked with leading
498:
570:
Market place in Tsudunyi, Old Moshi 1890s. The execution tree in the background
555:
445:
The Germans arrived in Siha sometime around 1891. They were headed by Funde, a
559:
259:
255:
247:
357:
battle is named after Siaye, who was killed. Ngalami will be his successor.
321:
was the first Mmari king, and he lived in Siha's Komboko Village (currently
258:, included noblemen Thomas Kitimbo Kirenga, Sindato Kiutesha Kiwelu, King
562:
1890s, he was also murdered on the same day with Ngalami and other leaders
628:
366:
231:
525:
506:
483:
398:
349:
288:
166:
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Plate with names of the fallen leaders of Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Meru
687:
617:
479:
382:
338:
296:
267:
761:
307:
against their adversaries. The Nkini clan created the Siha people's
254:
leaders. The execution of 19 noblemen and leaders on Friday 2nd of
35:
681:
581:
573:
565:
554:
515:
488:
450:
438:
322:
659:
394:
378:
300:
279:
417:'s visit to Machame thirty years before, in 1848–49, and
393:
plain, near the post office, in 1964. They had weapons,
1125:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
270:, King Marai of Arusha, and King Molelia of Kibosho.
728:"Chagga people- history, religion, culture and more"
501:at Arusha. Mangi Marealle the direct descendant to
330:trenches around the area to deflect any attackers.
175:
165:
151:
123:
111:
87:
71:
63:
55:
45:
21:
524:When the Germans learned of Ngalami's alleged
449:man who had previously visited Siha with the
8:
295:. On his patch of land in Siha, he produced
1258:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1233:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1208:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1183:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1153:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1098:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1066:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1038:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
1006:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
972:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
944:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
910:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
885:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
860:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
835:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
810:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
776:History of the Chagga people of Kilimanjaro
34:
18:
194:(c. 1865 – 2 March 1900), also known as (
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1144:
1142:
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1085:
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1057:
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1027:
1025:
999:
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937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
266:, King Lolbulu of Meru, King Rawaito of
130:
965:
963:
756:
754:
719:
148:
28:Mangi of Siha (Kibongoto), Kilimanjaro
16:Mangi of Siha (Kibongoto), Kilimanjaro
1260:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 82.
1235:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 80.
1210:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 79.
1185:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 77.
1155:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 78.
1100:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 76.
1068:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 75.
1040:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 74.
1008:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 73.
974:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 72.
946:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 71.
912:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 70.
887:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 70.
862:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 69.
837:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 59.
812:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 61.
778:. London: Mouton and Co. p. 61.
278:According to oral history, The Mmari
7:
730:. United Republic of Tanzania. 2021
658:With one confusing interruption in
14:
762:https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33905/
493:Mangi Marealle of Marangu c.1890s
118:Unburied, his remains never found
623:Shortly after, Maanya's brother
218:. He was the king of one of the
214:) was one of many kings of the
1293:People from Kilimanjaro Region
1123:A Modern History of Tanganyika
748:doi:10.1017/S0021853700005181.
1:
180:Traditional African religions
246:alongside 19 other Chagga,
40:Only known photo of Ngalami
1309:
156:
147:
33:
26:
1256:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1231:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1206:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1181:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1151:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1096:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1064:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1036:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
1004:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
970:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
942:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
908:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
883:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
858:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
833:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
808:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
774:Stahl, Kathleen (1964).
238:from the 1880s to 1900.
50:c.1880s – 02 March 1900
695:
587:
579:
571:
563:
548:sent it to Berlin for
521:
494:
226:in what is now modern
1121:Iliffe, John (1979).
685:
607:After Ngalami's death
606:
585:
577:
569:
558:
519:
492:
287:. He was a farmer, a
196:Mangi Ngalami of Siha
469:Arrest and execution
377:by German troops in
333:The Arusha, as was
696:
588:
580:
572:
564:
522:
495:
421:'s visit in 1861.
236:Kilimanjaro Region
105:Kilimanjaro Region
82:Kilimanjaro Region
597:skin of his teeth
546:Felix von Luschan
285:Mount Kilimanjaro
185:
184:
161:
160:
1300:
1288:Tanzanian chiefs
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796:
790:
789:
771:
765:
758:
749:
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
724:
694:, Arusha Region.
543:
415:Johannes Rebmann
149:
134:
97:
95:
51:
38:
19:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
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1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1255:
1254:
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1243:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1016:
1003:
1002:
989:
982:
969:
968:
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941:
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927:
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895:
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831:
827:
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768:
759:
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746:
742:
733:
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726:
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721:
716:
609:
537:
503:Thomas Marealle
471:
363:
341:and dress like
276:
143:
128:
127:
119:
116:
99:
93:
91:
76:
49:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1306:
1304:
1296:
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1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1248:
1241:
1223:
1216:
1198:
1191:
1168:
1161:
1138:
1131:
1113:
1106:
1081:
1074:
1053:
1046:
1021:
1014:
987:
980:
959:
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925:
918:
900:
893:
875:
868:
850:
843:
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791:
784:
766:
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740:
718:
717:
715:
712:
608:
605:
470:
467:
419:von der Decken
362:
359:
275:
272:
222:, namely; the
208:Mfalme Ngalami
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
145:
144:
142:
141:
137:
135:
131:(among others)
121:
120:
117:
113:
109:
108:
101:Moshi District
89:
85:
84:
73:
69:
68:
67:Sinare of Siha
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1305:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1269:
1267:0-520-06698-7
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1242:0-520-06698-7
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1217:0-520-06698-7
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1192:0-520-06698-7
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:0-520-06698-7
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:9780511584114
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:0-520-06698-7
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:0-520-06698-7
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:0-520-06698-7
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:0-520-06698-7
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
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992:
988:
983:
981:0-520-06698-7
977:
973:
966:
964:
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955:
953:0-520-06698-7
949:
945:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
926:
921:
919:0-520-06698-7
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
894:0-520-06698-7
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
869:0-520-06698-7
865:
861:
854:
851:
846:
844:0-520-06698-7
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
819:0-520-06698-7
815:
811:
804:
801:
795:
792:
787:
785:0-520-06698-7
781:
777:
770:
767:
763:
757:
755:
751:
744:
741:
729:
723:
720:
713:
711:
709:
704:
700:
693:
692:Meru District
689:
684:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
661:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:
639:
633:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
604:
600:
598:
592:
584:
576:
568:
561:
557:
553:
551:
550:phrenological
547:
541:
536:
535:Kurt Johannes
532:
527:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
491:
487:
485:
481:
475:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
443:
440:
434:
432:
427:
422:
420:
416:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
368:
361:Rise to power
360:
358:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Siha District
225:
221:
220:Chagga states
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Mangi Ngalami
197:
193:
192:Ngalami Mmari
189:
181:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
157:Ngalami Mmari
155:
150:
146:
139:
138:
136:
133:
132:
126:
122:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:March 2, 1900
90:
86:
83:
79:
78:Siha District
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:Siaya of Siha
58:
54:
48:
44:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1207:
1201:
1182:
1152:
1122:
1116:
1097:
1065:
1037:
1005:
971:
943:
909:
903:
884:
878:
859:
853:
834:
828:
809:
803:
794:
775:
769:
743:
732:. Retrieved
722:
707:
705:
701:
697:
676:
672:
669:
664:
657:
653:
646:
642:
637:
634:
624:
622:
613:
610:
601:
593:
589:
523:
511:
496:
476:
472:
463:
459:
455:
444:
435:
425:
423:
411:
407:
403:
391:
387:
372:
364:
354:Kikafu River
347:
332:
328:
318:
317:
312:
305:cattle raids
293:honey hunter
277:
239:
224:Siha Kingdom
207:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
129:
27:
538: [
499:battlefield
309:sacred fire
56:Predecessor
1282:Categories
734:2023-04-08
714:References
560:Mangi Meli
552:research.
256:March 1900
94:1900-03-02
335:customary
64:Successor
629:poisoned
367:electing
291:, and a
232:Tanzania
204:Kichagga
176:Religion
673:Barnaba
649:British
638:Tarawia
618:askaris
526:treason
507:Marangu
447:Swahili
375:Kibosho
350:Machame
339:shields
289:warrior
274:Origins
244:Germans
212:Swahili
188:Ngalami
167:Dynasty
115:Unknown
22:Ngalami
1264:
1239:
1214:
1189:
1159:
1129:
1104:
1072:
1044:
1012:
978:
950:
916:
891:
866:
841:
816:
782:
708:Kitika
688:Akheri
665:baraza
625:Naruru
614:Maanya
480:famine
383:hanged
343:Maasai
313:Wasuru
297:millet
268:Arusha
252:Arusha
216:Chagga
112:Burial
75:c.1865
542:]
531:Moshi
484:rival
451:Arabs
439:1890s
431:Rombo
426:Njama
399:cloth
395:beads
323:Nasai
319:Saiye
301:beans
264:Moshi
240:Mangi
210:, in
171:Mmari
152:Names
125:Issue
46:Reign
1262:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1010:ISBN
976:ISBN
948:ISBN
914:ISBN
889:ISBN
864:ISBN
839:ISBN
814:ISBN
780:ISBN
677:boma
660:1919
379:1891
280:clan
260:Meli
250:and
248:Meru
206:), (
198:), (
140:Sudi
88:Died
72:Born
505:of
262:of
234:'s
230:of
202:in
190:or
1284::
1171:^
1141:^
1084:^
1056:^
1024:^
990:^
962:^
928:^
753:^
690:,
540:de
486:.
397:,
299:,
103:,
80:,
1270:.
1245:.
1220:.
1195:.
1165:.
1135:.
1110:.
1078:.
1050:.
1018:.
984:.
956:.
922:.
897:.
872:.
847:.
822:.
788:.
764:.
737:.
107:.
96:)
92:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
