651:'s organizations among Meru's youth created some social conflict in the community. The morans stopped obeying not only the clan chiefs, but also the Mangi. Moran parties began attacking, robbing neighbors and stealing their cattle. They were almost deaf to the supreme leader's bans. The following information was found in one of those documents. The first Europeans to enter Meruland in 1887 were promptly robbed by a group of teenage warriors from Meru and Arusha. The victims went to Mangi Matunda to complain. However, he failed to provide genuine assistance to these folks. The Mangi admitted that morans obeyed the orders of their elected leaders but not himself. Thus, the gradual transition of Meru's social organization in the direction of Maasai-style paramilitary formations resulted in significant decentralization of Meru society in the late nineteenth century.
261:
538:, marking the shift from adolescence to the age of a mature woman capable of childbearing. It is vital to stress that the custom of female circumcision, whatever it was and is now, does not entail the association of women in age classes and does not aim to contribute to the formation of coherent female organizations. According to some anthropologists, this ceremony likely conveys the core idea of younger women's subordination to the eldest, as well as the idea of daughters' obedience to mothers, rather than the principle of gender discrimination.
64:
401:, millet, and sorghum are grown on modern Meru. In addition, due to a severe dearth of grazing area, the Meru now have a limited number of animals. However, the Wameru kept enormous herds of cattle on the open pasture in the late nineteenth century. The shift in land use priorities can be explained by the early twentieth-century switch to cultivating a variety of products for sale (mainly
690:
entire country about the violation of his people's rights and the
British disregard for the UN ruling in favor of the Meru. 'The Meru Land Case' became a nationwide business over time, and TAA leaders, notably Julius Nyerere, utilized it to construct the political demands of their party platform in 1954). The Meru revered K. Japhet as their national hero, dubbed 'Merishai' (in KiMeru).
381:
valley south of Mount
Kilimanjaro and farmed cattle and corn. The Arusha, who lived close to Mount Meru, actively assaulted their neighbors, stealing their herds and enslaving them. The Meru attempted to repel military assaults by establishing their own military structures. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Meru and Arusha had developed an ethnic identity.
694:
and Nshili Nnini remained the lone representative of tribal power (Baroin 2003: 154, 157). His primary responsibility was to execute tribal customary law in conformity with the tribe constitution and intentions. He never made judgments on his own; he always sought consensus, and all problems of general concern were considered in tribal councils or public forums.
489:, has a provision that expands female rights. It is specifically mentioned that if her husband drives her out of the house, she has the right to claim her husband's land or that her husband's clan must supply her with a piece of land. Furthermore, if her husband commits major physical abuse, he must pay a monetary punishment in the form of livestock.
281:. With the establishment of British colonial administration in 1916, the Wameru began to actively expand their towns and farms in the surrounding area, thereby expanding their agricultural crop planting area.Coffee had been the most profitable agricultural product for Meru farmers by the 1920s. They also cultivated bananas, maize, and beans.
639:
authorities built a brick residence. Mangi ruled his people from here, holding regular meetings, making crucial decisions, and resolving clan disagreements and disputes. This house is still standing in Poli as a historical relic. Today, local authorities are attempting to rehabilitate it and convert it into the Meru
History Museum.
622:
Meruans are
Christians today. But they say that this has nothing to do with their traditional or ethnic identities. Many Christians are proud of their ethnic backgrounds and are well acquainted with cultural traditions. They observe ancient practices, visit traditional sacred shrines, and worship traditional
727:
in the Meru region is high. According to
Tanzania's Ministry of Health, 100% of women in this region give birth in a hospital nowadays, and children under the age of one year are routinely examined and vaccinated. As a result, small child mortality rates in Meru's compact dwelling zones are among the
693:
Julius
Nyerere dealt the ultimate blow to Meru tribal organization and traditional tribe leadership. Previously, Mangi was formally in charge of administrative functions related to colonial authorities, while Nshili Nnini was in charge of internal matters. Mangi's power was finally destroyed in 1963,
668:
most of its leaders, but inadvertently exacerbated matters: many Meru joined the
Kilimanjaro Citizens' Union (KCU), which had been established by the Chagga with the goal of undermining the power of local traditional rulers. Although this Constitution was never used, the Meru recognized the supremacy
638:
While the title of Mangi was previously hereditary, it was eventually abolished due to pressure from the colonial authorities (first German, then
British). The chiefs were chosen based on their ability, popularity among the people, and devotion to the colonial government. In Poli, the German colonial
337:
Each region is affiliated with a specific clan. Poli, for example, is the home of the Sumari clan, whereas
Kimundo is the home of the Kaaya. Although most clans live in a specific area of Meruland, certain clans may not have their own territory and may be distributed around the country. Two clans are
256:
first came on the slopes of Mount Meru in the 1830s, the Wameru were already there. In the 1830s, the Wameru also created the Arusha township. The Meru kept the name of one of their leaders, Rari II (also known as Ndemi), who ruled until 1887. The leader made substantial contributions to the economy,
243:
people of Kenya. The Wameru have a population of roughly 198,000 people as of 2015. The Meru have been active in intense agriculture and currently live on Mount Meru's southern and eastern slopes. The Meru are frequently referred to as 'Varwa,' which means 'those who climb' in the Kimeru language. 94
672:
On
January 1, 1951, the Meru formed their own political party, the Meru Citizens' Union (MCU), after breaking away from the KCU. On February 24, the Meru chose their first Paramount Chief, Nshili Nnini (which means "a large leader"), using the same word "nshili" that was used to refer to a clan head
548:
was also practiced by the Meru, which originated with a similar tradition among the Chagga people. Male circumcision was first practiced by Mbise clan members. However, they lacked the Morans Institute (warriors). The initiation, which was accompanied by circumcision of boys, granted membership in a
456:
Traditionally, the birth takes place in the woman's home, with the assistance of a specially trained midwife. While resting on the bed, the woman gives birth. Disposable razors are used to cut the cord (special knife in the past). The afterbirth is buried near the bed in the ground. The average time
541:
Meru ladies were the main defenders of the rite. Thus, it would be incorrect to interpret Meru excision as a sign of masculine discrimination towards women or an aim to deprive women of sexuality and sexual drive. Some studies believe that this procedure equalizes women's standing with men who also
424:
Daughters also receive a dowry from their parents in the form of small and large animals, which the woman, her husband, and children can utilize after marriage. However, in polygamous families, cattle ownership and use is restricted to the woman and her progeny. Among the Datoga, similar rituals of
420:
The land in the homestead is passed down through the male line from father to son. Simultaneously, the youngest son gets the family household, comprising the parents' house and the majority of the land plot, while the elder sons take their land plots and must start from scratch to build a house and
681:
farmers. Despite the fact that the tribe protest had no effect, Meru did not accept the colonial rulers' acts. They sent Kirilo Japhet to represent their rights to the United Nations, where the case of indigenous peoples' rights violations was being considered. The United Nations acknowledged that
663:
was established in 1948. During this time, the Meru refused to work with the colonial administration and boycotted Mangi because they believed the local monarch was supporting the colonial authorities in gaining their tribal territory, and hence requested his resignation. The British attempted to
621:
By 1912, things had begun to change, and some Meru girls began to attend a day school (Spear 1997: 101–102). Meru's Christianization intensified after 1916. During this time period, missionaries began to demonstrate greater loyalty and tolerance with Meru traditional customs. The vast majority of
575:
units, giving their own titles to each generation set, which differed from the Maasai names for their generation sets. However, the general organizational principles of such units are similar to those of the Maasai: each such unit chooses its own leader (laigvanani in Maa, means commander), whose
526:
colonial authority, female circumcision was formally prohibited. The planning of a daughter's circumcision resulted in a penalty for the parents responsible, according to a specially drafted law. Attempts to prohibit this and similar operations, however, were futile, and circumcisions were simply
444:
The Meru polygamous household has a separate house for the father (which is an analogue of said male house) where the father and each wife's grown-up boys live, as well as separate houses for each wife where women live with young children. Boys move to their father's house at the age of 10, while
380:
The relationship between Bantu Meru clans and Arusha (Maasai) groups intensified beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. According to historical records, the Arusha came on the slopes of Mount Arusha when the Meru people had already established around Mount Meru. The Arusha people settled in the
333:
Each Meru clan is said to be descended from a common ancestor, who was often an earlier inhabitant on Mount Meru's slopes. As a result, each part of Meruland has been identified with and named after a prominent and respected ancestor. Poli, Urisho, Sura, Sing'isi, Mulala, Nkoaranga, Nsupo, Ndati,
697:
Despite the fact that Mangi had lost his position as Meru's leader, clan leaders still wield influence and regulate the lives of Meru's small communities. For example, a major crime is handled by the police, but litigation and land disputes, as well as violent behavior by young people, are still
436:
has long been practiced among the Meru. Polygamous males had more children, which meant more laborers to manage more land. Women in polygamous families are also in a better position because all women share the workload and care for the children. As a result, polygamous families are wealthier and
689:
resolution. The British authorities, on the other hand, simply ignored the UN resolution. The Meru Community was never going to give up. Japhet conferred with other TAA leaders, Julius Nyerere and S. Kandoro, on probable next steps. They instructed him to travel through Tanganyika informing the
329:
ancestry (Mbise, Kaaya, Akyoo, and Sumari), while the rest of the Bantu origin clans are Chagga (Ndosi, Nanyaro, Urio, and Nasari). Researchers believe that the high-status clans purposefully insist on a non-Chagga origin. In this way, they attempt to distinguish themselves from the politically
634:
Mangi's traditional authority was appreciative. The Mangi from the Kaaya clan who had come to the Arusha region inherited the traditions of the preceding Mangi (according to Meru elders, all their Mangi descended from the Shambaa). It was considered that Mangi looked for all the people and the
480:
Family violence may occur among the Meru. A husband can beat his wife, but society does not condone it. In this scenario, a lady has the right to seek assistance from the elders. The assembled assembly of village elders will summon husband and wife to explain the reasons for their wrongdoing.
497:
Both parents educate their children in accordance with the gender principle. The mother teaches girls, while the father teaches boys. Parents have the authority to discipline their children for a variety of infractions by using a stick (rod) or just slapping with their hand. However, certain
468:. Then her neighbors come to see her. They produce loud hooting sounds as they approach the house, indicating global joy. As a result, the entire district learns about a new member of society. A youngster is given a small quantity of mashed fried banana two to three days after birth.
372:. The Meru clan structure is currently progressively being dismantled. This is a result of the state strategy of Julius Nyerere's government in the 1960s, which was largely aimed at creating an unified Tanzanian country with a common language (Swahili) and cultural traditions.
563:, which grew into a warrior group as a result of encounters with the Arusha. Meru was initiated into Talala (a Maasai loibon village) and attained the morans status with Maasai boys from 1881 to 1929. A young Meru's parents would pay for his or her admission into loibon with
706:
Meru now reside not just on the slopes of Mount Meru, but also in the valley at its base. Such communities are quickly transformed into tiny towns. Madji ja Chai, Leguruku, Ngare Nanyuki, Tengeru, and Usa River are a few examples. Tanzanian Meru can also be found in Arusha,
676:
The precedent was known as 'The Meru Land Case' 1951 in historical records. The confrontation between colonial authority and Meru was caused by the illegal displacement of 3,000 farmers from their ancestral lands in Engare Nanyuki and the transfer of these fertile fields to
635:
country inhabited by the Meruans. Furthermore, he was the principal judge, and the sentenced individuals were flogged with sticks and subsequently put to prison as a result of his decision. Furthermore, such criminals were required to pay Mangi penalties for their mistakes.
471:
Breast-fed babies live for one to one and a half years. During this moment, a child is sleeping in the same bed as his mother. According to Meru tradition, a kid must receive the name of a recently deceased family member, but the true name must be kept hidden from others.
603:. Luke Kaaya, Nderingo Palangyo, and Yohana Ndosi were among the first Meru converts to Christianity in 1905. After receiving thorough training in the Marangu missionary center, they returned to Meruland and became directors of newly opened schools for the local people.
722:
Modern Meru's tight settlement zones are also distinguished by high levels of education: practically all children attend school nowadays, and 90% of the adult population has completed at least 7 years of basic school. Furthermore, by Tanzanian standards, the degree of
412:
of a single family that runs on the labor of its members. The soil of the household is not just used for agriculture; a portion of the land can be occupied by trees that provide wood for construction and fuel for the fire. Historically, the Meru erected
530:
Female circumcision was harshly persecuted after Julius Nyerere came to power. Nonetheless, this custom lives on in a modified form today. Girls are now circumcised while they are infants, when before this rite was performed when they reached puberty.
484:
The woman's relatives (father or brothers) will insist that her husband be punished. When her own relatives are far away, a woman may seek assistance from neighborhood elders or her husband's relatives. The Meru people's last Constitution, based on
293:
language of West Kilimanjaro. The Meru are culturally and linguistically related to the Chagga. According to most analysts, this similarity is not by chance: a historically large number of Wameru clans believed themselves the descendants of
440:
All of the wives recognize her dominant position. At the same time, all children in a polygamous family receive an equal share of the inheritance (with the exception of the youngest son, who inherits the house and his father's land).
567:
and goats. During this time, the Meru joined the two succeeding Maasai age groups: Tuati (1896-1917) and Tareto (1911–1929). Until 1959, the Meru continued to engage in the initiation with the Maasai and shared age-sets with them.
272:
colonizers against both Arusha and Meru, during which a great number of Arusha and Meru were slain, their cattle confiscated, and banana groves were burned down to make way for European farmers. This land was soon colonized by
421:
arrange the economy. When the father grows older, the eldest son must assume parental obligations and care for the younger children. The junior son never leaves his father's house and must care for his parents till they die.
302:/Ng'uni groupings affiliated with the Chagga ethnic community. One version claims that approximately 400 years ago, inhabitants from the Machame area traveled away from the Kilimanjaro slopes and toward Mount Meru.
522:, was performed as part of the female initiation ritual. A properly trained woman conducted the circumcision using a special ritual knife. Currently, female circumcision is done using a single blade razor. During
445:
girls remain in their mother's house until they marry. The mother's status in Meru society was traditionally fairly high. The Meru, on the other hand, exclusively rewarded women who had three or more children.
502:
her children for wrongdoing. However, fathers cannot reprimand grown-up females because it is completely forbidden for the father to touch her. In this situation, the penalty is carried by the mother.
549:
specific age group within a specific clan. Despite the fact that men become brothers as a result of the initiation, this unit does not function as an autonomous military or political organization.
587:). After circumcision, young males enter the youngest rika. It takes roughly 15 years to unite young males into one rika. Each rika has its own leader and operates as a distinct fighting unit.
314:
society. The patriarchy, or institutionalized male domination over women and children in the household and society, was the norm for them. The Meru are organized according to the traditional
341:
Additionally, each Meru clan has been given a certain set of skills and tasks to accomplish for the public. Members of the clan Mbise, for example, were said to have the magical power of
448:
Clothing was used to symbolize this transition: following the birth of her third child, a lady switches from a short fringed leather skirt to a long skirt made of long leather stripes.
599:
beliefs in Meru society, and missionaries were met with hostility. The first Meru who converted to Christianity in 1905 were regarded to have lost their identity and were completely
552:
Each group of initiating boys choose a leader from among themselves, according to this tradition. These clan chiefs had to submit to the clan chief. Those in turn must submit to the
606:
At the start of the Christianization process, women actively rejected missionaries' attempts to enroll their children in school. If that happened, they would shave their heads and
885:
417:
dwellings covered in banana leaves, but such houses are now rare in Meruland. The majority of the Meru live in masonry houses with galvanized iron sheet roofs.
2550:
437:
better off. According to Meru traditions, a male can have as many wives as he can support. His first wife later assists him in choosing subsequent wives.
2545:
673:
alongside the pro-British Mangi. Kirilo Japhet, who was also the Secretary of the ATA's local branch in Arusha at the time, led the new national party.
498:
guidelines must be followed: if the father is there, the punishment may be carried out alone by him. In his absence, the mother has the authority to
2234:
1963:
878:
330:
dominant and numerous Chagga neighbors. In this setting, the Mbise, Kaaya, and Sumari regard the Machame as sibling groups rather than ancestors.
260:
610:
their children as dead. The Meru had a hostile attitude toward Christianization for obvious reasons: missionaries convinced the Meru to abolish
353:
and magical might, while the members of the Sarajija clan had life-giving power and their blessing offered security for dwellings and gardens.
1915:
2540:
871:
318:
structure, with 26 clans. Most experts assume that the bulk of Meru clans are descended from the Chagga, with only a few clans having
614:, stated that traditional beliefs were not pleasing to God, and denounced female circumcision. That is they condemned cultural and
2272:
257:
particularly agriculture, by introducing new crops such as millet, maize, and bananas. He popularized pottery and iron crafts.
244:
percent of the Meru are Christians (75 percent are Protestants and 25 percent are Catholics), and 3 percent are Muslims.
131:
2297:
2267:
844:
289:
The Kimeru language, spoken by the Meru, is a Bantu language that is closely connected to one of the dialects of the
580:
in all internal conflicts, and he is delegated to the appropriate speaker to navigate conflicts with other agesets.
2460:
1920:
2227:
1956:
894:
393:
of the local soil, Meruland is now characterized by high human density and agricultural specialization. Bananas,
2287:
2282:
1677:
123:
460:
The birth ceremony is required. First, the woman's mother-in-law pays her a visit. She brings goodies such as
2455:
2277:
712:
97:
2220:
1949:
1751:
1495:
1353:
678:
2481:
2292:
2195:
2061:
349:(this clan occupied the highest place in the Meru's social system). The men of the Kaaya clan inherited
216:
87:
2486:
715:. They work in agriculture and handicrafts (pottery). Among the Meru are members of Tanzania's modern
2465:
2173:
945:
239:
Except for their shared Bantu linguistic group membership, the Wameru have no kinship links with the
24:
576:
primacy is strictly recognized by all members of the age-set; the leader serves simultaneously as a
2436:
2076:
1982:
1925:
346:
2379:
1191:
845:"The Wameru of Tanzania: Historical Origin and Their Role in the Process of National Integration"
515:
269:
682:
the British colonial authority had acted illegally and passed the resolution in favor of Meru.
2496:
2066:
1576:
1295:
518:
introduced the practice of female circumcision. The traditional female circumcision, known as
1687:
1662:
361:
208:
111:
2501:
1807:
1802:
1705:
1543:
1411:
1386:
1285:
1227:
1156:
708:
350:
685:
The land should be returned to Meru as originally belonged to them by law,' declared the
2333:
1897:
1892:
1865:
1855:
1812:
1733:
1652:
1629:
1586:
1477:
1462:
1444:
1348:
1267:
1257:
1242:
1232:
1176:
1118:
1075:
1001:
981:
953:
915:
686:
523:
519:
365:
326:
556:(Mangi). In general sessions, all clan chiefs represent their clans before the Mangi.
542:
undergo circumcision, helping them to recognize their relevance and worth in society.
2534:
2491:
2364:
2348:
2313:
2243:
2107:
2097:
2071:
1972:
1860:
1850:
1835:
1830:
1794:
1784:
1769:
1761:
1746:
1741:
1723:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1644:
1624:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1515:
1505:
1500:
1487:
1472:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1363:
1305:
1300:
1252:
1247:
1171:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1100:
1085:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1039:
1024:
1019:
991:
976:
968:
958:
935:
910:
902:
648:
486:
390:
319:
299:
253:
224:
220:
212:
151:
77:
2506:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2102:
2041:
2021:
1879:
1845:
1840:
1822:
1779:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1634:
1619:
1606:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1467:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1373:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1290:
1237:
1219:
1204:
1199:
1181:
1113:
1108:
1090:
1029:
1011:
996:
930:
920:
716:
660:
545:
511:
290:
278:
143:
20:
334:
Kimundo, Ndoombo, Akeri, Ikona, and Nkoanrua are some of the current localities.
2519:
2405:
2131:
2112:
2056:
2011:
1614:
1571:
1533:
1523:
1424:
1358:
1333:
1315:
1275:
1209:
1161:
1146:
1080:
1047:
986:
369:
240:
147:
2384:
1907:
1566:
1280:
596:
535:
534:
As a result, the circumcision ceremony no longer served as a symbol of female
499:
357:
311:
274:
618:
norms of the Meru, and obviously, the Meru could have shardly accepted this.
583:
Thus, in Meru society, the entire male population is classified as a 'rika' (
2051:
1774:
1151:
863:
665:
577:
571:
After that, they broke away from the Arusha and continued to form their own
560:
414:
409:
2374:
2046:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1875:
724:
611:
607:
433:
342:
228:
69:
2431:
2369:
2036:
1166:
623:
600:
584:
572:
564:
295:
2426:
2421:
2389:
2318:
2253:
2092:
2026:
1996:
1887:
719:: doctors, teachers, lawyers, engineers, and military professionals.
465:
402:
215:
ethnic and linguistic group based on the south and eastern slopes of
2514:
2006:
1930:
615:
394:
259:
127:
397:, avocados, coffee, tomatoes, legumes, and grains such as maize,
364:. It is worth noting that the blacksmith clan in the pastoralist
2212:
1941:
553:
461:
398:
315:
2216:
1945:
867:
559:
After initiation, Meru young males became members of a certain
510:
The Meru have traditionally practiced both male and female
481:
Typically, the husband will pay a penalty to his wife.
231:, the Rwa population is estimated to number 198,000.
268:
In 1896, punitive expeditions were conducted by the
2474:
2445:
2414:
2398:
2357:
2306:
2260:
2185:
2160:
2140:
2121:
2085:
1989:
1906:
1874:
1821:
1793:
1760:
1732:
1714:
1686:
1643:
1605:
1557:
1514:
1486:
1453:
1410:
1372:
1314:
1266:
1218:
1190:
1137:
1099:
1066:
1038:
1010:
967:
944:
901:
181:
171:
161:
137:
117:
104:
55:
45:
38:
322:ancestors, such as Pallangyo, Nko, and Sikawa.
360:and represented one of the lowest rung of the
2228:
1957:
879:
8:
425:acquiring animals for a woman are observed.
310:Traditionally, the Meru are an example of a
33:
356:The Maasai clan Sikawa was associated with
16:Ethnic group from Arusha Region of Tanzania
2235:
2221:
2213:
1964:
1950:
1942:
886:
872:
864:
325:The four most senior Meru clans all claim
32:
595:Initially, there was open antagonism to
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
737:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
457:between births is two to three years.
158:
338:used as examples: Urio and Kitomari.
7:
56:Regions with significant populations
2551:Indigenous peoples of Arusha Region
2161:National Parks and Forest Reserves
14:
2546:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
630:Traditional authority and decline
62:
2273:Arusha District Council, Arusha
1:
698:handled by the local elders.
669:of its fundamental concepts.
132:African Traditional Religion
2446:National Parks and Reserves
2268:Arusha City Council, Arusha
389:Because of the exceptional
264:Rwa (Meru) women in c.1890s
2567:
2461:Lake Manyara National Park
2170:Mount Meru National Forest
664:crush the insurrection by
18:
2541:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2250:
2167:Ngurudoto National Forest
1979:
895:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
643:Decline of the Mangi rule
376:Conflict with the Warusha
142:
122:
109:
60:
50:
408:A farm ('kihamba') is a
368:society holds a similar
2456:Tarangire National Park
2358:National Historic Sites
527:carried out in secret.
98:Arusha District Council
2415:Major Cities and Towns
2141:Major Cities and Towns
514:. Immigrants from the
265:
647:The establishment of
493:Traditional education
385:Traditional lifestyle
263:
138:Related ethnic groups
2466:Arusha National Park
2174:Arusha National Park
728:lowest in Tanzania.
25:RWA (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
2298:Ngorongoro District
35:
2475:National Landmarks
2380:Nasera Rockshelter
2203:Mount Meru Ashcone
2178:Lake Duluti Forest
1921:Chinese Tanzanians
516:Kilimanjaro region
266:
2528:
2527:
2497:Ngorongoro Crater
2487:Monduli Mountains
2452:Mount Meru Forest
2210:
2209:
1939:
1938:
1926:Indian Tanzanians
546:Male circumcision
189:
188:
157:
156:
2558:
2502:Ngurudoto Crater
2399:Rivers and Lakes
2288:Monduli District
2283:Longido District
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2200:Ngurudoto Crater
2122:Rivers and Lakes
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1916:White Tanzanians
888:
881:
874:
865:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
841:
506:Initiation rites
362:social hierarchy
159:
68:
66:
65:
46:Total population
36:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2511:Ol Donyo Lengai
2470:
2441:
2410:
2394:
2353:
2302:
2278:Karatu District
2256:
2246:
2241:
2211:
2206:
2181:
2156:
2136:
2117:
2081:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1940:
1935:
1902:
1870:
1817:
1789:
1756:
1728:
1710:
1682:
1639:
1601:
1553:
1510:
1482:
1449:
1406:
1368:
1310:
1262:
1214:
1186:
1133:
1095:
1062:
1034:
1006:
963:
940:
897:
892:
862:
861:
852:
850:
847:
843:
842:
739:
734:
704:
657:
645:
632:
593:
508:
495:
478:
454:
431:
387:
378:
370:low social rank
351:political power
308:
287:
277:who moved from
250:
237:
130:
63:
61:
41:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2307:Native Peoples
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:Meru Landmarks
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2086:Native Peoples
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Seela Sing'isi
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:Usa River Town
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
950:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
905:
899:
898:
893:
891:
890:
883:
876:
868:
860:
859:
736:
735:
733:
730:
703:
700:
656:
655:Modern history
653:
644:
641:
631:
628:
592:
589:
520:clitoridectomy
507:
504:
494:
491:
477:
474:
453:
450:
430:
427:
386:
383:
377:
374:
307:
304:
286:
283:
249:
246:
236:
233:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
155:
154:
140:
139:
135:
134:
120:
119:
115:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:
84:
83:
75:
74:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2563:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Olduvai Gorge
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Olduvai Gorge
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Meru District
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2244:Arusha Region
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:Momella Lakes
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Songoro, Meru
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:Meru District
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
949:
947:
946:Dar es Salaam
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
869:
866:
846:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
738:
731:
729:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
701:
699:
695:
691:
688:
683:
680:
674:
670:
667:
662:
654:
652:
650:
642:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
590:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
569:
566:
562:
557:
555:
550:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
492:
490:
488:
487:customary law
482:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
458:
451:
449:
446:
442:
438:
435:
428:
426:
422:
418:
416:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
384:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
271:
262:
258:
255:
247:
245:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
225:Arusha Region
222:
221:Meru District
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
153:
152:Bantu peoples
149:
145:
141:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
113:
110:Kimeru &
108:
103:
99:
93:
92:
91:
89:
88:Meru District
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:Arusha Region
73:
72:
71:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
22:
2507:Mungu Crater
2324:Chaga people
2153:Maji ya Chai
2042:Ngarenanyuki
2022:Maji ya Chai
925:
851:. Retrieved
721:
717:middle class
705:
696:
692:
684:
675:
671:
661:constitution
658:
646:
637:
633:
620:
605:
594:
582:
570:
558:
554:supreme king
551:
544:
540:
533:
529:
512:circumcision
509:
496:
483:
479:
470:
459:
455:
447:
443:
439:
432:
423:
419:
407:
388:
379:
355:
340:
336:
332:
324:
309:
288:
279:South Africa
267:
251:
238:
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
175:
165:
150:& other
124:Christianity
85:
76:
30:Ethnic group
21:Rwa language
2520:Lake Natron
2406:Lake Duluti
2192:Lake Duluti
2132:Lake Duluti
2057:Nkoarisambu
1192:Kilimanjaro
659:The tribal
358:blacksmiths
312:patriarchal
2535:Categories
2482:Mount Meru
2385:Mumba Cave
2196:Mount Meru
1908:Immigrants
1577:Ndengereko
853:2023-03-05
732:References
536:initiation
500:discipline
347:rainmakers
275:Afrikaners
217:Mount Meru
199:sometimes
2437:Usa River
2261:Districts
2252:Capital:
2147:Usa River
2077:Usa River
2052:Nkoaranga
1981:Capital:
1808:Nyanyembe
1775:Nyamwanga
1688:Shinyanga
1663:Ndendeule
666:deporting
597:Christian
561:age group
415:spherical
410:farmhouse
391:fertility
252:When the
105:Languages
2375:Engaruka
2314:Waarusha
2150:Kikatiti
2098:Waarusha
2047:Nkoanrua
2032:Maroroni
2017:Leguruki
2012:King'ori
2002:Kikatiti
1876:Zanzibar
1803:Nyamwezi
1706:Nyamwezi
1412:Morogoro
1387:Nyakyusa
1286:Barabaig
1228:Machinga
1157:Holoholo
725:medicine
679:European
612:polygamy
591:Religion
585:age-sets
578:mediator
434:Polygamy
343:diviners
285:Language
235:Overview
229:Tanzania
211:) are a
182:Language
118:Religion
70:Tanzania
2432:Namanga
2370:Laetoli
2334:Datooga
2329:Hadzabe
2037:Mbuguni
1898:Swahili
1893:Shirazi
1866:Swahili
1813:Swahili
1752:Nyaturu
1734:Singida
1653:Matengo
1630:Tumbuka
1587:Swahili
1478:Swahili
1463:Makonde
1445:Vidunda
1349:Ngurimi
1296:Kw'adza
1268:Manyara
1258:Swahili
1243:Makonde
1233:Matumbi
1177:Swahili
1167:Manyema
1119:Konongo
1076:Hangaza
1002:Sandawe
982:Burunge
954:Swahili
916:Datooga
702:Present
624:deities
601:shunned
573:warrior
565:tobacco
524:British
476:Justice
395:mangoes
327:Shambaa
306:Society
296:Machame
248:History
223:of the
209:Swahili
112:Swahili
51:198,000
2427:Karatu
2422:Arusha
2390:Peninj
2349:Maasai
2254:Arusha
2108:Maasai
2093:Wameru
2027:Makiba
1997:Akheri
1888:Hadimu
1878:&
1861:Zigula
1856:Sambaa
1851:Segeju
1836:Dhaiso
1831:Bondei
1795:Tabora
1785:Lambya
1770:Malila
1762:Songwe
1747:Isanzu
1742:Iramba
1724:Sukuma
1716:Simiyu
1701:Sukuma
1696:Iramba
1645:Ruvuma
1625:Mambwe
1597:Zigula
1592:Zaramo
1582:Rufiji
1544:Pangwa
1516:Njombe
1506:Sukuma
1501:Kerewe
1488:Mwanza
1473:Maviha
1455:Mtwara
1440:Sagara
1435:Pogolo
1430:Luguru
1420:Kaguru
1364:Zanaki
1306:Mbugwe
1301:Maasai
1253:Ngindo
1248:Ndonde
1200:Chagga
1172:Tongwe
1139:Kigoma
1129:Rungwa
1124:Pimbwe
1101:Katavi
1086:Nyambo
1068:Kagera
1058:Ndamba
1053:Mbunga
1040:Iringa
1025:Sumbwa
1020:Sukuma
992:Gorowa
977:Alagwa
969:Dodoma
959:Zaramo
936:Maasai
911:Arusha
903:Arusha
713:Karatu
711:, and
466:butter
429:Family
403:coffee
366:Datoga
320:Maasai
291:Chagga
270:German
254:Arusha
205:Wameru
185:Kimeru
176:Wameru
172:People
162:Person
67:
40:Wameru
2515:Gelai
2344:Iraqw
2339:Sonjo
2103:Chaga
2007:Kikwe
1990:Wards
1931:Arabs
1880:Pemba
1846:Ngulu
1841:Mbugu
1823:Tanga
1780:Ndali
1673:Nindi
1668:Ngoni
1658:Mpoto
1635:Wanda
1620:Lungu
1607:Rukwa
1559:Pwani
1549:Wanji
1539:Manda
1529:Kinga
1468:Makua
1402:Sangu
1397:Safwa
1392:Nyiha
1382:Kimbu
1374:Mbeya
1344:Kuria
1339:Kabwa
1329:Ikoma
1324:Ikizu
1291:Iraqw
1238:Mwera
1220:Lindi
1205:Ngasa
1182:Vinza
1114:Bende
1109:Bembe
1091:Shubi
1030:Zinza
1012:Geita
997:Rangi
931:Sonjo
921:Hadza
848:(PDF)
709:Moshi
649:moran
616:moral
608:mourn
452:Birth
241:Ameru
213:Bantu
166:Mmeru
144:Chaga
128:Islam
2319:Meru
2113:Pare
2062:Poli
1615:Fipa
1572:Kami
1534:Kisi
1524:Bena
1496:Kara
1425:Kutu
1359:Ware
1354:Suba
1334:Jita
1316:Mara
1276:Akie
1210:Pare
1162:Jiji
1147:Goma
1081:Haya
1048:Hehe
987:Gogo
926:Meru
464:and
462:milk
399:rice
345:and
316:clan
300:Siha
298:and
197:Meru
191:The
148:Pare
23:and
1678:Yao
1567:Doe
1281:Asa
405:).
227:of
219:in
207:in
201:Rwo
195:or
193:Rwa
34:Rwa
2537::
1152:Ha
740:^
687:UN
626:.
146:,
126:,
90:)
2236:e
2229:t
2222:v
1965:e
1958:t
1951:v
887:e
880:t
873:v
856:.
203:(
100:)
96:(
86:(
27:.
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