196:, 7 June 1937 – 20 August 2020) was a Singaporean civil servant who became the youngest permanent secretary at the age of 35, and held the position till his retirement from the civil service in 1999. He worked in various government ministries, statutory boards, and agencies, helping to shape public policies and national projects, leading to Singapore's economic growth in the first few decades after independence.
673:(F1) night race yearly, and believed that taxpayer's money should be spent wisely and not on a frivolous expense such as F1. Ngiam also felt that ever since the salaries of ministers increased to align with the top earners in Singapore, every minister will hesistate to speak their mind. Ngiam also commented that the civil service is much tamer than in his time, and that the
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has become "too elitist" with a "lack of empathy" for the people of
Singapore. On 11 October 2013, Ngiam had to clarify and retract some of the statements made during the interview, citing that he retired from the civil service in 1999 and would not have any knowledge about what happens in the civil
657:
During a dialogue session held at NUS in 2012, Ngiam urged academics to "help the State to ask the right questions" by offering their opinions on national issues, arguing that this is the key to
Singapore achieving economic development. Stressing that universities should not research for the sake of
361:(EDB), and was quickly promoted to its chief promotions officer. Subsequently, in 1964, after graduating from Harvard University, he was promoted to serve as the land and estates manager, in charge of managing S$ 80 million worth of land assets under EDB, such as the
346:, and the office boy. In 1960, Ngiam provided figures for the five-year development plan, titled "State of Singapore Development Plan, 1960-1964". The plan aimed to increase employment opportunities in Singapore through a series of investments from the
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to their hotel room at the sidelines of the 1968 World Bank meeting, Goh and Ngiam began negotiating a purchase of 100 tons of gold, at a fixed price of US$ 40, above the market price of US$ 35. Diederichs agreed to the deal, passed a half-sliced
1110:"Statement by Mr Ngiam Tong Dow, Ag Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Communications, Leader of Singapore delegation in the August 1970 negotiations with the U.K., and the Singapore Government nominee Director on the MSA Board of Directors"
439:
Unagreeable to the terms, Ngiam issued a statement that landing rights of CPA and BOAC will be revoked by August 1971, if MSA is not given rights to operate the flight service. On 28 September 1970, talks restarted at the
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While continuing as permanent secretary in PMO, Ngiam was transferred from MTI to return as permanent secretary of budget in MOF on 1 January 1987. Ngiam was also appointed as the first permanent secretary in the
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In 1963, while serving as an economist, Ngiam was among 12 other top civil servants from Latin
America, Africa, and Asia, specially selected to take a one-year course in public administration at the
397:, where the banker requested Ngiam's half of the bill. As both the serial numbers on the banker's half and his half matched, Ngiam's identity was verified, and the gold purchase was completed.
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scheme, the civil service, and his personal life were covered. When asked for his opinions on transforming
Singapore into a global city, he questioned the benefit of organising the
557:, and a year later on 1 February 1991, he was promoted to chief executive officer (CEO). Under his tenure, DBS grew internationally. In 1990, DBS started a joint venture bank with
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doing so, he reiterated that academics across disciplines should come together to study a local issue, so that "thinkers in ivory towers" can make better decisions for
Singapore.
455:, operated by MSA. After five days of talks, an agreement was reached. Throughout 1971, he led various delegations to discuss and launch regular flight services from Singapore to
308:(now known as Harvard Kennedy School). In August 1964, Ngiam topped his class by obtaining distinction in all four subjects related to public administration, and graduated with a
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436:(BOAC), already had such privileges. Secondly, if MSA needs to charter aircraft to operate the Singapore-London service, only aircraft from CPA and BOAC can be chartered.
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On 1 April 1980, Ngiam succeeded
Ridzwan Dzafir as the chairman for the watchdog committee on inflation, ensuring that shops and supermarkets cease from price gouging.
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Ngiam died on 20 August 2020, after being in ill health for four and a half years. He is survived by his wife
Jeanette, a daughter and a son, and three grandchildren.
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requested Ngiam to remain as chairman for another year, while reassuring that Hwang will be the successor. As such, Ngiam stepped down as chairman on 1 January 1982.
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On 21 August 1972, at the age of 35, Ngiam was the youngest civil servant to be promoted to permanent secretary in the
Ministry of Communications (now known as
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420:(MSA). However, on 8 August 1970, talks between both countries broke down. In return for approval, firstly, MSA had to give a second British airline,
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Ngiam served as the acting permanent secretary in the
Ministry of Communications (1970–1972), and was promoted to be permanent secretary in the
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On 7 June 1999, after almost 40 years on the job, Ngiam retired from the civil service, while retaining his chairmanships at CPF and HDB.
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690:, providing his opinions and criticisms on the economic foundation laid by the founding generation of political leaders in Singapore.
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At the annual EDB dinner in
November 1980, Ngiam announced that he will relinquish his role as chairman of EDB from January 1981 to
482:. Ngiam led the Singapore delegation, and discussed the distribution of existing air routes and fleet of aircraft to both airlines.
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on 1 February 1987, before stepping down on 1 November 1989 and assuming the role of permanent secretary of revenue in MOF.
516:(PMO). On 22 March 1979, he was transferred from the Ministry of Finance to become permanent secretary in the newly created
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2582:"Ngiam Tong Dow helped S'pore become a business hub, contributions have enduring impact today: PM Lee, President Halimah"
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On 12 October 1994, after more than 15 years on the job, Ngiam relinquished his position as permanent secretary in PMO.
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scheme. In July 2003, Ngiam stepped down as chairman of HDB, and was appointed chairman of HDB Corp (now known as
478:. To ensure that existing services operated by MSA were not disrupted, both countries came together to discuss an
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444:, and an agreement was reached after 10 days. MSA began operating the Singapore-London service from April 1971.
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His father, Ngiam Fook Quee, worked as an interpreter, translating English to most Chinese dialects. During the
623:
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2789:"'Straight as an arrow': Friends, family share memories of Ngiam Tong Dow at wake of former top civil servant"
830:"'Straight as an arrow': Friends, family share memories of Ngiam Tong Dow at wake of former top civil servant"
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In addition to his existing portfolio, on 12 February 1979, Ngiam was appointed as permanent secretary in the
585:, further expanding its international footprint. On 9 May 1998, Ngiam stepped down as chairman and CEO, with
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In 1973, Ngiam accompanied Minister for Finance Hon Sui Sen to represent Singapore for the first time at the
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after a few months. The newly created division only consisted of three other people — Minister for Finance
601:
489:). Shortly after, on 21 December 1972, he was transferred to be permanent secretary of development in the
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2011:
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for S$ 7 million. In 1995, DBS was the first local bank to receive approval to open its first branch in
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Ngiam also served as chairman in several statutory boards and government-linked companies, such as the
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In 1968, Ngiam, together with Goh Keng Swee, initiated Singapore's first purchase of gold from the
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Announced on 26 January 1971 by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore, MSA was split into
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In 1970, Ngiam was promoted to acting permanent secretary in the Ministry of Communications.
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2727:"Singapore – International Medical Centre: A Missed Opportunity, or Not Too Late?"
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In 1961, Ngiam was married to Jeanette Gan Choon Neo, and had a daughter and son.
2012:"Joint Statement from the Prime Minister's Office and Public Service Commission"
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Prior to starting his undergraduate studies, Ngiam worked as a journalist with
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991:"Integrating Human Capital into National Development Planning in Singapore"
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During his term at HDB, Ngiam introduced various initiatives, such as the
238:(2003). He was also the chief executive officer of DBS from 1991 to 1998.
875:
A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow
697:
A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow
688:
A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow
582:
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223:
2666:"A deep loss for Country and University: In memory of Mr Ngiam Tong Dow"
724:
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451:, to discuss launching a regular flight service between Singapore and
412:, to discuss launching a regular flight service between Singapore and
604:(CPF), and in October 1998, he was also appointed as chairman of the
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Dynamics of the Singapore Success Story: Insights by Ngiam Tong Dow
330:
On 1 August 1959, Ngiam began his career as a civil servant in the
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1972–1994 : Ministry of Finance, Prime Minister's Office
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for HK$ 380.7 million (S$ 81.3 million) and a 3.4% stake in
447:
On 19 October 1970, Ngiam led another delegation of four to
385:
to complete the transaction. Later on, Ngiam, together with
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and John Olds succeeding as chairman and CEO respectively.
424:(CPA), increased flights to Singapore and rights to fly to
619:
On 1 August 2001, Ngiam stepped down as chairman of CPF.
600:
On 1 August 1998, Ngiam was appointed as chairman of the
2846:"Former top civil servant Ngiam Tong Dow dies, aged 83"
408:
On 28 July 1970, Ngiam led a delegation of five to the
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1361:"Accord is reached with Italy for MSA service to Rome"
357:
In 1961, Ngiam joined Hon Sui Sen in establishing the
2242:"DBS Bank, Socgen get nod to open Shanghai branches"
151:
139:
107:
89:
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40:
2356:"Andrew Chew to retire as head of civil service"
2213:"DBS Bank pays $ 7m for 3.4% stake in Thai bank"
881:. pp. 4–17, 24, 31–34, 37, 45–46, 150–152.
873:Ngiam, Tong Dow (2006). Tay, Simon S. C. (ed.).
695:Ngiam, Tong Dow (2006). Tay, Simon S. C. (ed.).
661:In September 2013, Ngiam was interviewed by the
306:Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration
241:Ngiam died on 20 August 2020, at the age of 83.
2069:"Ngiam Tong Dow to head DBS Bank from February"
1643:"Hon for GATT meeting: A 'first' for Singapore"
1557:Pang, Cheng Lian; Wee, Sunny (21 August 1972).
487:Ministry of Digital Development and Information
432:via Singapore, when the first British airline,
257:family, and was the eldest among his siblings.
3031:Recipients of the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang
2725:Ngiam, Tong Dow (2013). Toh, Han Chong (ed.).
2127:"New phase 'will see DBS going international'"
1984:"Three top civil servants to rotate positions"
1473:"TALKS WITH JAPAN ON MSA FLIGHTS BEYOND TOKYO"
2497:"Ngiam Tong Dow to retire from civil service"
2185:"DBS Bank takes 10pc stake in HK's Wing Lung"
2098:"Ngiam is now executive chairman of DBS Bank"
719:Ngiam, Tong Dow (2010). Zhang, Zhibin (ed.).
8:
2638:"Ngiam Tong Dow leaves HDB to lead HDB Corp"
253:(present-day Singapore) on 7 June 1937 to a
2757:"Ngiam clarifies comments in SMA interview"
1615:"Changes in jobs for six top govt officers"
401:1970–1972 : Ministry of Communications
2271:"DBS Bank to build on regional businesses"
1956:"Ngiam to be a permanent secretary at MND"
381:to Ngiam, and instructed Ngiam to meet in
37:
3021:Recipients of the Pingat Pentadbiran Awam
1844:"Ngiam is asked to stay on another year"
904:"I meet Prof. Cheng a man of many parts"
565:, and launched a full-service branch in
289:In April 1959, Ngiam graduated from the
271:Ngiam received his primary education at
3016:20th-century Singaporean businesspeople
3001:National University of Singapore alumni
1333:"Singapore air talks team off to Berne"
1193:"MSA'S LONDON TALKS RESTART THIS MONTH"
1053:"MSA: No comment on breakdown of talks"
932:"241 PASS UNIVERSITY ARTS DEGREE EXAMS"
817:
665:. In the interview, topics such as the
642:From 1999 to 2019, Ngiam served as the
467:, and North American cities via Tokyo.
3026:Recipients of the Pingat Jasa Gemilang
2384:"New Labour perm sec, auditor-general"
686:In 2006, NUS Press published the book
503:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3011:Singaporean people of Chinese descent
2813:
2811:
2782:
2780:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2693:"Thinkers 'should join conversation'"
2300:"Dhanabalan to leave SIA to head DBS"
1816:"Hwang takes over as chairman of EDB"
1810:
1808:
963:"Singapore man beats them at Harvard"
7:
2819:"In loving memory of Ngiam Tong Dow"
2240:Quak, Hiang Whai (11 January 1995).
2154:Quak, Hiang Whai (21 January 1992).
1757:"Ngiam heads committee on inflation"
1047:
1045:
957:
955:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
823:
821:
652:Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
549:On 1 February 1990, Ngiam succeeded
434:British Overseas Airways Corporation
2873:"CJ Yong gets rare national Honour"
2468:"HDB chairman to retire next month"
2041:"Ngiam Tong Dow to be DBS Chairman"
1221:"Who's who for air talks on Monday"
650:(NUS), and was an adjunct lecturer
372:. Inviting the Minister of Finance
2096:Vasuki, S. N. (12 February 1991).
1928:"Ngiam named MND's First Perm Sec"
1108:Ngiam, Tong Dow (26 August 1970).
1022:"Dr Goh's bright boy for perm sec"
805:Public Administration Medal (Gold)
596:1994–99 : Ministry of Finance
14:
2957:"A-G and Pang head the hons list"
2156:"DBS issues sponsored ADRs in US"
2125:de Silva, Gerry (16 April 1991).
1726:Soh, Tiang Keng (22 March 1979).
332:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
326:1959–1970 : Early beginnings
291:University of Malaya in Singapore
121:University of Malaya in Singapore
2787:Meah, Natasha (22 August 2020).
2691:Ng, Jing Yng (9 November 2012).
2183:Ong, Catherine (13 March 1992).
1755:Soh, Tiang Keng (1 April 1980).
1500:Raman, P. M. (26 January 1971).
1138:"S'PORE TO REVOKE BOAC LANDINGS"
828:Meah, Natasha (22 August 2020).
799:
788:
777:
766:
678:service and government anymore.
648:National University of Singapore
544:Ministry of National Development
310:Masters in Public Administration
295:National University of Singapore
262:Japanese occupation of Singapore
213:Ministry of National Development
16:Former Singaporean civil servant
2928:"Prominent executives honoured"
2926:Low, Michelle (9 August 1995).
2476:. 10 September 1998. p. 25
902:Ngiam, Tong Dow (7 June 1957).
144:
2608:Ng, Boon Yian (24 June 2003).
2580:Ng, Jun Sen (22 August 2020).
1852:. 19 December 1980. p. 13
1785:"Hwang to be new chief of EDB"
1623:. 20 December 1972. p. 16
1559:"Govt. to promote its top men"
1530:"Air pact talks get under way"
1453:. 8 September 1971. p. 17
1445:"Signed: Air pact with Czechs"
1341:. 21 September 2024. p. 3
1229:. 26 September 1970. p. 1
1166:"25 Years Ago, On This Day..."
1081:"Talks open on MSA's UK route"
1061:. 8 September 1970. p. 18
634:), the privatised arm of HDB.
518:Ministry of Trade and Industry
209:Ministry of Trade and Industry
192:
183:
1:
3006:Harvard Kennedy School alumni
2955:Ngoo, Irene (9 August 1978).
2735:Singapore Medical Association
2269:Raj, Conrad (20 April 1995).
2077:. 2 December 1989. p. 14
2049:. 2 December 1989. p. 48
1908:. 14 December 1986. p. 1
1793:. 28 November 1980. p. 1
1728:"Ngiam is PS to new ministry"
1679:. 12 February 1979. p. 1
1671:"Top job in govt goes to Sim"
1425:. 26 February 1971. p. 3
1417:"Singapore, Ceylon air talks"
1201:. 6 September 1970. p. 3
663:Singapore Medical Association
569:. In 1992, DBS began issuing
379:United States one-dollar bill
2844:Ho, Grace (20 August 2020).
2298:Raj, Conrad (7 April 1998).
1992:. 15 October 1989. p. 1
1964:. 21 January 1987. p. 1
1936:. 21 January 1987. p. 1
1824:. 29 January 1982. p. 1
1595:. 2 December 1972. p. 1
1587:"Top govt. men in job swops"
1397:. 1 November 1970. p. 3
1369:. 1 November 1970. p. 6
571:American depository receipts
2392:. 9 October 1994. p. 3
2221:. 14 April 1992. p. 39
1880:. 5 January 1981. p. 9
1651:. 24 August 1973. p. 5
1481:. 5 October 1971. p. 7
1313:. 9 October 1970. p. 1
1285:. 9 October 1970. p. 1
1277:"MSA wins rights to London"
1257:. 9 October 1970. p. 1
1173:. 27 August 1995. p. 2
1146:. 27 August 1970. p. 1
772:Distinguished Service Order
418:Malaysia-Singapore Airlines
275:and secondary education at
203:(1972–1979 and 1986–1999),
3047:
2881:. 9 August 1999. p. 1
2495:Leow, Jason (8 May 1999).
2420:. 11 April 1998. p. 4
2364:. 23 April 1994. p. 1
1900:"Four in Perm Sec changes"
1707:. 22 March 1979. p. 1
1538:. 28 April 1971. p. 1
1030:. 22 April 1980. p. 5
971:. 9 August 1964. p. 7
940:. 25 April 1959. p. 4
667:Certificate of Entitlement
370:Government of South Africa
359:Economic Development Board
220:Economic Development Board
20:
2646:. 24 June 2003. p. 2
2561:. 28 July 2001. p. 2
2448:. 30 June 1998. p. 3
2336:. 23 May 1998. p. 75
1089:. 27 July 1970. p. 6
794:Meritorious Service Medal
606:Housing Development Board
232:Housing Development Board
61:
2610:"Aline is new HDB chief"
1249:"New UK S'pore air pact"
624:Lift Upgrading Programme
573:, bought a 10% stake in
363:Jurong Industrial Estate
273:Serangoon English School
245:Early life and education
143:Jeanette Gan Choon Neo (
134:Serangoon English School
62:
2533:. 8 May 1999. p. 6
514:Prime Minister's Office
480:air transport agreement
389:, managing director of
205:Prime Minister's Office
2440:"New Perm Sec for PMO"
2328:"DBS confirms new CEO"
761:Awards and decorations
602:Central Provident Fund
496:
410:British Board of Trade
395:Swiss Bank Corporation
342:, permanent secretary
249:Ngiam was born in the
228:Central Provident Fund
2412:"Dr Chew to head PSC"
725:Cengage Learning Asia
675:People's Action Party
1699:"Ministry's address"
391:United Overseas Bank
2553:"New chief for CPF"
1389:"MSA going to Rome"
1305:"Air talks success"
654:from 2005 to 2017.
632:Surbana Corporation
491:Ministry of Finance
336:Ministry of Finance
277:St. Andrew's School
251:Straits Settlements
201:Ministry of Finance
83:Straits Settlements
2933:The Business Times
2907:. 22 November 2021
2901:"PMO | Recipients"
2643:The Business Times
2525:"Calling it quits"
2305:The Business Times
2276:The Business Times
2247:The Business Times
2190:The Business Times
2161:The Business Times
2103:The Business Times
2074:The Business Times
1961:The Business Times
1790:The Business Times
1704:The Business Times
783:Long Service Medal
476:Singapore Airlines
442:Fullerton Building
130:St. Andrews School
112:Harvard University
2962:The Straits Times
2878:The Straits Times
2851:The Straits Times
2765:. 12 October 2013
2558:The Straits Times
2502:The Straits Times
2473:The Straits Times
2445:The Straits Times
2417:The Straits Times
2389:The Straits Times
2361:The Straits Times
2333:The Straits Times
2218:The Straits Times
2132:The Straits Times
2046:The Straits Times
2021:. 15 October 1989
1989:The Straits Times
1933:The Straits Times
1905:The Straits Times
1877:The Straits Times
1849:The Straits Times
1821:The Straits Times
1762:The Straits Times
1733:The Straits Times
1676:The Straits Times
1648:The Straits Times
1620:The Straits Times
1535:The Straits Times
1507:The Straits Times
1478:The Straits Times
1450:The Straits Times
1366:The Straits Times
1310:The Straits Times
1170:The Straits Times
1058:The Straits Times
968:The Straits Times
937:The Straits Times
909:The Straits Times
888:978-9971-69-350-3
734:978-9814-33-607-9
710:978-9971-69-350-3
615:Post-civil career
472:Malaysia Airlines
393:, arrived at the
284:The Straits Times
159:
158:
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2825:. 20 August 2020
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2672:. 21 August 2020
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299:Bachelor of Arts
211:(1979–1986) and
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638:Academic career
617:
598:
553:as chairman of
551:Howe Yoon Chong
499:
403:
374:Nico Diederichs
328:
323:
318:
247:
164:
132:
128:
119:
108:Alma mater
103:
98:
94:
85:
80:
74:
72:
64:
57:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2117:
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2060:
2032:
2019:www.nas.gov.sg
2003:
1975:
1947:
1919:
1891:
1872:"Another term"
1863:
1835:
1804:
1776:
1747:
1718:
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1578:
1549:
1521:
1502:"MSA to split"
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1240:
1212:
1184:
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1117:www.nas.gov.sg
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709:
683:
680:
644:pro-chancellor
639:
636:
628:Build-to-Order
616:
613:
597:
594:
579:Thai Danu Bank
575:Wing Lung Bank
498:
495:
461:Czechoslovakia
422:Cathay Pacific
416:, operated by
402:
399:
352:United Kingdom
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
301:in economics.
293:(now known as
246:
243:
162:Ngiam Tong Dow
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
109:
105:
104:
99:
97:(aged 83)
93:20 August 2020
91:
87:
86:
81:
70:
66:
65:
59:
58:
44:
42:Ngiam Tong Dow
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3032:
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2530:The New Paper
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2004:
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1962:
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986:
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952:
939:
938:
933:
927:
924:
911:
910:
905:
898:
895:
890:
884:
880:
877:. Singapore:
876:
869:
867:
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861:
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849:
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831:
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787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
752:
750:
743:Personal life
742:
736:
730:
726:
723:. Singapore:
722:
717:
712:
706:
702:
699:. Singapore:
698:
693:
692:
691:
689:
681:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:
649:
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637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
614:
612:
609:
607:
603:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:S. Dhanabalan
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
539:
537:
536:Goh Chok Tong
533:
529:
524:
521:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
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392:
388:
384:
380:
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371:
366:
364:
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353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Goh Keng Swee
337:
333:
325:
320:
315:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:(1998–2003),
233:
230:(1998–2001),
229:
226:(1990–1998),
225:
222:(1975–1982),
221:
216:
215:(1987–1989).
214:
210:
207:(1979–1994),
206:
202:
197:
195:
189:
181:
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
154:
150:
142:
138:
135:
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110:
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102:
92:
88:
84:
71:
67:
60:
56:
53:
50:
47:
39:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
2969:22 September
2967:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2940:23 September
2938:. Retrieved
2931:
2921:
2911:23 September
2909:. Retrieved
2904:
2895:
2885:23 September
2883:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2857:21 September
2855:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2829:21 September
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2800:23 September
2798:. Retrieved
2792:
2769:23 September
2767:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2741:23 September
2739:. Retrieved
2733:
2705:23 September
2703:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2676:23 September
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2650:23 September
2648:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2622:23 September
2620:. Retrieved
2613:
2603:
2593:23 September
2591:. Retrieved
2585:
2575:
2565:23 September
2563:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2537:23 September
2535:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2509:23 September
2507:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2480:23 September
2478:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2452:23 September
2450:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2424:23 September
2422:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2396:23 September
2394:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2368:23 September
2366:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2340:23 September
2338:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2312:23 September
2310:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:
2283:23 September
2281:. Retrieved
2279:. p. 19
2274:
2264:
2254:23 September
2252:. Retrieved
2250:. p. 22
2245:
2235:
2225:23 September
2223:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2197:23 September
2195:. Retrieved
2188:
2178:
2168:23 September
2166:. Retrieved
2159:
2149:
2139:23 September
2137:. Retrieved
2135:. p. 35
2130:
2120:
2110:23 September
2108:. Retrieved
2101:
2091:
2081:23 September
2079:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2053:23 September
2051:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2025:20 September
2023:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:
1996:22 September
1994:. Retrieved
1987:
1978:
1968:22 September
1966:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1940:22 September
1938:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1912:22 September
1910:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1884:22 September
1882:. Retrieved
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