839:
911:
848:
857:
875:
947:
893:
33:
929:
46:
938:
920:
902:
956:
866:
884:
1493:
781:(0.1%, in the root). Withanolides are found almost exclusively in plants of the Solanaceae and, while it is noticeable that many psychoactive species belonging to that family contain only, or primarily, such compounds, not a single withanolide has yet been proven to be psychoactive. The compounds are named for the Solanaceous genus
653:
is then stirred into the pectin-rich solution, causing it to set after a few hours into a delicate, yellowish jelly of neutral flavour. This gelatinous product is relished, not for its taste, but for its intriguing and pleasant texture and it serves as a 'blank canvas' for a variety of flavourings -
433:
The literature on the plant features somewhat conflicting accounts of use, as a species both edible and toxic/medicinal, pointing to the conclusion that it should be regarded as suspect and treated with caution. The whole plant is said to be toxic (even, according to some sources, very toxic) and to
564:, although it is not native to the region. This may be due to a popular recognition of a familial resemblance - particularly in regard to calyces inflated at fruiting - to several native Solanaceous plants of the Himalaya long used in traditional medical practices, the genera involved being
260:
are bell-shaped and 5 centimeters or more across, pale violet with white throats (occasionally pure white), opening only for a few hours in the day. The flower becomes lantern-like towards the end of its blooming period, the inflated
1452:
Dräger, Birgit; Funck, Christoph; Höhler, Almut; Mrachatz, Gabriele; Nahrstedt, Adolf; Portsteffen, Andreas; Schaal, Angela; Schmidt, Rainer (1994). "Calystegines as a new group of tropane alkaloids in
Solanaceae".
1318:
Lumpert (2016). "Catching flies with
Amanita muscaria: traditional recipes from Slovenia and their efficacy in the extraction of ibotenic acid". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 187: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.009.
765:. It is not yet known whether this mild psychoactivity is referable to the alkaloid content or the withanolide content (or possibly to both - or indeed a synergy between the two). Like its more toxic relatives,
392:
gave negative results. A case was reported from New South Wales in 1970 in which two crossbred ewes died, apparently as a result of consuming this plant. The animals had been left to graze in a paddock of
666:, where they are valued both for the cooling relief they afford to those irked by the humid summer heat and the equally cooling contrast which they provide to the often highly spiced, local
1340:
Stoltz, B. M.; Kano, T.; Corey, E. J. (2000). "Enantioselective Total
Synthesis of Nicandrenones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 122 (37): 9044–9045. doi:10.1021/ja0024892.
1297:
Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the
Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere by J. Forbes Royle.Published London, Wm. H. Allen,1839.
485:
The rather dry, brown berries within the papery calyces have an odour reminiscent of cooking oil and, although described in at least one source as being poisonous, are eaten by the
1442:
edited by Hawkes, J.G., Lester, R.N. and
Skelding, A.D. (Linnean Society Symposium Series Number 7) Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press 1979, page 250.
2235:
1841:
1204:
Lewis, Walter
Hepworth and Memory Elvin-Lewis, P.F. Medical Botany : Plants Affecting Man's Health pub. Wiley-Interscience / John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1977.
2050:
1916:
1217:
first published by Angus and
Robertson, Australia 1974, revised edition published by same house as part of Australian National Science Library 1981, page 641.
691:
were used in parts of Europe. However, the flies were said to be killed outright, rather than merely stupefied, as in the case of the mushroom/milk infusion.
793:, is, as its specific name suggests, mildly psychoactive to the extent of being sleep-inducing (among other useful medicinal properties). The use of
2196:
1779:
1026:
2248:
2209:
1867:
1792:
384:), in which the plant has been suspected, on rather vague evidence, of poisoning stock at various times, although a feeding test carried out in
2011:
1939:
516:
in which system they are described as having an acrid taste and to possess 'a cooling, very poisonous potency' manifested in effects that are
2320:
1670:
1606:
1162:
1137:
713:. The nicandrenones, like certain other types of withanolide, have insecticidal properties. 30 years after their discovery, the first total
827:. The biosynthesis of these compounds is thought to take place via the tropane alkaloid pathway, the first metabolite being pseudotropine.
1505:
809:
as an adaptogen in traditional
Tibetan medicine (see above, under 'Uses') and is accounted for by withanolide content. Also present in
1704:
1665:
2335:
2330:
2222:
1828:
1091:
Watanabe, Hajime; Kusagaya, Yoshino; Saigusa, Masahiko (2002). "Environmental factors affecting germination of apple of Peru".
229:– in tropical, subtropical and, to a lesser extent, temperate areas all over the world. It has also long been cultivated as an
2086:
2253:
1990:
838:
1872:
1497:
1903:
588:(all belonging to tribe Hyoscyameae of subfamily Solanoideae). The much valued (and consequently over-harvested) species
346:, the plant is a frequent casual, found in bare or sparsely grassy places, including cultivated ground, waste places and
513:
1258:
CRC World dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms and etymology
910:
2170:
2037:
1854:
1629:
1593:
1017:
2261:
2091:
2024:
997:
992:
813:
are calystegines, a new group of polyhydroxy alkaloids with a nortropane skeleton and named for the bindweed genus
1921:
2345:
2325:
1611:
645:, soaking them for a time and then scrubbing them vigorously in a bowl of mineral water in order to liberate the
45:
1104:
856:
847:
1944:
874:
2266:
2029:
946:
1554:
401:
plants of around 60 cm in height, such that they overtopped the grass. Both ewes died, with symptoms of
252:
is an annual species growing to 1 metre tall with spreading branches and ovate, mid-green, toothed and waved
1756:
304:
1761:
1735:
540:
and unspecified 'contagious disorders' and furthermore to 'increase bodily vigour' (i.e. to function as an
2340:
1730:
1644:
1516:
1634:
1271:
162:
1797:
2214:
980:
928:
677:
In the southern United States, the juice of the plant has been mixed with milk as a poisoned bait for
2315:
1931:
1748:
1678:
414:
238:
892:
641:. The jelly is prepared by pouring a quantity of the small, plump, brown seeds into an envelope of
1975:
590:
493:. The seeds are said to be edible, but also to be employed as an insecticide and medicinally as an
32:
1980:
1895:
1306:
2287:
2119:
1743:
1470:
1376:
Mirjalili, Mohammad; Moyano, Elisabeth; Bonfill, Mercedes; Cusido, Rosa; Palazón, Javier (2009).
1108:
789:
714:
218:
40:
2101:
2016:
2240:
1846:
1065:
2183:
1952:
1652:
1409:
1158:
1133:
1127:
737:
650:
529:
717:
of nicandrenones was carried out in the year 2000. Amongst its other paradoxical attributes,
1957:
1462:
1399:
1389:
1100:
937:
919:
901:
731:
687:
671:
608:
553:
394:
284:
230:
1820:
955:
865:
283:
cordate) and not a single, undivided, bladder-like structure. The plant is thought to have
2111:
667:
598:
597:
Nicandra seeds have been used for at least a century in
Southwestern China to produce the
402:
385:
222:
183:
83:
1126:
Holm, LeRoy; Doll, Jerry; Holm, Eric; Pancho, Juan V.; Herberger, James P. (1997-03-05).
729:(well known as one of the active principles present in the notoriously toxic nightshades
350:. Its occurrence is often traceable to the presence of its seeds in commercial brands of
2003:
1242:
1998:
1722:
1565:
1404:
1377:
820:
722:
447:
443:
296:
262:
70:
2055:
2309:
1226:
557:
486:
471:
343:
300:
234:
233:
for its attractive flowers and curious fruits (the latter sometimes dried for use in
179:
1181:
pub. Sinclair-Stevenson, an imprint of Reed
International Books Ltd. 1996, page 302.
1112:
2292:
2124:
1657:
1474:
883:
823:). Their occurrence has been noted in several species of the Solanaceae, including
638:
572:
521:
502:
334:. It has been introduced in many tropical and temperate regions worldwide. It is a
226:
213:. It is thought originally to have been native to western South America, including
2188:
2175:
2162:
1585:
1364:
New Plant Sources for Drugs and Foods from The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium
749:). This property of the plant is reflected in one of the common names given it in
365:
is suspected of having poisonous properties similar to those possessed by certain
2151:
2042:
1967:
1882:
1598:
1378:"Steroidal Lactones from Withania somnifera, an Ancient Plant for Novel Medicine"
2078:
1908:
1890:
1805:
1548:
1191:
774:
726:
710:
642:
578:
498:
494:
459:
410:
347:
339:
198:
1575:
1539:
1428:
The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications
1394:
815:
682:
678:
525:
479:
467:
380:
202:
129:
1709:
769:
is alkaloidal, analyses having revealed the presence of the tropane alkaloid
1717:
1691:
802:
770:
742:
541:
537:
533:
517:
463:
455:
374:
373:. Some conflicting evidence in respect of these suspicions has emerged from
351:
319:
119:
2279:
2068:
1859:
1413:
1077:
470:. Unspecified medicinal uses of the leaves have also been recorded in the
1492:
2274:
2145:
2063:
1621:
1533:
783:
706:
655:
584:
566:
549:
506:
451:
439:
435:
406:
288:
267:
139:
109:
96:
1771:
2201:
1784:
1466:
798:
778:
762:
703:
663:
603:
323:
1810:
1260:. Vol. IV, M–Q. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. p. 277.
750:
646:
616:
561:
475:
257:
1510:
1833:
1696:
1030:
490:
418:
370:
327:
280:
57:
2227:
303:, which may, however be broken by a combination of warm and cold
654:
notably a locally produced, unrefined, brown sugar syrup with a
389:
335:
331:
253:
214:
1683:
1514:
1307:
https://www.foodandwine.com/news/get-ready-for-the-bingfen-boom
745:- a symptom said also to be caused by the alkaloids present in
307:, involving temperature fluctuation between 15 and 25 °C.
466:; while the juice of the fresh leaves has been used to treat
1153:
Blamey, Marjorie; Fitter, Richard; Fitter, Alastair (2013).
1105:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0152:EFAGOA]2.0.CO;2
757:
i.e. 'country belladonna') and likewise in the common name
725:
of a type similar to that elicited by the tropane alkaloid
721:
is also slightly intoxicating, showing a certain degree of
1054:
Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers
16:
Species of flowering plant in the tomato family Solanaceae
685:
in the same way in which the crumbled caps of the fungus
1243:"Splash of Cream Apple of Peru Seeds from Alchemy Works"
446:. The tender leaves have, on occasion, been cooked as a
1192:"Nicandra physalodes (Shoo-fly plant) / RHS Gardening"
421:
of the ewes were observed to contain large amounts of
548:
is used as a folk remedy in several countries in the
2135:
1523:
1232:, pub. Oxford University Press 1969, pps. 370-371.
594:is perhaps particularly relevant in this context.
241:of countries far-removed from its original home.
1351:Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World
1129:World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution
975:
973:
497:, being boiled with water and taken for fever,
318:is native to western South America – Northwest
1272:"Nicandra physalodes - Useful Tropical Plants"
1288:, pub. Oxford University Press 1984, page 288
197:is a species of flowering plant in subfamily
8:
417:, but no other apparent abnormalities. The
279:) the fruiting calyx is deeply lobed, (the
1511:
1440:The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae
1331:pub. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1968.
1329:Soma : Divine Mushroom of Immortality
532:and antipyretic; being used also to treat
31:
20:
1403:
1393:
1027:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
662:are particularly popular in the city of
287:properties, particularly in relation to
969:
834:
702:contains nicandrenones, a group of the
377:(where the plant is sometimes known as
369:species implicated in the poisoning of
1430:pub. Park Street Press 2005, page 867.
1362:von Reis, Siri and Lipp, Frank J. jr.
637:and said to have been invented in the
1366:, pub. Harvard University Press 1982.
265:somewhat resembling those of certain
7:
2092:b47a558e-f726-45bf-8e3f-2ee10a9c094c
1932:a782b064-39e3-4fcb-9a7d-3d8a6077d16b
1455:Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
1349:Wink, Michael and van Wyk, Ben-Erik
1157:(2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury.
450:or pot herb (e.g. in the cuisine of
1155:Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland
787:, the best-known species of which,
1284:Polunin, Oleg and Stainton, Adam,
458:of the leaves has been used as an
205:. It is known by the common names
14:
658:-like taste. Desserts based upon
2267:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:814392-1
2030:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:816832-1
1491:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
837:
629:), known usually in the west as
544:) if consumed in regular doses.
237:) and has been adopted into the
44:
299:(seed coat) and exhibit strong
217:, and is known elsewhere as an
1353:, pub. Timber Press Inc. 2008.
805:medicine parallels the use of
621:
295:seeds have a relatively thick
1:
1309:Retrieved at 15.50 on 5/8/21.
1256:Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012).
1215:Poisonous Plants of Australia
801:') as a tonic (adaptogen) in
601:used in the dessert known as
2321:Flora of Northwest Argentina
797:(common name (i.a.) 'Indian
514:traditional Tibetan medicine
2362:
998:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
993:Plants of the World Online
1395:10.3390/molecules14072373
1132:. John Wiley & Sons.
612:
434:be used medicinally as a
342:nearly worldwide. In the
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
505:, thus further implying
2336:Flora of northern Chile
1286:Flowers of the Himalaya
625:: literal translation:
2331:Flora of central Chile
1230:Wild Flowers of Europe
1056:, fourth edition,1987.
512:The seeds are used in
397:heavily infested with
1078:"Nicandra physalodes"
409:there were extensive
1981:Nicandra physaloides
1502:at Wikimedia Commons
649:which they contain.
405:within 12 hours. At
388:using a sheep and a
326:, North and Central
239:traditional medicine
1968:Nicandra_physalodes
1749:Nicandra physalodes
1671:Nicandra_physalodes
1612:Nicandra_physalodes
1555:Nicandra physalodes
1525:Nicandra physalodes
1499:Nicandra physalodes
1426:Rätsch, Christian,
1327:Wasson, R. Gordon,
1213:Everist, Selwyn L.
1066:Plants for a Future
983:Nicandra physalodes
767:Nicandra physalodes
700:Nicandra physalodes
591:Anisodus tanguticus
546:Nicandra physalodes
399:Nicandra physalodes
363:Nicandra physalodes
316:Nicandra physalodes
250:Nicandra physalodes
194:Nicandra physalodes
172:Nicandra physalodes
25:Nicandra physalodes
1467:10.1007/BF00033882
790:Withania somnifera
755:belladonne de pays
271:spp., although in
154:N. physalodes
2303:
2302:
2137:Atropa physalodes
1953:Open Tree of Life
1517:Taxon identifiers
1496:Media related to
1164:978-1-4081-7950-5
1139:978-0-471-04701-8
987:
825:Atropa belladonna
738:Atropa belladonna
627:iced rice noodles
530:anti-inflammatory
225:– sometimes as a
203:nightshade family
190:
189:
2353:
2346:Medicinal plants
2326:Flora of Bolivia
2296:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1911:
1909:NHMSYS0000460998
1899:
1898:
1886:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1512:
1495:
1479:
1478:
1461:(2–3): 235–240.
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1388:(7): 2373–2393.
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1179:Flora Britannica
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1029:. Archived from
1024:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
985:
977:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
732:Hyoscyamus niger
688:Amanita muscaria
672:Mala (seasoning)
623:
614:
554:Himachal Pradesh
395:Wimmera ryegrass
285:insect repellent
231:ornamental plant
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1880:MichiganFlora:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1519:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1177:Mabey, Richard
1176:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
979:
978:
971:
966:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
697:
668:Sichuan cuisine
431:
386:New South Wales
360:
313:
247:
223:ruderal species
186:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:wfo-0001019443
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2157:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
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723:psychoactivity
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448:leaf vegetable
444:cough medicine
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719:N. physalodes
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293:N. physalodes
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207:apple-of-Peru
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163:Binomial name
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1093:Weed Science
1092:
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1053:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1018:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
991:
986:(L.) Gaertn.
982:
824:
814:
810:
806:
794:
788:
782:
766:
761:given it in
758:
754:
746:
741:and causing
736:
730:
718:
711:withanolides
699:
698:
686:
676:
659:
639:Qing dynasty
634:
630:
626:
620:
602:
596:
589:
583:
577:
573:Physochlaina
571:
565:
560:, Nepal and
552:, including
545:
522:anthelmintic
511:
509:properties.
503:constipation
484:
432:
422:
398:
378:
366:
362:
361:
358:Stock poison
348:rubbish tips
315:
314:
311:Distribution
292:
276:
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193:
192:
191:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
2316:Solanoideae
2004:kew-2383030
1891:NatureServe
1806:iNaturalist
1549:Wikispecies
795:W.somnifera
775:pyrrolidine
727:hyoscyamine
651:Slaked lime
643:cheesecloth
579:Przewalskia
499:indigestion
495:antipyretic
460:insecticide
454:), yet the
411:hemorrhages
340:arable land
275:(unlike in
245:Description
199:Solanoideae
84:Angiosperms
2310:Categories
2099:WisFlora:
1999:Plant List
1642:Calflora:
1040:2014-10-17
1003:2019-03-28
964:References
816:Calystegia
683:blow flies
679:houseflies
670:(see also
526:antibiotic
489:people of
480:Madagascar
468:amoebiasis
381:gooseberry
219:introduced
130:Solanaceae
2152:Q21871954
1834:1055225-2
1762:200020547
1736:200020547
1718:FloraBase
1382:Molecules
803:Ayurvedic
777:alkaloid
771:tropinone
759:belladona
743:mydriasis
715:synthesis
709:known as
704:steroidal
695:Chemistry
635:ice jelly
542:adaptogen
538:impotence
534:toothache
518:analgesic
464:head lice
462:to treat
456:decoction
375:Australia
352:bird seed
320:Argentina
148:Species:
120:Solanales
54:Kingdom:
2280:29603222
2275:Tropicos
2241:10515333
2146:Wikidata
2087:VicFlora
2076:VASCAN:
2069:29602519
2064:Tropicos
1965:PalDat:
1896:2.150998
1847:10206781
1666:eFloraSA
1619:BioLib:
1540:Q1509784
1534:Wikidata
1414:19633611
1113:86230652
811:Nicandra
807:Nicandra
784:Withania
773:and the
753:(namely
747:Nicandra
707:lactones
656:molasses
585:Scopolia
567:Anisodus
550:Himalaya
507:laxative
452:Tanzania
440:sedative
436:diuretic
423:Nicandra
419:paunches
407:necropsy
367:Physalis
301:dormancy
289:whitefly
277:Physalis
273:Nicandra
268:Physalis
141:Nicandra
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
2228:26510-2
2202:2928856
1785:5341754
1475:6220839
1405:6255378
831:Gallery
799:ginseng
779:hygrine
763:Bolivia
664:Chengdu
622:bīngfěn
609:Chinese
604:bingfen
324:Bolivia
263:calyces
258:flowers
201:of the
184:Gaertn.
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2254:509371
2176:195104
2163:119675
2160:APDB:
2056:2844-1
2012:PLANTS
1958:232472
1929:NZOR:
1772:NICPHY
1769:FoIO:
1710:184982
1684:579531
1635:438714
1586:119600
1583:APDB:
1563:AoFP:
1473:
1412:
1402:
1161:
1136:
1111:
751:France
647:pectin
619::
617:pinyin
611::
562:Sikkim
476:Brazil
281:sepals
256:. The
254:leaves
2236:IRMNG
2109:WoI:
2051:SANBI
2043:52667
1988:PFI:
1940:NZPCN
1922:33118
1873:30561
1860:36289
1842:IRMNG
1818:IPA:
1811:78217
1798:25243
1744:FoAO2
1705:EUNIS
1697:NICPH
1658:749S3
1622:40734
1599:75483
1573:APA:
1471:S2CID
1109:S2CID
1034:(xls)
1023:(xls)
599:jelly
491:Nepal
415:lungs
403:bloat
379:wild
371:sheep
328:Chile
297:testa
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
2262:POWO
2249:ITIS
2223:IPNI
2215:6052
2210:GRIN
2197:GBIF
2189:JLXF
2171:APNI
2112:2516
2102:9409
2079:9356
2025:POWO
2017:NIPH
1991:4691
1976:PfaF
1945:3222
1917:NCBI
1883:2700
1868:ITIS
1829:IPNI
1821:6084
1793:GRIN
1780:GBIF
1723:6970
1692:EPPO
1645:5853
1630:BOLD
1607:ATRF
1594:APNI
1576:3538
1410:PMID
1159:ISBN
1134:ISBN
735:and
681:and
582:and
501:and
487:Raji
478:and
442:and
429:Uses
390:goat
336:weed
332:Peru
330:and
227:weed
221:and
215:Peru
209:and
2288:WFO
2184:CoL
2120:WFO
2038:RHS
1904:NBN
1855:ISC
1757:FoC
1731:FNA
1679:EoL
1653:CoL
1566:307
1463:doi
1400:PMC
1390:doi
1101:doi
633:or
474:of
338:of
2312::
2290::
2277::
2264::
2251::
2238::
2225::
2212::
2199::
2186::
2173::
2148::
2122::
2089::
2066::
2053::
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2027::
2014::
2001::
1978::
1955::
1942::
1919::
1906::
1893::
1870::
1857::
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1808::
1795::
1782::
1759::
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1707::
1694::
1681::
1668::
1655::
1632::
1609::
1596::
1551::
1536::
1469:.
1459:38
1457:.
1408:.
1398:.
1386:14
1384:.
1380:.
1107:.
1097:50
1095:.
1025:.
996:.
990:.
972:^
674:.
615:;
613:冰粉
576:,
570:,
556:,
536:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
482:.
438:,
425:.
354:.
322:,
291:.
182:)
180:L.
106::
93::
80::
67::
1477:.
1465::
1416:.
1392::
1274:.
1245:.
1194:.
1167:.
1142:.
1115:.
1103::
1080:.
1043:.
1006:.
988:"
981:"
819:(
607:(
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
