Nigel (bishop of Ely) - Knowledge (XXG)

969:, the swampy land around Ely, to increase the agricultural lands around his bishopric. He also fortified the Isle of Ely with stone defences, probably starting around 1140. The remains of one castle on Cherry Hill in Ely probably date to Nigel's fortifications. Early in his time as bishop he was active in recovering the church's lands that had been granted to knights by his predecessors, and soon after his consecration he ordered an inquest made into the lands actually owned by the diocese and cathedral chapter. The bishop spent most of his life in debt, but in the year he died he managed to clear it with his son's help. The monks of his cathedral chapter did not like the fact that they were required to pay for the bishop's appeals to Rome to recover his see, or pay for regaining the king's favour. Their dislike of their bishop is evident in the 891:, or judges of the Exchequer. Among the reforms carried out by Nigel were the restoration of the "blanch farm" system, whereby a random sample of coins was assayed and any shortage was collected from the sheriff, and the restoration of collections from a swath of counties that had quit paying taxes during Stephen's reign. The most substantial change was the return to a unified system of finances, which in turn required a reconciliation of the two different systems in use by Stephen and Matilda. Despite Nigel's reinstatement to the Exchequer, and the nomination of his son as treasurer, Nigel did not enjoy the power that his uncle had wielded under Henry 800:, or papal instruction, ordering the restoration to Nigel of the lands of his bishopric, and it appears that after the capture of Stephen, Matilda managed to restore Nigel to Ely briefly. In 1141 Nigel, along with his brother Alexander, was one of the supporters of Matilda who, after the capture of Stephen by Matilda's forces, reached an agreement with Henry of Blois to replace Stephen with Matilda on the throne. Ultimately, this agreement came to nothing when Matilda's chief supporter, her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, was captured and later exchanged for Stephen. Stephen's release meant that the king was free to send 792:, but was soon besieged and forced to flee. Even his own cathedral chapter refused to support him, and his revolt collapsed in January. Nigel took refuge at the court of Stephen's rival, the Empress Matilda, who had landed in England in the south on 30 September 1139 in a bid to take the throne. The revolt stood little chance of succeeding, for there were no supporters of Matilda close to East Anglia, and it is likely that Nigel reacted more out of fear and anger at his uncle's death than anything else. It appears likely that Nigel appealed to Pope 51: 432: 749:

deciding anything except to appeal to the pope. In the end, the appeal never reached Rome. Part of the problem confronting the assembled bishops was that Stephen had not expelled Roger's family from their ecclesiastical offices, merely their secular ones. Stephen's representatives argued that the bishops had given up their castles and money voluntarily to avoid secular charges. The defence taken by the king was not novel; it had been used before by William

714: 682:, who wished to be the main advisors of the king. Roger, Alexander, and Nigel together held key castles, including Salisbury, Devizes, Sherborne, Malmesbury, Sleaford, and Newark. The Beaumonts alleged that Roger and his family were fortifying the castles they held in preparation for turning them over to Matilda. They urged the king to confiscate the castles before they were lost. Although the 428:, received a grant of money, which he used to purchase a lordship in Normandy. The brothers fought amongst themselves for the next twenty years; the initial conflict was between Rufus and Robert, but after Rufus' death in 1100 Henry, who succeeded Rufus as King of England, also became involved. Eventually, in 1106, Henry captured Robert, imprisoned him for life, and took control of Normandy. 729:, and the king followed and began a siege. The king threatened to hang Roger in front of the castle unless it capitulated, and Nigel, under pressure from Roger's wife, surrendered the castle after the siege had lasted three days. All three bishops then submitted and surrendered their secular offices and castles. They were, however, allowed to retain their dioceses. Nigel surrendered 725:. The brawl may have been provoked by the Beaumonts, for Alan was often associated with them. At a court held at Oxford in June 1139, Stephen required Roger of Salisbury, Alexander of Lincoln, and Nigel to surrender their castles as a consequence of the brawl. When Roger and his family delayed, the king ordered their arrest. Nigel managed to escape arrest by fleeing to the castle of 577:

vacant abbey secured permission to make the change, and became the first Bishop of Ely. However, the administrative changes needed to make the abbey into a bishopric took longer, and were still unresolved at the time of Nigel's appointment. Regardless, Nigel was constantly at court, as shown by his appearance 31 times as a witness to charters during the last ten years of Henry

858:. The king had to ask Nigel several times to return before the bishop agreed, and one reason for Nigel's reluctance may have been that he would have to work with Robert, Earl of Leicester, one of the Beaumonts, who had been responsible for turning Stephen against Nigel's family in 1139. Another of Nigel's colleagues in the administration was a layman, 605:(the house chronicle of the monks of Ely) continued to decry his administration of the diocese and the lands of the cathedral chapter, alleging that "he kept back for himself some properties of the church which he wanted, and very good ones they were". The chronicle contains a number of complaints that Nigel oppressed the monks or despoiled them. 692:, a medieval chronicle of the events of Stephen's reign, alleges that Roger was disloyal to Stephen, the evidence is against such action by Roger, as he had been an opponent of Matilda since 1126, when she was first put forward as her father's heir. Roger and his family also had been early supporters of Stephen's seizure of the crown after Henry 1099:, was found in another church in Ely in 1829 and is now in the north choir aisle of Ely Cathedral. The fact that it was found outside the cathedral does not preclude it having once been there, as the cathedral's tombs and monuments underwent two large regroupings, once in the late 17th century and again in the middle 18th century. 1015:

I". The historian W. L. Warren said that "Stephen probably paid dearly for the dismissal of Bishop Roger of Salisbury and Bishop Nigel of Ely, for the expertise of the exchequer was lodged in their expertise." Whatever Nigel's administrative talent, his ecclesiastical abilities are generally held to

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and other privileges until his death in 1169. His son, Richard fitzNeal, who is the main source for information about Nigel's career in the Exchequer, stated that he fulfilled Nigel's treasury duties when Nigel was ill. Nigel continued to spar with Robert, the Earl of Leicester, and Richard fitzNeal

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in August 1147. He took part in shire courts in both Norfolk and Suffolk in 1150, and continued to assist with episcopal consecrations throughout the remainder of Stephen's reign. No records exist of him being involved with treasury affairs during this time. His witnessing of charters is sparse, and

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in England, called an ecclesiastical council at Winchester on 29 August 1139, and summoned the king to answer charges that he had unlawfully arrested clergy. The king refused to attend, and sent a representative instead. After meeting for a few days, the council was dismissed on 1 September without

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Traditionally, the arrest of the bishops has been seen as a turning point in Stephen's reign, and the event that turned the ecclesiastical hierarchy against him. Recent historians have held a lively debate on the issue; a few still hold to the traditional interpretation, but most have decided that

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I died in 1135, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald contented himself with his possessions in France. Matilda, though, was less sanguine, and secured the support of the

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I, and seems to have held that office from around 1126. He was already a receiver, or auditor and administrator, in the treasury of Normandy, and he served as treasurer for both realms, moving with the king and court between England and Normandy. The date of his appointment is unclear, as until he

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In 1143 Nigel became involved in a quarrel with the powerful Henry of Blois. Charges of depriving a priest of a church, giving church property to laymen, and encouraging sedition were brought against Nigel, and he was forced to go to Rome to defend himself, only reaching there in 1144. He did not

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The pipe roll for 1155–1156 has several entries which declare that Nigel was making decisions about monetary affairs and issuing writs, but later pipe rolls do not contain any such entries. It appears likely that after the initial reorganization of the Exchequer, Nigel's involvement lessened. He

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I's reign. This left little time for administration of his diocese, and Nigel appointed a married clergyman, Ranulf of Salisbury, to administer the diocese. Ranulf seems to have tyrannized the monks of the cathedral chapter, and Nigel appears to have done little to protect his monks from abuse.

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Ely had until 1109 been an independent monastery, but its last abbot, Richard, had proposed to the king a plan by which the abbey would become a bishopric, presumably with the abbot himself as bishop. Richard died before the proposal could be put into operation, but in 1109, the custodian of the

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threatened to suspend Nigel from office unless the bishop restored all the lands that had belonged to the church when Nigel became bishop. The restitution was hampered by the absence of the king from England, and the dispute dragged on until finally it was resolved by Nigel pledging in front of

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Another source of conflict with his monks was the desire of the cathedral chapter to enjoy the same "liberty" as a corporate body that the bishops did in the diocese. This liberty was a group of rights that the abbey had originally held, and had transferred to the bishop when the abbey became a

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Nigel's date of birth is uncertain, but it is likely to have been some time around 1100. Historians occasionally refer to him as Nigel Poor or Nigel of Ely, but before his elevation to the episcopate he was commonly known as Nigel, the bishop's nephew, or Nigel, the treasurer. He was probably a

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In 1133, Roger of Salisbury secured the bishopric of Ely for Nigel. Ely had been without a bishop since 1131; after the two-year vacancy, King Henry made the appointment because he was settling outstanding business before leaving England to return to Normandy. At this time Henry also appointed

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issued a number of rulings in Nigel's favour, ordering his restitution to Ely. He was then finally reconciled with Stephen by paying a fine of £200 and offering his son Richard fitzNeal as a hostage. While Nigel was at Rome, Ely was attacked by the king's forces. The monks sent to Geoffrey de

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I's death. The contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis felt that Roger's family were going to betray the king, but William of Malmesbury believed that the allegations were based on envy from "powerful laymen". Whatever Roger's position, Nigel's own position on Matilda is less clear, and it is

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about the procedures of the Exchequer, had been taught those procedures by his father. Nigel's uncle Roger had at least one son, Roger, who was King Stephen's chancellor; Adelelm, who succeeded Nigel as treasurer after his first term, was probably Roger's son also. Another relative was

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wrote that Nigel "had devoted all his energies and abilities to matters purely secular; in the department of financial administration he was supreme, and more than any other man he helped to ensure the continuity and development of the excellent administrative practice initiated under

599:, or the right to command dues from the land, and the right to levy tolls. They also included the right to hold courts dealing with theft. Around 1135, Nigel conceded this point to the monks. Although he restored some of the lands that had been taken from the monks by Ranulf, the 530:

became a bishop, royal charters listed him as "nephew of the bishop" (Roger of Salisbury) rather than by any office he held. In 1131, though, he was listed in a papal letter as "Nigel, the treasurer", which securely establishes that he held the office at that date.

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Nigel also served as a royal justice under Henry II. Although his relations with the government had improved, his relations with the monks of his cathedral chapter, which had never been good, continued to be marked by quarrels. In 1156 the English Pope

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Mandeville for aid, and Geoffrey came and occupied the Isle of Ely, while the king's forces occupied the lands of the diocese outside the Isle. Both occupying forces did damage to the lands of the diocese and the cathedral chapter. The monks, in the

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Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, to restore the lands. By 1158 Nigel had managed to restore enough possessions that Adrian relaxed the conditions. Even this did not end the quarrels with the monks, as Nigel then named a married clerk as

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by William de Corbeil – who was by then Archbishop of Canterbury – possibly with the assistance of Roger of Salisbury. Nigel continued to hold the office of treasurer until 1136, when he was replaced by a relative,

777:, not because of any alienation of the church, but through court politics, where Stephen showed himself incapable of manipulating the factions of his court. The ascendency of the Beaumonts was marked by the placement of one of their protégés, 697:

possible that he was never as opposed to her as his uncle. No evidence survives that he was estranged from Stephen, however, as Nigel continued to witness charters throughout the first four years of Stephen's reign. According to the historian

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When ... Nigel ... needed to raise money in order to repair his own political fortunes, he stripped down, sold, or used as security, a quite astounding number of Ely's monastic treasures. These numbered Crucifixes of gold and silver from the

367:, but eventually reconciled with Stephen. Although he subsequently held some minor administrative posts, he never regained high office under Stephen. On the king's death in 1154, Nigel was returned to the treasurership by the new king, 585:

Later, during the early years of Stephen's reign, Nigel claimed to have uncovered a plot led by Ranulf to assassinate Normans. The exact nature of the conspiracy is obscure, and it is unclear what prompted it. The medieval chronicler

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claimed that Ranulf planned to kill all the Normans in the government and hand the country over to the Scots. After the discovery of the plot, Ranulf fled the country and Nigel made peace with the monks of his cathedral chapter.

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After Stephen's accession, Nigel was at first retained as treasurer, but the king came to suspect him and his family of secretly supporting Matilda. The prime movers behind Stephen's suspicions against the bishops were the

4075: 1024:... disregarding the holy and simple manner of life that befits a Christian priest they devoted themselves so utterly to warfare and the vanities of this world that whenever they attended court by appointment they 842:

almost always in company with other bishops; this suggests that he was at court only for councils or other similar events. Nigel was a witness to Stephen's charter that left England to Matilda's son,

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I, and his knowledge of the Exchequer was needed to help reorganize the revenues of the king and restore administrative practices lost during Stephen's reign. The lone pipe roll to survive from Henry

387:, or Treasury of England. Most historians assess that Nigel's administrative abilities were excellent, and he is considered to have been more talented as an administrator than as a religious figure. 936:, although he did agree with his fellow bishops who opposed the king's attempt to reduce clerical benefits. He may have been buried at Ely, where a 12th-century marble slab possibly marks his tomb. 932:

Nigel died on 30 May 1169. In either 1164 or in 1166, or possibly both, he had been struck by paralysis, and after this he seems to have withdrawn from active affairs. He took little part in

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After the accession of Henry II, Nigel was summoned to reorganize the Exchequer, or treasury, that was responsible for the production of the government's financial records, including the

998:... was sold to the Bishop of Lincoln, Alexander, who took it with him to Rome as a gift of particular splendour. It is a biting commentary on attitudes of the Anglo-Norman episcopy to 4061: 517:

in 1115, and may have returned to England from Laon by 1112. From the time of his return until around 1120 he served as a royal chaplain and attested a number of royal charters.

920:, the new Archbishop of Canterbury. Nigel did manage to secure a reduction in the assessment of knight's fees due from the diocese, from the sixty fees that were due under Henry 826:, complained that Nigel had taken items from the church to finance his trip, and that they were required to help contribute to the bribe when Nigel was reconciled with Stephen. 4300: 874:

II. Nigel was able to increase the revenues compared to what had been collected under Stephen, but he was unable to quickly return them to the amounts collected under Henry

737:, both of which had been constructed by Alexander. Stephen promptly gave Newark to Robert, Earl of Leicester, who was in turn excommunicated by Alexander of Lincoln. 895:

I. The exact date of Richard's appointment as treasurer is obscure, but it was sometime between 1158 and 1160, as he is securely attested as treasurer in 1160. The

363:, Nigel remained as treasurer only briefly before his family was ousted from political office by the new king. Nigel rebelled and deserted to Stephen's rival 679: 1108:

The modern biographer of Roger of Salisbury states that Richard was born before Nigel's consecration, although he gives no source for this information.

801: 675: 4285: 3616: 1002:, that it was left to the pope to point out that such an artistic heirloom should never have left Ely in the first place and to order its return. 4068: 2849: 2767: 2745: 379:

I. He withdrew from much of his public work after around 1164, following an attack of paralysis. He was succeeded as treasurer by his son,

344:, who like Nigel was advanced to episcopal status. Nigel was educated on the continent before becoming a royal administrator. He served as 3059:

Karn, Nicholas (August 2007). "Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and the Restoration of the Exchequer after the 'Anarchy' of King Stephen's Reign".

475: 497:, although which archdeaconry he held is unclear. Most modern historians believe that Nigel was brother to Alexander of Lincoln, later 830: 337: 3424: 3402: 3274: 3252: 3213: 3194: 3175: 3153: 3111: 3089: 3049: 2958: 2890: 2868: 2830: 2811: 2789: 2709: 2687: 2653: 2634: 2615: 2593: 2571: 1028:... aroused general astonishment on account of the extraordinary concourse of knights by which they were surrounded on every side." 949: 888: 2924: 2901: 506: 505:, a medieval chronicler, considered both Alexander and Nigel to be well educated and diligent. Nigel attended the consecration of 3146:

The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216

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Callahan, Thomas Jr. (1993). "The Arrest of the Bishops at Stephen's Court: A Reassessment". In Patterson, Robert B. (ed.).

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I. It may have been Nigel who urged the king to attempt to recover estates that had been alienated during Stephen's reign.

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Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum

883: 501:, but this relationship is not specifically attested in the sources, which state merely that both were Roger's nephews. 3788: 3696: 3436: 2603: 1068:

Whether or not Nigel continued to hold office until 1136, it is clear that Adelelm was not put into office until 1136.

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I's reign, for the year 1130, may be Nigel's own copy, brought with him to the Exchequer when he returned under Henry

649:. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry 3911: 3353: 2926:

Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Bishops: Ely

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Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Bishops: Ely

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relays a story about Nigel and Robert confronting each other at the Exchequer over traditional exemptions of the

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By 1147, Nigel was again witnessing Stephen's charters, and in 1153 or 1154 he was named in a grant of lands to

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states that Nigel paid the king £400 to secure the office for Richard. Some historians have seen Nigel as Henry

817:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who went there around this time on separate business. While he was there, Pope 770: 459: 4053: 613:

Following King Henry's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the king's nephews –

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Roger died in December 1139 while in the king's custody. After the death of his uncle, Nigel, then in

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Adelelm also lost his office of Treasurer, and no further Treasurer was appointed until 1158 or 1159.

838: 834: 762: 741: 494: 405: 341: 100: 4183: 4084: 3783: 3686: 3542: 3515: 2968: 2946: 1096: 962:, who succeeded Richard fitzNeal as treasurer in 1196, although the exact relationship is unclear. 843: 655: 560: 547: 443: 431: 408:. Following William's death in 1087 his realm was divided between two of his sons. His middle son, 368: 345: 207: 174: 3322:

Sayers, Jane (2009). "A Once Proud Prelate: An Unidentified Episcopal Monument in Ely Cathedral".

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says both he and Alexander were "men who loved display and were rash in their reckless presumption

573:, may have been written by Nigel, or possibly for his use, and probably was composed around 1135. 4111: 4091: 3488: 3378: 3370: 3339: 2990: 933: 778: 626: 614: 467: 455: 439: 425: 413: 360: 329: 325: 264: 122: 375:. Nigel's second tenure as treasurer saw him return the administration to the practices of Henry 4100: 3916: 3854: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3466: 3420: 3398: 3310: 3293: 3270: 3262: 3248: 3231: 3209: 3190: 3171: 3149: 3129: 3107: 3085: 3045: 2954: 2886: 2864: 2845: 2826: 2807: 2785: 2763: 2741: 2724: 2705: 2697: 2683: 2675: 2649: 2630: 2611: 2589: 2567: 940: 698: 671: 539: 514: 498: 486: 463: 353: 454:. It is likely that his father was Roger's brother Humphrey. Other students at Laon included 4220: 4199: 3701: 3639: 3569: 3552: 3480: 3445: 3362: 3331: 3068: 3014: 2982: 944: 401: 380: 231: 75: 1006:

Most historians have seen Nigel as an administrator, not a religious bishop. The historian

994:, given by King Edgar, which was almost all of gold. A gold and bejewelled textile covering 400:

by ancestry although he was brought up in England, which in 1066 had been conquered by the

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In 1139 supporters of Roger and his family brawled in public with some men who supported

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and government. Nigel owed his advancement to his uncle, as did Nigel's probable brother

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Spear, David S. (Spring 1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066-1204".

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Yoshitake, Kenji (1988). "The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences".

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Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4: Salisbury: Archdeacons of Salisbury

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Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4: Salisbury: Archdeacons of Salisbury

745: 596: 3032: 947:. Another son was William, called William the Englishman. Richard, who wrote the 4017: 4012: 3763: 3738: 3484: 3285: 983: 793: 789: 785: 774: 658:, who was her maternal uncle, and in 1138 also the support of her half-brother, 3018: 478:, and other men subsequently to hold bishoprics in the Anglo-Norman dominions. 3163: 3006: 855: 797: 642: 563:

placed his departure from the office in 1133 with his appointment to Ely. The

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The Beaumont Twins: The Roots & Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century

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reactions in the English church were more ambivalent. One modern historian,

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The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English

2762:(reprint of 2008 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 726: 551: 397: 3492: 3374: 3148:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2994: 3290:

The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta

2863:(Revised Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 846:. When Henry succeeded Stephen, Nigel was present at the coronation. 324:

from 1133 to 1169. He came from an ecclesiastical family; his uncle

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An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England

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The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church

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against Nigel, and Nigel submitted to the king, probably in 1142.

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Adelelm was either the son or the nephew of Roger of Salisbury.

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When he took vows as a cleric is unrecorded, but Nigel held a

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This slab, which is decorated with an image of the archangel

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with gold-embroidered apparels, given by St Æthelwold, and a

943:, and his son Richard fitzNeal was later Lord Treasurer and 3230:(Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2859:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

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Following the accession in 1135 of Henry's successor, King

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Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England 1089–1135

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return to his diocese until 1145. He probably accompanied

2648:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 97–108. 621: – and Henry's surviving legitimate child 2844:. Fairweather, Janet (trans.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. 450:

in France, where he probably studied mathematics under

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The Governance of Norman and Angevin England 1086–1272

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A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England

2971:(April 1978). "The Origins of the English Treasury". 2608:

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3397:. The Governance of England. London: Edward Arnold. 3126:

The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket

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Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History

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at this time, for in October 1140 Innocent issued a

485:, an ecclesiastical office in the cathedral, in the 4236: 4209: 4182: 4171: 4146: 4135: 4110: 4099: 3955: 3812: 3726: 3632: 833:in Cambridge. He assisted with the consecration of 282: 270: 260: 225: 213: 203: 173: 154: 146: 133: 128: 115: 110: 91: 81: 71: 63: 34: 2929:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 2906:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 2740:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. 525:Nigel first became Treasurer in the reign of Henry 3324:Journal of the British Archaeological Association 2388:Journal of the British Archaeological Association 3419:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3269:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 3084:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 348:under King Henry, before being appointed to the 2825:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 1077:Henry I had more than 20 illegitimate children. 934:the disputes between the king and Thomas Becket 383:, whom he had trained in the operations of the 336:, and other relatives also held offices in the 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1575: 1573: 1559: 1557: 1517: 1515: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1431: 1429: 788:, revolted. In January 1140, he fortified the 328:was a bishop and government minister for King 4069: 3610: 3170:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 3128:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2885:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2200: 2198: 1796: 1794: 1729: 1727: 882:continued to be active, though, and obtained 550:. Nigel was consecrated on 1 October 1133 at 8: 3267:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 2738:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases 2670:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2028: 2026: 2024: 1841: 1839: 1643: 1641: 1579:Hollister "Origins of the English Treasury" 1468:Hollister "Origins of the English Treasury" 1373: 1371: 446:, saw to Nigel's education at the school of 4301:12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 2723:(Third ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1713: 1711: 1709: 1415: 1413: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1300: 1298: 740:Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, who was 4179: 4143: 4107: 4076: 4062: 4054: 3617: 3603: 3595: 3500: 2682:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers. 2492:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 2427:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 2336:Introduction to the Administrative History 2112:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1812: 1810: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 320:clergyman and administrator who served as 49: 31: 3292:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 916:of Ely, an action which was condemned by 2953:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2531:Governance of Norman and Angevin England 3011:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2883:The Government of England Under Henry I 2629:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2586:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 2544:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1167:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1119: 1036: 3082:Roger of Salisbury, Viceroy of England 2588:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 3469:(July 1893). "Nigel, Bishop of Ely". 3189:(Second ed.). New York: Norton. 2806:(Third ed.). New York: Longman. 1290:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture 1277:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 571:Establishment of the King's Household 489:before holding one of the offices of 27:Treasurer of England (c. 1100 – 1169) 7: 3245:English Castles: A Guide by Counties 2782:The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 637:. King Henry's only legitimate son, 2949:(2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.). 3307:Theobald: Archbishop of Canterbury 3208:. London: Hambledon & London. 2823:Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective 1988:Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" 1936:Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" 1923:Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" 1753:Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" 25: 3547:c. 1154 – c. 1158 1975:Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" 1949:Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" 1800:Callahan "Arrest of the Bishops" 955:Dialogue concerning the Exchequer 3336:10.1179/006812809x12448232842376 3073:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00392.x 2840:Fairweather, Janet, ed. (2005). 2627:The English Church under Henry I 1594:Constitutional and Legal History 4286:Lord high treasurers of England 2610:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 2375:Governance of Mediaeval England 2349:Governance of Mediaeval England 2271:Governance of Mediaeval England 2232:Governance of Mediaeval England 619:Theobald II, Count of Champagne 595:bishopric. The rights included 316: – 1169) was an 3228:The Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 3106:. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. 2987:10.1093/ehr/XCIII.CCCLXVII.262 2861:Handbook of British Chronology 2680:Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166 2386:Sayers "Once 'Proud Prelate'" 1565:Handbook of British Chronology 1437:Handbook of British Chronology 674:, headed by the twin brothers 662:, an illegitimate son of Henry 1: 3472:The English Historical Review 2974:The English Historical Review 2736:Coredon, Christopher (2007). 965:Nigel was active in draining 251: 244: 194: 187: 137: 3450:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X 3168:The English Church, 940–1154 3033:UK public library membership 2401:Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1755:Journal of Medieval History' 903:II's "minister of finance". 3437:Journal of Medieval History 3247:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. 3044:. London: Pearson/Longman. 3013:. Oxford University Press. 2923:Greenway, Diana E. (1971). 2900:Greenway, Diana E. (1991). 1990:Journal of Medieval History 1938:Journal of Medieval History 1925:Journal of Medieval History 986:past, and they included an 807: 608: 4317: 3354:Journal of British Studies 3080:Kealey, Edward J. (1972). 3040:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 2479:Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 2466:Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 1662:Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 1649:Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 1607:Abbey and Bishopric of Ely 1212:Journal of British Studies 977:wrote of Nigel's efforts: 717:Remains of Sleaford Castle 660:Robert, Earl of Gloucester 420:passed to his eldest son, 3583: 3574: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3540: 3532: 3522: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3485:10.1093/ehr/VIII.XXXI.515 3309:. London: Athlone Press. 3243:Pettifer, Adrian (1995). 3185:Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). 2704:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 2542:Quoted in Hudson "Nigel" 2440:Feudal Kingdom of England 1581:English Historical Review 1470:English Historical Review 676:Robert, Earl of Leicester 559:, although the historian 391:Background and early life 300: 296: 292: 237: 180: 169: 165: 48: 41: 3204:Matthew, Donald (2002). 3042:Ruling England 1042–1217 680:Waleran, Count of Meulan 647:Geoffrey, Count of Anjou 460:Archbishop of Canterbury 105:(territory is not known) 3305:Saltman, Avrom (1956). 2719:Chrimes, S. B. (1966). 1977:Haskins Society Journal 1951:Haskins Society Journal 1802:Haskins Society Journal 889:barons of the Exchequer 850:Return to the Exchequer 617:and his elder brother, 566:Constitutio domus regis 3880:Episcopacy abolished ( 3561:Catholic Church titles 3019:10.1093/ref:odnb/20190 2821:Dodwell, C.R. (1982). 2804:King Stephen 1135–1154 2373:Richardson and Sayles 2347:Richardson and Sayles 2269:Richardson and Sayles 2179:pp. 104, 107, 119, 123 1210:Spear "Norman Empire" 1004: 802:Geoffrey de Mandeville 718: 435: 4003:Leonard White-Thomson 3100:Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. 2784:. New York: Longman. 2566:. New York: Longman. 2453:Reign of King Stephen 2414:Government of England 2034:Reign of King Stephen 2016:Reign of King Stephen 1886:Reign of King Stephen 1873:Reign of King Stephen 1768:Reign of King Stephen 1450:Government of England 979: 950:Dialogus de Scaccario 808:Stephen's later reign 716: 709:Arrest of the bishops 690:Deeds of King Stephen 609:Stephen's early reign 546:to the newly created 503:William of Malmesbury 434: 406:William the Conqueror 55:Memorial to Nigel in 4085:Lord High Treasurers 3655:William de Longchamp 2947:Hollister, C. Warren 1523:Anglo-Norman England 1405:Domesday Descendants 1186:Episcopal Colleagues 973:. The art historian 924:I to forty in 1166. 839:Bishop of Chichester 835:Hilary of Chichester 831:St Radegund's Priory 763:William de St-Calais 742:Bishop of Winchester 511:Bishop of St David's 495:diocese of Salisbury 424:. The youngest son, 346:Treasurer of England 101:diocese of Salisbury 18:Nigel, Bishop of Ely 3993:Lord Alwyne Compton 3784:Lewis of Luxembourg 3687:William of Kilkenny 3543:Lord High Treasurer 3516:Lord High Treasurer 3284:Richardson, H. G.; 3061:Historical Research 2933:on 14 February 2012 2910:on 14 February 2012 2604:Bartlett, Robert C. 2323:Historical Research 2310:Historical Research 2284:Historical Research 2230:Richard and Sayles 2219:Historical Research 2190:Historical Research 1494:Historical Research 1292:p. 293 footnote 122 1043:Sometimes known as 705:and the Beaumonts. 561:C. Warren Hollister 548:Diocese of Carlisle 476:Archbishop of Rouen 444:Bishop of Salisbury 416:, and the Duchy of 175:Lord High Treasurer 3504:Political offices 3263:Poole, Austin Lane 2698:Chibnall, Marjorie 2676:Chibnall, Marjorie 2625:Brett, M. (1975). 1831:Roger of Salisbury 1633:Roger of Salisbury 1620:Roger of Salisbury 1549:Roger of Salisbury 1392:Roger of Salisbury 1379:Roger of Salisbury 1326:Roger of Salisbury 779:Philip de Harcourt 719: 627:Holy Roman Emperor 472:Geoffrey le Breton 468:Bishop of Hereford 456:William de Corbeil 436: 414:Kingdom of England 326:Roger of Salisbury 123:William de Corbeil 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4167: 4166: 4131: 4130: 4101:House of Normandy 4051: 4050: 3917:William Fleetwood 3855:Lancelot Andrewes 3682:Hugh of Northwold 3677:Geoffrey de Burgh 3672:John of Fountains 3593: 3592: 3584:Succeeded by 3550:Succeeded by 3523:Succeeded by 3031:(subscription or 2851:978-1-84383-015-3 2769:978-0-521-09013-1 2747:978-1-84384-138-8 2664:Cantorm Norman F. 2455:p. 94 footnote 26 1901:pp. 148 & 201 1394:p. 49 footnote 74 1201:p. 110 footnote 4 781:, as Chancellor. 699:Marjorie Chibnall 499:Bishop of Lincoln 464:Robert de Bethune 354:cathedral chapter 304: 303: 16:(Redirected from 4308: 4221:Richard FitzNeal 4200:Richard FitzNeal 4180: 4144: 4108: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4055: 3789:Thomas Bourchier 3702:William of Louth 3640:Hervey le Breton 3619: 3612: 3605: 3596: 3570:Hervey le Breton 3567:Preceded by 3553:Richard FitzNeal 3533:Preceded by 3501: 3496: 3453: 3430: 3408: 3386: 3347: 3318: 3301: 3280: 3258: 3239: 3219: 3200: 3181: 3159: 3137: 3117: 3095: 3076: 3067:(209): 299–314. 3055: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3025: 2998: 2981:(367): 262–275. 2969:Hollister, C. W. 2964: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2896: 2879:Green, Judith A. 2874: 2855: 2836: 2817: 2795: 2773: 2751: 2732: 2715: 2693: 2671: 2659: 2640: 2621: 2599: 2577: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2005:pp. 84–85, 91–93 1999: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1805: 1798: 1789: 1782: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1715: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1645: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1568: 1561: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1490: 1473: 1466: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1417: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1309: 1302: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1228: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1195: 1189: 1182: 1169: 1163: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1027: 1023: 1014: 997: 945:Bishop of London 928:Death and legacy 923: 902: 894: 877: 873: 869: 865: 794:Innocent II 765:, respectively. 756: 752: 723:Alan of Brittany 695: 665: 652: 634: 580: 528: 412:, inherited the 402:Duke of Normandy 381:Richard fitzNeal 378: 372: 333: 315: 285: 273: 256: 253: 249: 246: 242: 232:Richard fitzNeal 228: 216: 199: 196: 192: 189: 185: 142: 139: 129:Personal details 106: 103: 76:Hervey le Breton 53: 32: 21: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4253: 4240: 4232: 4213: 4205: 4186: 4175: 4163: 4150: 4139: 4127: 4114: 4103: 4095: 4082: 4052: 4047: 4038:Anthony Russell 4008:Bernard Heywood 3951: 3937:Matthias Mawson 3865:John Buckeridge 3860:Nicholas Felton 3835:Thomas Goodrich 3808: 3754:Thomas de Lisle 3749:Simon Montacute 3722: 3692:Hugh de Balsham 3628: 3623: 3589: 3580: 3572: 3555: 3546: 3538: 3528: 3519: 3499: 3479:(31): 515–519. 3465: 3461: 3459:Further reading 3456: 3433: 3427: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3350: 3321: 3304: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3255: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3162: 3156: 3140: 3120: 3114: 3098: 3092: 3079: 3058: 3052: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3001: 2967: 2961: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2899: 2893: 2877: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2839: 2833: 2820: 2814: 2800:Davis, R. H. C. 2798: 2792: 2776: 2770: 2754: 2748: 2735: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2690: 2674: 2662: 2656: 2643: 2637: 2624: 2618: 2602: 2596: 2580: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2518:Anglo-Saxon Art 2515: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1899:English Castles 1896: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1847:Empress Matilda 1844: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1808: 1799: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1741: 1732: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1491: 1476: 1467: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1427: 1418: 1411: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1312: 1303: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1172: 1165:Hudson "Nigel" 1164: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1000:Anglo-Saxon art 995: 930: 921: 900: 892: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860:Richard de Lucy 852: 815:Theobald of Bec 810: 754: 750: 735:Sleaford Castle 711: 693: 672:Beaumont family 663: 654:Scottish king, 650: 632: 611: 588:Orderic Vitalis 578: 526: 523: 422:Robert Curthose 393: 376: 370: 331: 313: 283: 271: 254: 247: 243: 238: 226: 214: 197: 190: 186: 181: 140: 120: 104: 95: 59: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4296:Bishops of Ely 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4248:William of Ely 4244: 4242: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4227:William of Ely 4224: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4197: 4196:(c. 1154–1158) 4190: 4188: 4177: 4173:House of Anjou 4169: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4160:(c. 1136–1139) 4154: 4152: 4141: 4137:House of Blois 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4124:(c. 1126–1133) 4118: 4116: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4043:Stephen Conway 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Edward Roberts 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3998:Frederic Chase 3995: 3990: 3988:James Woodford 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3963:Thomas Dampier 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Francis Turner 3899: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3840:Thomas Thirlby 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3820:Richard Redman 3816: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3769:Thomas Arundel 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3666:Robert of York 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:Geoffrey Ridel 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626:Bishops of Ely 3624: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3587:Geoffrey Ridel 3585: 3582: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3403: 3387: 3367:10.1086/385787 3348: 3319: 3302: 3281: 3275: 3259: 3253: 3240: 3224:Miller, Edward 3220: 3214: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3160: 3154: 3142:Knowles, David 3138: 3122:Knowles, David 3118: 3112: 3096: 3090: 3077: 3056: 3050: 3037: 2999: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2920: 2897: 2891: 2875: 2869: 2856: 2850: 2842:Liber Eliensis 2837: 2831: 2818: 2812: 2796: 2790: 2774: 2768: 2752: 2746: 2733: 2716: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2660: 2654: 2641: 2635: 2622: 2616: 2600: 2594: 2578: 2572: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2535: 2522: 2509: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2457: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2366: 2353: 2340: 2327: 2314: 2301: 2297:Beaumont Twins 2288: 2275: 2262: 2249: 2245:Ruling England 2236: 2223: 2210: 2194: 2181: 2168: 2155: 2151:Liber Eliensis 2142: 2138:Liber Eliensis 2129: 2125:Monastic Order 2116: 2103: 2090: 2077: 2073:Ruling England 2064: 2051: 2038: 2020: 2007: 1994: 1981: 1968: 1964:English Church 1955: 1942: 1929: 1916: 1912:Beaumont Twins 1903: 1890: 1877: 1864: 1860:Beaumont Twins 1851: 1835: 1822: 1818:Beaumont Twins 1806: 1790: 1772: 1759: 1739: 1735:Ruling England 1723: 1719:English Church 1705: 1692: 1688:Ruling England 1679: 1675:Liber Eliensis 1666: 1653: 1637: 1624: 1611: 1598: 1585: 1569: 1563:Fryde, et al. 1553: 1540: 1527: 1511: 1498: 1474: 1454: 1441: 1435:Fryde, et al. 1425: 1421:English Church 1409: 1396: 1383: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1330: 1310: 1306:English Church 1294: 1281: 1268: 1264:Ruling England 1255: 1242: 1238:Ruling England 1229: 1225:Ruling England 1216: 1203: 1199:English Church 1190: 1170: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1101: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1018:Gesta Stephani 971:Liber Eliensis 960:William of Ely 941:married bishop 929: 926: 909:Adrian IV 897:Liber Eliensis 884:tax exemptions 851: 848: 844:Henry of Anjou 824:Liber Eliensis 819:Lucius II 809: 806: 710: 707: 703:Henry of Blois 685:Gesta Stephani 610: 607: 602:Liber Eliensis 536:Geoffrey Rufus 522: 519: 452:Anselm of Laon 438:Nigel's uncle 392: 389: 338:English Church 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 279: 274: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 235: 234: 229: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 178: 177: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 135: 131: 130: 126: 125: 119:1 October 1133 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 93: 89: 88: 86:Geoffrey Ridel 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4313: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Anglo-Normans 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4264: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033:Stephen Sykes 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983:Harold Browne 3981: 3979: 3978:Thomas Turton 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968:Bowyer Sparke 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Simon Patrick 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Peter Gunning 3895: 3893: 3892:Benjamin Lany 3890: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870:Francis White 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830:Nicholas West 3828: 3826: 3825:James Stanley 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Philip Morgan 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759:Simon Langham 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734:Robert Orford 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727:Late Medieval 3725: 3719: 3718:Ralph Walpole 3716: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633:High Medieval 3631: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3577:Bishop of Ely 3571: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3444:(2): 97–114. 3443: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3426:0-520-03494-5 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Warren, W. L. 3410: 3406: 3404:0-7131-6378-X 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391:Warren, W. L. 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Sayles, G. O. 3282: 3278: 3276:0-19-821707-2 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3254:0-85115-782-3 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3215:1-85285-514-2 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3196:0-393-95132-4 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3177:0-582-30303-6 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3155:0-521-05479-6 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3113:0-85115-863-3 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091:0-520-01985-7 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3051:0-582-84882-2 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2960:0-300-08858-2 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2892:0-521-37586-X 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2870:0-521-56350-X 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2832:0-7190-0926-X 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2813:0-582-04000-0 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791:0-582-22657-0 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Crouch, David 2775: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Crouch, David 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2711:0-631-19028-7 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2689:0-631-15439-6 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2655:0-85115-333-X 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2636:0-19-821861-3 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2617:0-19-822741-8 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2595:0-582-49504-0 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:Barlow, Frank 2579: 2575: 2573:0-582-50236-5 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:Barlow, Frank 2557: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321:Karn "Nigel" 2318: 2315: 2311: 2308:Karn "Nigel" 2305: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282:Karn "Nigel" 2279: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217:Karn "Nigel" 2214: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188:Karn "Nigel" 2185: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492:Karn "Nigel" 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1009: 1008:David Knowles 1003: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 978: 976: 975:C. R. Dodwell 972: 968: 963: 961: 956: 952: 951: 946: 942: 937: 935: 927: 925: 919: 918:Thomas Becket 915: 910: 904: 898: 890: 885: 879: 861: 857: 849: 847: 845: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 820: 816: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 766: 764: 760: 759:Odo of Bayeux 753:I and William 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 731:Newark Castle 728: 724: 715: 708: 706: 704: 700: 691: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 667: 661: 657: 648: 644: 640: 636: 628: 624: 620: 616: 606: 604: 603: 598: 597:sake and soke 592: 589: 583: 574: 572: 568: 567: 562: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 531: 521:Under Henry I 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487:see of London 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 466:, who became 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410:William Rufus 407: 403: 399: 390: 388: 386: 382: 374: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 327: 323: 322:Bishop of Ely 319: 312: 308: 299: 295: 291: 287: 281: 278: 275: 269: 266: 263: 259: 241: 236: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 202: 184: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 160:Ely Cathedral 157: 153: 149: 145: 136: 132: 127: 124: 118: 114: 109: 102: 98: 94: 92:Other post(s) 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57:Ely Cathedral 52: 47: 44: 43:Bishop of Ely 40: 33: 30: 19: 4276:1100s births 4263: 4193: 4121: 4028:Peter Walker 3973:Joseph Allen 3942:Edmund Keene 3932:Thomas Gooch 3927:Robert Butts 3922:Thomas Green 3888:Matthew Wren 3882:Commonwealth 3879: 3875:Matthew Wren 3850:Martin Heton 3813:Early modern 3794:William Grey 3774:John Fordham 3712:John Langton 3706: 3664: 3644: 3575: 3541: 3514: 3509: 3476: 3470: 3467:Round, J. H. 3441: 3435: 3416: 3394: 3358: 3352: 3327: 3323: 3306: 3289: 3266: 3244: 3227: 3206:King Stephen 3205: 3186: 3167: 3145: 3125: 3103: 3081: 3064: 3060: 3041: 3022:. Retrieved 3010: 3003:Hudson, John 2978: 2972: 2950: 2935:. Retrieved 2931:the original 2925: 2912:. Retrieved 2908:the original 2902: 2882: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2781: 2759: 2737: 2720: 2701: 2679: 2667: 2645: 2626: 2607: 2585: 2563: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2505:King Stephen 2504: 2499: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2258:King Stephen 2257: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2231: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2205: 2189: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2150: 2149:Fairweather 2145: 2137: 2136:Fairweather 2132: 2124: 2119: 2111: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2086:King Stephen 2085: 2080: 2072: 2067: 2060:King Stephen 2059: 2054: 2047:King Stephen 2046: 2041: 2033: 2015: 2010: 2003:King Stephen 2002: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1830: 1825: 1817: 1801: 1786:King Stephen 1785: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1734: 1718: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1673:Fairweather 1669: 1661: 1656: 1648: 1632: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1580: 1564: 1548: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1522: 1506: 1501: 1493: 1469: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1420: 1404: 1403:Keats-Rohan 1399: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1363: 1358: 1351: 1346: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1305: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1232: 1224: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1198: 1193: 1185: 1166: 1104: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1049:Nigel of Ely 1048: 1044: 1039: 1017: 1016:be low; the 1005: 980: 970: 964: 954: 948: 939:Nigel was a 938: 931: 905: 896: 880: 853: 828: 823: 811: 783: 771:David Crouch 767: 746:papal legate 739: 720: 689: 683: 668: 643:died in 1120 612: 600: 593: 584: 575: 570: 564: 532: 524: 480: 437: 394: 358: 318:Anglo-Norman 306: 305: 284:Succeeded by 276: 239: 227:Succeeded by 182: 116:Consecration 29: 4281:1169 deaths 4250:(1199–1215) 4241:(1199–1216) 4229:(1196–1199) 4223:(1189–1196) 4214:(1189–1199) 4202:(1159–1189) 4187:(1154–1189) 4176:(1154–1216) 4151:(1135–1154) 4140:(1135–1154) 4115:(1100–1135) 4104:(1066–1135) 4094:(1126–1216) 4089:Plantagenet 4018:Noel Hudson 4013:Edward Wynn 3956:Late modern 3947:James Yorke 3845:Richard Cox 3804:John Alcock 3799:John Morton 3764:John Barnet 3744:John Hotham 3739:John Ketton 3708:John Salmon 3697:John Kirkby 3361:(2): 1–10. 3164:Loyn, H. R. 2937:30 December 2520:pp. 220–221 2507:pp. 136–137 2481:pp. 167–169 2273:pp. 262–263 2260:pp. 218–219 2221:pp. 300–301 2192:pp. 302–303 2166:pp. 100–101 2153:pp. 411–412 2140:pp. 400–401 2127:pp. 270–271 1966:pp. 126–127 1677:pp. 366–367 1651:pp. 199–200 1635:pp. 167–168 1551:pp. 144–145 1407:pp. 828–829 1381:pp. 274–275 984:Anglo-Saxon 790:Isle of Ely 786:East Anglia 757:II against 515:Westminster 314: 1100 272:Preceded by 255: 1133 248: 1126 215:Preceded by 198: 1158 191: 1154 150:30 May 1169 141: 1100 72:Predecessor 4270:Categories 3912:John Moore 3581:1133–1169 2552:References 2018:pp. 97–100 1992:pp. 97–108 1979:pp. 97–106 1953:pp. 99–101 1699:Hollister 1534:Hollister 1507:Dictionary 1337:Hollister 1249:Hollister 1045:Nigel Poor 856:Pipe Rolls 798:papal bull 491:archdeacon 97:Archdeacon 4211:Richard I 3510:New title 3383:153511298 3344:192184394 3330:: 67–87. 3035:required) 2914:2 January 2729:270094959 2490:Bartlett 2425:Bartlett 2377:pp. 87–88 2243:Huscroft 2114:pp. 49–50 2110:Bartlett 2088:pp. 77–78 2071:Huscroft 1897:Pettifer 1845:Chibnall 1820:pp. 43–44 1788:pp. 28–30 1770:pp. 93–97 1733:Huscroft 1690:pp. 71–73 1686:Huscroft 1664:pp. 26–27 1609:pp. 75–76 1521:Chibnall 1362:Greenway 1350:Greenway 1266:pp. 65–70 1262:Huscroft 1253:pp. 47–49 1240:pp. 64–65 1236:Huscroft 1227:pp. 15–19 1223:Huscroft 1115:Citations 544:Æthelwold 474:, future 385:Exchequer 342:Alexander 240:In office 183:In office 82:Successor 64:Appointed 4184:Henry II 3520:c. 1126 3417:Henry II 3415:(1973). 3393:(1987). 3288:(1963). 3265:(1955). 3226:(1951). 3166:(2000). 3144:(1976). 3124:(1951). 3102:(1999). 3005:(2004). 2881:(1986). 2802:(1990). 2780:(2000). 2758:(1986). 2700:(1991). 2678:(1986). 2666:(1958). 2606:(2000). 2584:(1988). 2562:(1979). 2516:Dodwell 2503:Matthew 2362:Theobald 2360:Saltman 2334:Chrimes 2256:Matthew 2206:Henry II 2177:Theobald 2175:Saltman 2164:Theobald 2162:Saltman 2123:Knowles 2099:Theobald 2097:Saltman 2001:Matthew 1505:Coredon 1188:pp. 9–12 1184:Knowles 992:chasuble 967:the Fens 458:, later 418:Normandy 208:Henry II 158:perhaps 121:by 4158:Adelelm 4148:Stephen 4112:Henry I 4092:England 4087:of pre- 3660:Eustace 3536:Adelelm 3526:Adelelm 3236:3008323 3134:2742571 3024:8 March 3007:"Nigel" 2951:Henry I 2529:Warren 2477:Miller 2464:Miller 2451:Crouch 2438:Barlow 2295:Crouch 2204:Warren 2032:Crouch 2014:Crouch 1910:Crouch 1884:Crouch 1871:Crouch 1858:Crouch 1829:Kealey 1816:Crouch 1766:Crouch 1717:Barlow 1701:Henry I 1660:Miller 1647:Miller 1631:Kealey 1618:Kealey 1605:Miller 1547:Kealey 1536:Henry I 1419:Barlow 1390:Kealey 1377:Kealey 1339:Henry I 1324:Kealey 1304:Barlow 1288:Cantor 1275:Cantor 1251:Henry I 1097:Michael 914:sacrist 775:Anarchy 727:Devizes 639:William 623:Matilda 615:Stephen 557:Adelelm 552:Lambeth 507:Bernard 493:in the 483:prebend 365:Matilda 361:Stephen 288:Adelelm 265:Henry I 261:Monarch 220:Adelelm 204:Monarch 99:of the 3493:547367 3491: 3423: 3401: 3381: 3375:175531 3373: 3342: 3315:385687 3313: 3298:504298 3296: 3273: 3251: 3234: 3212: 3193: 3174: 3152: 3132: 3110: 3088: 3048: 2995:567061 2993: 2957: 2889: 2867: 2848: 2829: 2810: 2788: 2766: 2744: 2727: 2708: 2686: 2652: 2633: 2614: 2592: 2570: 2494:p. 349 2468:p. 157 2442:p. 267 2429:p. 391 2416:p. 185 2412:Green 2403:p. 183 2399:Poole 2364:p. 150 2351:p. 150 2325:p. 310 2312:p. 305 2286:p. 304 2247:p. 155 2234:p. 167 2208:p. 266 2084:Davis 2058:Davis 2045:Davis 2036:p. 115 1940:p. 103 1833:p. 186 1784:Davis 1622:p. 144 1596:p. 112 1583:p. 272 1567:p. 244 1538:p. 464 1525:p. 125 1509:p. 235 1496:p. 302 1472:p. 271 1452:p. 263 1448:Green 1439:p. 103 1341:p. 432 1279:p. 298 1197:Brett 1026: 1022: 1013: 996: 922: 901: 893: 876: 872: 868: 864: 755: 751: 694: 678:, and 664: 651: 641:, had 633: 579: 542:, and 540:Durham 527: 398:Norman 377: 371: 332: 155:Buried 111:Orders 4194:Nigel 4122:Nigel 3645:Nigel 3489:JSTOR 3379:S2CID 3371:JSTOR 3340:S2CID 2991:JSTOR 2533:p. 99 2390:p. 67 2338:p. 51 2299:p. 91 2101:p. 20 2075:p. 74 2062:p. 52 2049:p. 41 1962:Loyn 1927:p. 99 1914:p. 45 1888:p. 96 1875:p. 61 1862:p. 44 1849:p. 79 1804:p. 98 1757:p. 98 1737:p. 73 1721:p. 95 1703:p. 41 1592:Lyon 1423:p. 79 1328:p. 24 1308:p. 88 1032:Notes 1011:Henry 953:, or 688:, or 656:David 631:Henry 569:, or 440:Roger 426:Henry 369:Henry 330:Henry 307:Nigel 36:Nigel 4238:John 3421:ISBN 3399:ISBN 3311:OCLC 3294:OCLC 3271:ISBN 3249:ISBN 3232:OCLC 3210:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3172:ISBN 3150:ISBN 3130:OCLC 3108:ISBN 3086:ISBN 3046:ISBN 3026:2008 2955:ISBN 2939:2008 2916:2009 2887:ISBN 2865:ISBN 2846:ISBN 2827:ISBN 2808:ISBN 2786:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2742:ISBN 2725:OCLC 2706:ISBN 2684:ISBN 2650:ISBN 2631:ISBN 2612:ISBN 2590:ISBN 2568:ISBN 1214:p. 6 761:and 744:and 733:and 448:Laon 277:None 147:Died 134:Born 67:1133 3481:doi 3446:doi 3363:doi 3359:XXI 3332:doi 3328:162 3069:doi 3015:doi 2983:doi 1047:or 988:alb 837:as 666:I. 538:to 513:at 509:as 350:see 4272:: 3487:. 3475:. 3442:14 3440:. 3377:. 3369:. 3357:. 3338:. 3326:. 3065:80 3063:. 3009:. 2989:. 2979:93 2977:. 2197:^ 2023:^ 1838:^ 1809:^ 1793:^ 1775:^ 1742:^ 1726:^ 1708:^ 1640:^ 1572:^ 1556:^ 1514:^ 1477:^ 1457:^ 1428:^ 1412:^ 1370:^ 1313:^ 1297:^ 1173:^ 1122:^ 629:, 470:, 462:, 442:, 404:, 373:II 311:c. 252:c. 245:c. 195:c. 188:c. 138:c. 4077:e 4070:t 4063:v 3884:) 3710:/ 3618:e 3611:t 3604:v 3495:. 3483:: 3477:8 3452:. 3448:: 3429:. 3407:. 3385:. 3365:: 3346:. 3334:: 3317:. 3300:. 3279:. 3257:. 3238:. 3218:. 3199:. 3180:. 3158:. 3136:. 3116:. 3094:. 3075:. 3071:: 3054:. 3028:. 3017:: 2997:. 2985:: 2963:. 2941:. 2918:. 2895:. 2873:. 2854:. 2835:. 2816:. 2794:. 2772:. 2750:. 2731:. 2714:. 2692:. 2658:. 2639:. 2620:. 2598:. 2576:. 635:V 334:I 309:( 250:– 193:– 20:)

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Index