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for night vision on aircraft, where they are commonly referred to as "FLIR" (for "forward-looking infrared"). When coupled with additional cameras (for example, a visible spectrum camera or SWIR) multispectral sensors are possible, which take advantage of the benefits of each detection band's capabilities. Contrary to misconceptions portrayed in the media, thermal imagers cannot "see" through solid objects (walls, for example), nor can they see through glass or acrylic, as both these materials have their own thermal signature and are opaque to long wave infrared radiation.
330:) in nocturnal mammals is thick due to the millions of rods present to process the lower light intensities. The anatomy of this layer in nocturnal mammals is such that the rod nuclei, from individual cells, are physically stacked such that light will pass through eight to ten nuclei before reaching the photoreceptor portion of the cells. Rather than being scattered, the light is passed to each nucleus individually, by a strong lensing effect due to the nuclear inversion, passing out of the stack of nuclei, and into the stack of ten photorecepting
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typically higher resolution than other night-vision technologies. Active infrared night vision is now commonly found in commercial, residential and government security applications, where it enables effective night time imaging under low-light conditions. However, since active infrared light can be detected by night-vision goggles, there can be a risk of giving away position in tactical military operations.
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Laser range gated imaging is another form of active night vision which utilizes a high powered pulsed light source for illumination and imaging. Range gating is a technique which controls the laser pulses in conjunction with the shutter speed of the camera's detectors. Gated imaging technology can be
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is a biological process that contributes a relatively minor amount to night vision. In humans, the irises can adjust the size of the pupil from 2 mm in bright light, to as large as 8 mm in dark conditions, but this varies by individual and age, with age causing the maximal pupil diameter to decrease.
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and do not need a source of illumination. They produce an image in the darkest of nights and can see through light fog, rain, and smoke (to a certain extent). Thermal imaging cameras make small temperature differences visible. They are widely used to complement new or existing security networks, and
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cameras sensitive to this light. The resulting scene, which is apparently dark to a human observer, appears as a monochrome image on a normal display device. Because active infrared night-vision systems can incorporate illuminators that produce high levels of infrared light, the resulting images are
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1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
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A specific type of NVD, the night vision goggle (NVG) is a night vision device with dual eyepieces. The device can utilize either one intensifier tube with the same image sent to both eyes, or a separate image intensifier tube for each eye. Night vision goggles combined with magnification lenses
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Before the introduction of image intensifiers, night glasses were the only method of night vision, and thus were widely utilized, especially at sea. Second World War era night glasses usually had a lens diameter of 56 mm or more with magnification of seven or eight. Major drawbacks of night
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The image intensifier is a vacuum-tube based device (photomultiplier tube) that can generate an image from a very small number of photons (such as the light from stars in the sky) so that a dimly lit scene can be viewed in real-time by the naked eye via visual output, or stored as data for later
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system is used to improve a vehicle driver's perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather. Such systems typically use infrared cameras, sometimes combined with active illumination techniques, to collect information that is then displayed to the driver. Such systems are currently
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Currently, the PVS-14 monocular is the most widely used and preferred night vision device across NATO forces. It is used by the United States army, and is known for its low cost and wide range of uses and modification ability. Some higher end devices including the PVS-31 binocular and GPNVG-18
238:(a small photoreceptor molecule). Retinal undergoes an irreversible change in shape when it absorbs light; this change causes an alteration in the shape of the protein which surrounds the retinal, and that alteration then induces the physiological process which results in vision.
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since the video signal is often transmitted to a display within a control center. These are usually integrated into a sensor containing both visible and IR detectors and the streams are used independently or in fused mode, depending on the mission at hand's requirements.
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The retinal must diffuse from the vision cell, out of the eye, and circulate via the blood to the liver where it is regenerated. In bright light conditions, most of the retinal is not in the photoreceptors, but is outside of the eye. It takes about 45 minutes of dark for
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plate, electrons are emitted through a vacuum tube and strike the microchannel plate. This causes the image screen to illuminate with a picture in the same pattern as the light that strikes the photocathode and on a wavelength the human eye can see. This is much like a
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constitutes night vision binoculars. Other types include monocular night vision devices with only one eyepiece which may be mounted to firearms as night sights. NVG and EVS technologies are becoming more popular with helicopter operations, to improve safety. The
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with a large diameter objective. Large lenses can gather and concentrate light, thus intensifying light with purely optical means and enabling the user to see better in the dark than with the naked eye alone. Often night glasses also have a fairly large
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Another theory posits that since stars typically emit light with shorter wavelengths, the light from stars will be in the blue-green color spectrum. Therefore, using red light to navigate would not desensitize the receptors used to detect star light.
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Nocturnal mammals have rods with unique properties that make enhanced night vision possible. The nuclear pattern of their rods changes shortly after birth to become inverted. In contrast to conventional rods, inverted rods have
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veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
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Many animals have better night vision than humans do, the result of one or more differences in the morphology and anatomy of their eyes. These include having a larger eyeball, a larger lens, a larger optical
657:(EVS) have become available for aircraft, to augment the situational awareness of pilots to prevent accidents. These systems are included in the latest avionics packages from manufacturers such as
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occurs within the first five minutes in the dark. Adaptation results in maximum sensitivity to light. In dark conditions only the rod cells have enough sensitivity to respond and to trigger vision.
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The image is said to become "intensified" because the output visible light is brighter than the incoming light, and this effect directly relates to the difference in passive and active
269:, so traditionally many people use red light to help preserve night vision. Red light only slowly depletes the rhodopsin stores in the rods, and instead is viewed by the red sensitive
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detects the temperature difference between background and foreground objects. Some organisms are able to sense a crude thermal image by means of special organs that function as
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of 7 mm or more to let all gathered light into the user's eye. However, many people cannot take advantage of this because of the limited dilation of the human
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Chijiiwa, Taeko; Ishibashi, Tatsuro; Inomata, Hajime (1990). "Histological study of choroidal melanocytes in animals with tapetum lucidum cellulosum (abstract)".
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499:, where the detector integrates the light pulses from multiple shots to form an image. One of the key advantages of this technique is the ability to perform
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Binocular night vision goggles on a flight helmet. The green color of the objective lenses is the reflection of the light interference filters, not a glow.
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module, though many other models and sizes are available at the market. Recently, the US Navy announced intentions to procure a dual-color variant of the
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or moonlight. Examples of such technologies include night glasses and low light cameras. In the military context, Image
Intensifiers are often called
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Night-useful spectral range techniques can sense radiation that is invisible to a human observer. Human vision is confined to a small portion of the
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334:. The net effect of this anatomical change is to multiply the light sensitivity of the retina by a factor of eight to ten with no loss of focus.
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J. van de Kraats and D. van Norren: "Directional and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea" J.Biomed. Optics, 13, 024010, 2008
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However, some humans are capable of dilating their pupils to over 9 mm in diameter in the dark, giving them better night vision capabilities.
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455:, it was an early active infrared night vision equipment powered by a large 12 volt battery that was carried in a rubberized canvas backpack.
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The pupil of the eye dilates in the dark to enhance night vision. Shown here is a pupil of an adult naturally dilated to 9 mm in diameter in
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quad-tube night vision are used by special forces groups, but are costly. Monoculars are generally preferred by developed forces.
100:, tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina thus increasing the light available to the photoreceptors.
137:. Enhanced spectral range allows the viewer to take advantage of non-visible sources of electromagnetic radiation (such as near-
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851:"Sensory Reception: Human Vision: Structure and function of the Human Eye" vol. 27, p. 179 Encyclopædia Britannica, 1987
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665:. The US Navy has begun procurement of a variant integrated into a helmet-mounted display, produced by Elbit Systems.
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917:. Submarine Base, Groton, CT: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (published 26 April 1985). Archived from
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A night vision device (NVD) is a device comprising an image intensifier tube in a rigid casing, commonly used by
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169:(the pupils may expand to the physical limit of the eyelids), more rods than cones (or rods exclusively) in the
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Active infrared night-vision combines infrared illumination of spectral range 700–1,000 nm (just over the
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Active illumination couples imaging intensification technology with an active source of illumination in the
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and other transcription factors along the border. In addition, the outer layer of cells in the retina (the
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Solovei, I.; Kreysing, M.; Lanctôt, C.; Kösem, S.; Peichl, L.; Cremer, T.; et al. (April 16, 2009).
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of the three human photopsins and of human rhodopsin (dashed). Drawn after
Bowmaker and Dartnall (1980).
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light levels. The average human eye is not able to dilate to this extent without the use of mydriatics.
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653:. Lately, night vision technology has become more widely available for civilian use. For example,
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968:. Submarine Base, Groton, CT: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (published 3 July 1984).
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475:(NIR) or shortwave infrared (SWIR) band. Examples of such technologies include low light cameras.
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of the photoreceptor proteins to be recharged with active retinal, but most of the night vision
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J. Bentell; P. Nies; J. Cloots; J. Vermeiren; B. Grietens; O. David; A. Shurkun; R. Schneider.
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analysis. While many believe the light is "amplified," it is not. When light strikes a charged
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Sufficient intensity range is simply the ability to see with very small quantities of light.
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1036:"Nuclear Architecture of Rod Photoreceptor Cells Adapts to Vision in Mammalian Evolution"
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1164:"Thermal Infrared vs. Active Infrared: A New Technology Begins to be Commercialized"
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This magnifies the amount of received photons from various natural sources such as
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Enhanced intensity range is achieved via technological means through the use of an
966:"THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF RED AND WHITE LIGHT FOR SUBSEQUENT DARK-ADAPTATION"
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can see using much more of the infrared and/or ultraviolet spectrum than humans.
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Night vision technologies can be broadly divided into three main categories:
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is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with
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US 4707595 - Invisible light beam projector and night vision system
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animals, and is the cause of eyeshine. Humans, and monkeys, lack a
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is considering EVS as recommended equipment for safety features.
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rather than mere detection, as is the case with thermal imaging.
76:. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals such as
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417:, but instead of color guns the photocathode does the emitting.
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424:. Currently, the most popular image intensifier is the drop-in
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Milius, Susan (2012). "Mantis shrimp flub color vision test".
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film about the development of military night vision technology
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Rhodopsin in the human rods is insensitive to the longer red
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Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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in the back of the eye that reflects light back through the
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US 4991183 - Target illuminators and systems employing same
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offered as optional equipment on certain premium vehicles.
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Night vision systems can also be installed in vehicles. An
188:, or other very low-noise and high-sensitivity arrays of
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US 6158879 - Infra-red reflector and illumination system
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912:"Immediate Visibility after Red and White Adaptation"
863:"Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina"
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Adaptation (eye) § Accelerating dark adaptation
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689:. To overcome this, soldiers were sometimes issued
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with an infrared searchlight mounted on the cannon.
538:are excellent tools for night vision. They detect
532:, which functions by detecting thermal radiation.
1248:Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate
1076:"Raytheon Multi-Spectral Targeting Systems (MTS)"
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861:Bowmaker, J K; Dartnall, H J (1 January 1980).
432:for use in the cockpit of airborne platforms.
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280:Many animals have a tissue layer called the
1291:US 6075644 - Panoramic night vision goggles
617:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
214:in the vertebrate eye contain molecules of
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637:Learn how and when to remove this message
567:glasses are their large size and weight.
964:Luria, S. M.; Kobus, D. A. (July 1984).
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68:. Night vision requires both sufficient
910:Luria, S.M.; Kobus, D.A. (April 1985).
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1130:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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218:which is a combination of the protein
27:Ability to see in low light conditions
1270:US D248860 - Night vision Pocketscope
1257:Automotive Night Vision Demonstration
1002:"How to Make and Use Retroreflectors"
145:radiation). Some animals such as the
7:
2644:
615:adding citations to reliable sources
2617:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1182:"Extreme CCTV Surveillance Systems"
1000:Forrest M. Mims III (2013-10-03).
839:"The Human Eye and Single Photons"
322:in the center of their nuclei and
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2060:Part of a series of articles on
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879:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013097
447:M3 Sniperscope assembled on a
1:
2451:Approach and departure angles
45:soldiers pictured during the
32:Night Vision (disambiguation)
1979:Optical coherence tomography
1733:Photosensitive ganglion cell
693:eye drops to dilate pupils.
676:Night glasses are single or
2514:Automotive light bulb types
1729:Giant retina ganglion cells
1518:Capillary lamina of choroid
2701:
1673:Retinal pigment epithelium
1663:External limiting membrane
1053:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.052
720:Low light level television
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530:infrared sensing in snakes
510:
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29:
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867:The Journal of Physiology
345:Night vision technologies
2534:high-intensity discharge
517:Forward-looking infrared
451:. Introduced during the
131:electromagnetic spectrum
119:electromagnetic spectrum
1668:Layer of rods and cones
1624:Inner limiting membrane
817:10.1002/scin.5591820609
702:automotive night vision
655:enhanced vision systems
536:Thermal imaging cameras
482:of the human eye) with
196:Biological night vision
2218:Stressed member engine
1490:
1226:Cite journal requires
981:Cite journal requires
945:Cite journal requires
730:Thermal imaging device
580:
557:Thermal imaging camera
528:. This allows thermal
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363:
314:
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184:, gain multiplication
126:
92:, in part because the
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2350:Windshield/windscreen
1984:Eye care professional
1789:Foveal avascular zone
1651:Outer plexiform layer
1639:Inner plexiform layer
1594:Iris sphincter muscle
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1298:U.S. patent 7,173,237
578:
462:
443:
382:Image intensification
368:image intensification
357:
308:
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216:photoreceptor protein
200:Further information:
116:
40:
2519:Daytime running lamp
2004:Physiological Optics
1974:Ocular immune system
1713:Retina ganglion cell
1170:on January 17, 2010.
735:Thermographic camera
611:improve this section
547:Night vision devices
513:Thermographic camera
422:night vision goggles
30:For other uses, see
2481:Weight distribution
2413:Omniview technology
1828:Anatomical regions
1689:Photoreceptor cells
1656:Outer nuclear layer
1644:Inner nuclear layer
1634:Ganglion cell layer
1589:Iris dilator muscle
1384:Trabecular meshwork
1146:"YouTube mp3 indir"
725:Night vision device
553:Night-vision device
436:Active illumination
328:outer nuclear layer
212:photoreceptor cells
66:night-vision device
2600:Registration plate
1491:
924:on 1 December 2012
772:10.1007/BF00935727
715:Johnson's criteria
581:
571:Current technology
501:target recognition
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338:Pupillary dilation
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259:absorption spectra
232:night vision cells
224:color vision cells
127:
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2320:Glass run channel
2254:Trunk/boot/dickie
2051:Automotive design
2017:
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2009:Visual perception
1957:
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1924:Posterior segment
1892:Posterior chamber
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1629:Nerve fiber layer
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1546:Ciliary processes
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540:thermal radiation
388:Image intensifier
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294:animals and some
182:image intensifier
51:image intensifier
16:(Redirected from
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2088:Backbone chassis
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1994:Refractive error
1932:Vitreous chamber
1877:Anterior chamber
1838:Anterior segment
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1498:Uvea / vascular
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2018:
2013:
1953:
1918:
1907:Capsule of lens
1862:Lacrimal system
1829:
1819:
1779:Parafoveal area
1774:Perifoveal area
1757:
1701:Horizontal cell
1677:
1598:
1565:
1532:
1528:Sattler's layer
1499:
1492:
1486:
1443:
1388:
1379:Schlemm's canal
1357:
1349:
1341:Anatomy of the
1339:
1303:
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1103:
1101:"Archived copy"
1099:
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748:
711:
651:military forces
643:
632:
626:
623:
608:
592:
573:
564:
559:
549:
522:Thermal imaging
519:
509:
438:
390:
384:
376:thermal imaging
349:
347:
320:heterochromatin
300:tapetum lucidum
283:tapetum lucidum
208:
206:Scotopic vision
198:
175:tapetum lucidum
159:
157:Intensity range
123:visible portion
111:
106:
104:Types of ranges
98:tapetum lucidum
74:intensity range
72:and sufficient
62:scotopic vision
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
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2661:
2651:
2641:
2630:
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2614:
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2596:
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2564:
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2556:
2555:Other elements
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2476:Turning radius
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2415:
2410:
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2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Bumper sticker
2374:
2372:
2371:Other elements
2368:
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2365:
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2327:
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2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
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2073:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:Zonule of Zinn
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:Aqueous humour
1879:
1874:
1869:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
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1817:
1812:
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1591:
1586:
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1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1551:Ciliary muscle
1548:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1494:
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1330:
1323:
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1309:
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1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1243:
1242:External links
1240:
1238:
1237:
1228:|journal=
1198:
1173:
1155:
1137:
1092:
1067:
1046:(2): 945–953.
1026:
1017:
992:
983:|journal=
956:
947:|journal=
902:
873:(1): 501–511.
853:
844:
830:
793:
766:(2): 161–168.
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:Averted vision
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
710:
707:
645:
644:
595:
593:
586:
572:
569:
563:
560:
551:See articles:
548:
545:
508:
507:Thermal vision
505:
437:
434:
398:"Low Light TV"
386:Main article:
383:
380:
346:
343:
332:outer segments
197:
194:
190:photodetectors
158:
155:
110:
109:Spectral range
107:
105:
102:
70:spectral range
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2393:Hood ornament
2391:
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2388:Front-end bra
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2196:Quarter panel
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2101:
2099:
2098:Body-on-frame
2096:
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2077:
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2033:
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2025:
2022:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Accommodation
1997:
1995:
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1980:
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1937:Vitreous body
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1898:
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1893:
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1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Fibrous tunic
1870:
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1750:
1746:
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1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Amacrine cell
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
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1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
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1355:Fibrous tunic
1352:
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1249:
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1241:
1233:
1220:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1188:on 2008-04-05
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1113:on 2016-03-04
1109:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1082:on 2017-09-03
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
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1021:
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988:
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664:
660:
656:
652:
641:
638:
630:
627:December 2017
620:
616:
612:
606:
605:
601:
596:This section
594:
590:
585:
584:
577:
570:
568:
561:
558:
554:
546:
544:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
491:divided into
488:
485:
481:
476:
474:
473:near infrared
466:
461:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
413:
408:
402:
399:
395:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
361:
344:
342:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
278:
274:
272:
268:
260:
255:
251:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
162:
156:
154:
152:
148:
147:mantis shrimp
144:
140:
136:
135:visible light
132:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:or through a
63:
59:
52:
48:
47:2003 Iraq War
44:
39:
33:
19:
2605:vanity plate
2544:trafficators
2355:washer fluid
2335:Power window
2330:Opera window
2242:Compartments
2130:Crumple zone
2115:Cabrio coach
2059:
2003:
1897:Ciliary body
1737:Diencephalon
1736:
1721:Parasol cell
1705:Bipolar cell
1556:Pars plicata
1538:Ciliary body
1406:
1219:cite journal
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:the original
1176:
1168:the original
1158:
1150:mp3video.org
1149:
1140:
1115:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1070:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
995:
974:cite journal
959:
938:cite journal
926:. Retrieved
919:the original
905:
870:
866:
856:
847:
833:
808:
804:Science News
802:
796:
763:
759:
753:
699:
695:
675:
667:
648:
633:
624:
609:Please help
597:
565:
534:
520:
496:
492:
489:
477:
470:
419:
407:photocathode
403:
391:
372:illumination
365:
336:
316:
299:
281:
279:
275:
264:
243:
240:
209:
179:
163:
160:
128:
58:Night vision
57:
56:
18:Night-vision
2539:sealed beam
2471:Roll center
2466:Ride height
2403:Japan black
2398:Instruments
2383:Curb feeler
2249:Hood/bonnet
1989:Eye disease
1969:Keratocytes
1858:Conjunctiva
1815:Ora serrata
1753:Muller glia
1717:Midget cell
1437:Endothelium
1427:Dua's layer
493:single shot
324:euchromatin
267:wavelengths
257:Normalised
143:ultraviolet
125:highlighted
121:, with the
2674:Categories
2325:Greenhouse
1830:of the eye
1803:Optic disc
1561:Pars plana
1432:Descemet's
1412:Epithelium
1192:2008-01-24
1117:2015-05-26
1086:2015-05-26
1011:2017-10-21
746:References
683:exit pupil
526:bolometers
511:See also:
497:multi-shot
453:Korean War
449:M3 Carbine
415:television
271:cone cells
248:adaptation
2579:Tow hitch
2497:equipment
2423:Tire/tyre
2282:Gull-wing
2272:Butterfly
2233:Trunk lid
2176:Monocoque
2080:Framework
1808:Optic cup
1693:Cone cell
1347:human eye
811:(6): 11.
678:binocular
598:does not
394:starlight
370:, active
292:nocturnal
228:rhodopsin
220:photopsin
94:human eye
2639:Category
2524:Headlamp
2506:Lighting
2495:Exterior
2461:Overhang
2444:Geometry
2428:run-flat
2408:Nerf bar
2223:Subframe
2191:Platform
2181:Overhang
2093:Beltline
1697:Rod cell
1502:(middle)
1417:Bowman's
1252:Virginia
1126:cite web
1062:19379699
928:25 March
825:23351000
788:11974069
709:See also
691:atropine
465:M60 tank
296:deep sea
173:, and a
167:aperture
139:infrared
96:lacks a
43:American
2649:Commons
2345:Sunroof
2297:Suicide
2292:Sliding
2287:Scissor
2228:Tonneau
2213:Spoiler
2120:Chassis
1949:Choroid
1850:Eyebrow
1794:Foveola
1610:(inner)
1510:Choroid
1358:(outer)
1345:of the
1263:Patents
897:7359434
888:1279132
780:2338254
619:removed
604:sources
562:History
360:US Army
311:mesopic
236:retinal
133:called
90:rabbits
2659:Portal
2529:hidden
2277:Canopy
2186:Pillar
2167:shaker
2152:Grille
2145:skirts
2140:ponton
2135:Fender
2108:Dagmar
2103:Bumper
1944:Retina
1854:Eyelid
1846:Adnexa
1769:Macula
1749:K cell
1745:M cell
1741:P cell
1617:Layers
1608:Retina
1579:Stroma
1422:Stroma
1407:layers
1402:Limbus
1394:Cornea
1366:Sclera
1060:
895:
885:
823:
786:
778:
663:Cessna
659:Cirrus
374:, and
288:retina
234:, and
204:, and
171:retina
2612:Theft
2593:Legal
2572:power
2433:spare
2418:Parts
2360:wiper
2312:Glass
2264:Doors
2162:scoop
1962:Other
1866:Orbit
1784:Fovea
1762:Other
1699:) → (
1682:Cells
1584:Pupil
1500:tunic
1343:globe
1211:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
915:(PDF)
821:JSTOR
784:S2CID
687:pupil
430:ANVIS
426:ANVIS
358:1974
151:trout
86:foxes
2562:Horn
2302:Swan
2206:rack
2201:Roof
2157:Hood
2071:Body
2062:cars
1902:Lens
1887:Iris
1735:) →
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1703:) →
1571:Iris
1232:help
1132:link
1058:PMID
1040:Cell
1006:Make
987:help
951:help
930:2012
893:PMID
776:PMID
671:NTSB
661:and
602:any
600:cite
555:and
515:and
445:USMC
210:All
149:and
117:The
88:and
82:dogs
78:cats
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1048:doi
1044:137
883:PMC
875:doi
871:298
813:doi
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768:doi
764:228
613:by
484:CCD
463:An
412:CRT
244:all
230:in
222:in
186:CCD
141:or
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