Electromagnetic spectrum - Knowledge (XXG)

2245: 688: 2225: 2422: 20: 3599: 677: 2716: 5061: 3141:; Ellsworth, R. W.; Fleysher, L.; Fleysher, R.; Gebauer, I.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Hays, E.; Hoffman, C. M.; Kolterman, B. E.; Kelley, L. A.; Lansdell, C. P.; Linnemann, J. T.; McEnery, J. E.; Mincer, A. I.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Nemethy, P.; Noyes, D.; Ryan, J. M.; Samuelson, F. W.; Saz Parkinson, P. M.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy". 5097: 5071: 4435: 2345:, but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment. Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long-distance communication. 5109: 2827:. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as 3095:

Ritter demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen, but that existed in a region beyond the violet. Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays, but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term.

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The Sun emits UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they

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Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different

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Ritter hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation. He began working with silver chloride, a substance decomposed by light, measuring the speed at which different colours of light broke it down.

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in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but

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radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes

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radiation. He was studying the temperature of different colours by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays", a type of light ray that could not be seen. The next

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and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not

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is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites

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in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from

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or sub-millimeter radiation is a region of the spectrum from about 100 GHz to 30 terahertz (THz) between microwaves and far infrared which can be regarded as belonging to either band. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy in the so-called

2400:, from 120 THz to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequencies in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state 728:(which is the sub-spectrum of visible light). Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some 639:

to 700 nm in a vacuum. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm. Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in

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He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum and then measured the temperature of each colour. He found that the temperatures of the colours increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. Herschel decided to measure the temperature just

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they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of

2370:, from 300 GHz to 30 THz (1 mm – 10 μm). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by 795:

for light), so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum. For example, consider the

218:, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum. They were later renamed 2122:

that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a

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emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the

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transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons. In general, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so gamma rays are more energetic than X-rays, but exceptions exist. By analogy to electronic transitions,

296:. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various 2685:

relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colours of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.

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At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths.

2761:. UV fluorescence is used by forensics to detect any evidence like blood and urine, that is produced by a crime scene. Also UV fluorescence is used to detect counterfeit money and IDs, as they are laced with material that can glow under UV. 108:

can be used to separate waves of different frequencies, so that the intensity of the radiation can be measured as a function of frequency or wavelength. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.

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in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by

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are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gases limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers.

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of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit.

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transitions are also said to produce X-rays, even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts (0.96 pJ), whereas there are many (77 known to be less than 10 keV (1.6 fJ)) low-energy nuclear transitions

2791:. Due to skin cancer caused by UV, the sunscreen industry was invented to combat UV damage. Mid UV wavelengths are called UVB and UVB lights such as germicidal lamps are used to kill germs and also to sterilize water. 1945:

kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons arising from these qualitative interaction differences.

273:. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known 450:, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be indefinitely long. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion 189:

favouring a wave description and Newton favouring a particle description. Huygens in particular had a well developed theory from which he was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction. Around 1801,

784:, very high energy EMR (in the > 10 MeV region)—which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray—is not called X-ray or gamma ray, but instead by the generic term of "high-energy photons". 2799:

in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary

464: 177:. Starting in 1666, Newton showed that these colours were intrinsic to light and could be recombined into white light. A debate arose over whether light had a wave nature or a particle nature with 768:

The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus is always called "gamma ray" radiation is the only convention that is universally respected, however. Many astronomical

277:. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite range of frequencies of 2701:

transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves.

335:" and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for this 71:. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. 3472: 393:

in 1905, but never accepted by Planck and many other contemporaries. The modern position of science is that electromagnetic radiation has both a wave and a particle nature, the

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of 1000 g/cm), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water. This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below).

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reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic

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Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei

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If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in

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shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow whilst

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Plot of Earth's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This is the surface-to-space opacity, the atmosphere is transparent to

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atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms.

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part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm – 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:

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which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in

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Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary

765:), and, despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays, the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin. 590:, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, whatever medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the 43:. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: 446:(~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of 4838: 2823:, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the 724:

There are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a

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the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all.

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does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage.

2421: 4828: 4057: 3537: 2327:) which are used to carry lower-frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called 3269: 3236: 3209: 2203: 816:

to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly (compared to the speed of light) with respect to the cosmos.

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transitions, putting them in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological

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of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist

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Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an

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and the X-ray range. The UV wavelength spectrum ranges from 399 nm to 10 nm and is divided into 3 sections: UVA, UVB, and UVC.

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but for most of history it was not known that these phenomena were connected or were representatives of a more extensive principle. The

3469: 199: 3496: 2063:. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter. 5129: 3530: 2248:

Plot of atmospheric opacity for terrestrial to terrestrial transmission showing the molecules responsible for some of the resonances

126: 118: 155:. Light was intensively studied from the beginning of the 17th century leading to the invention of important instruments like the 4849: 3108: 547:{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},} 5074: 5028: 2244: 281:, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. 4909: 4844: 4833: 3050: 2010:

Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only)

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A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths

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At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive.

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The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes (regions, bands or types):

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This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.

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and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae and frequencies as high as

4889: 4707: 4679: 3389:"Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas" 2291:, coupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as 2176: 32: 4884: 4879: 4874: 5113: 4894: 4357: 3940: 3226: 2264: 1155: 747:

or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process are always termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by

191: 230: 4941: 4899: 3990: 2376: 2312: 2276: 2155: 1428: 776:) are known to be too energetic (in both intensity and wavelength) to be of nuclear origin. Quite often, in 625:. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and 374:

measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths.

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when he identified a new type of radiation that he at first thought consisted of particles similar to known

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Uses of Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World

2934: 266: 3516: 2127:. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the 4823: 4578: 4479: 4467: 4043: 3437: 2224: 397:. The contradictions arising from this position are still being debated by scientists and philosophers. 394: 300:, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree 278: 270: 262: 250: 2851:

must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the

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Abdo, A. A.; Allen, B.; Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Casanova, S.; Chen, C.; Coyne, D. G.; Delay, R. S.;

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The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources: the photons generated from

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Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the

148: 362:, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist 4926: 4511: 4443: 4332: 4134: 3985: 3980: 3955: 3935: 3686: 2878: 2852: 2657: 2335: 2316: 2180: 2159: 2135: 1402: 1373: 1246: 994: 801: 777: 762: 583: 443: 363: 309: 258: 5101: 4340: 4292: 4240: 4225: 4220: 4198: 4127: 3975: 3823: 3796: 3706: 3691: 3284: 3176: 3150: 3081: 2944: 2911: 2899: 2824: 2751: 2354: 2139: 2035: 1968: 1350: 911: 788: 285: 186: 94: 2831:). X-rays are useful as probes in high-energy physics. In astronomy, the accretion disks around 635:

can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible wavelength range of 400

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recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including

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which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating

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Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons, including ejection of the electrons (

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The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls is

773: 676: 575: 390: 246: 83: 2910:. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of 3164: 2715: 366:

demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914,

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The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of

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Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose

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of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in

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Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in

304:. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of 4779: 4602: 4506: 4350: 4255: 4213: 4208: 4151: 4117: 4019: 3696: 3678: 3574: 3486: 2954: 2895: 2828: 2776: 2730:(UV). In frequency (and thus energy), UV rays sit between the violet end of the 2727: 2720: 2710: 2670: 2233: 2107: 2080: 2015: 753: 614: 336: 324: 219: 60: 5096: 3396: 4931: 4774: 4611: 4494: 4434: 4250: 4191: 4000: 3668: 3663: 3617: 3594: 2929: 2874: 2868: 2836: 2769: 2738: 2677: 2437: 2386: 2280: 2256: 2237: 2219: 2163: 2143: 2128: 1962: 1236: 1165: 1129: 1069: 828: 653: 598: 413: 378: 297: 293: 195: 160: 152: 98: 44: 40: 3417: 2839:

emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by

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traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see

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in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like

5046: 4769: 4377: 4024: 3841: 3819: 3814: 3784: 3584: 3367: 3328: 3155: 2924: 2801: 2742: 2360: 2292: 2268: 2229: 2106:. In artificial generation of radio waves, an electronic device called a 1995: 1984: 1063: 1054: 936: 748: 645: 626: 606: 210: 169: 86:, and pass through the atmosphere, foliage, and most building materials. 52: 4818: 4100: 3893: 3879: 2882: 2844: 2788: 2765: 2666: 2371: 732:

and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for

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photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30

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Radio waves, at the low-frequency end of the spectrum, have the lowest

1971:). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an 597:

Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into

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noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an

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for the range of colours that white light could be split into with a

3342: 1174: 308:. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the 3172: 4669: 4664: 4654: 4624: 4095: 4066: 3759: 3655: 3569: 3500: 2820: 2714: 2550: 2453: 2320: 2308: 2243: 2223: 2188: 2095: 2029: 2005: 1389: 1220: 964: 657: 618: 455: 332: 313: 64: 2779:. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex 800:. It was produced when matter and radiation decoupled, by the de- 4659: 4639: 4619: 4489: 4406: 4035: 3754: 3749: 2719:

The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's

2526: 2502: 2162:. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is 447: 16:

Range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

4039: 3526: 3022:"Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy" 2902:. More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in 458:). These relations are illustrated by the following equations: 4735: 4629: 4394: 3774: 2780: 2652: 2622: 1418: 1340: 1262: 1092: 942: 435: 292:

built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called

93:. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called 3252:

Grupen, Claus; Cowan, G.; Eidelman, S. D.; Stroh, T. (2005).

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Sources Table shows the lower limits for the specified class

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approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as

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Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (

245:). Light was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when 3194:

Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963).

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is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A

454:), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a 2749:. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are thus collectively called 2202:

is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by the

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Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only)

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Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo

761:, the 7.6 eV (1.22 aJ) nuclear transition of 202:

thus conclusively demonstrating that light was a wave.

3489:– Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from 2379:, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm. 2259:, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the 5085: 893: 866: 839: 467: 3466:(from Australian Communications and Media Authority) 3464:

Australian Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Chart

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discovered that light is absorbed only in discrete "

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The wave-particle debate was rekindled in 1901 when

5027: 4940: 4865: 4858: 4809: 4728: 4678: 4610: 4601: 4520: 4453: 4442: 4331: 4278: 4160: 4083: 4074: 3999: 3926: 3855: 3783: 3735: 3677: 3654: 3631: 3418:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5" 2267:frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with 4688:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate 3368:"Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)" 2737:UV is the lowest energy range energetic enough to 2673:would appear just beyond the opposite violet end. 2034:Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, 1949:Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter 899: 872: 845: 546: 3225:L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003). 594:, although this is not always explicitly stated. 104:Throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum, 2102:, which consist of conductors such as metal rod 691:A visualization of the electromagnetic spectrum. 2425:sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light 668:have been detected from astrophysical sources. 426:. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 82:, or more. They can be emitted and received by 3109:"Essential Radio Astronomy: Pulsar Properties" 2307:. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in 4051: 3538: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 97:because their high photon energy is able to 8: 3517:Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum" 582:Whenever electromagnetic waves travel in a 5070: 4862: 4607: 4450: 4080: 4058: 4044: 4036: 3614: 3545: 3531: 3523: 2843:and are strongly emitted by some types of 2416: 1449: 818: 350:was studying the radioactive emissions of 3154: 2303:, and for industrial heating and medical 892: 865: 838: 708:Visible light (light that humans can see) 526: 514: 500: 488: 474: 466: 78:and the longest wavelengths—thousands of 4839:International Commission on Illumination 1947: 686: 675: 18: 5092: 3470:Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations 3001: 2210:to different users for different uses. 2131:which can reflect certain frequencies. 1989:Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation 4829:Color Association of the United States 3197:The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1 2881:in 1900. These are the most energetic 1450: 3511:Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool 2204:International Telecommunication Union 7: 3113:National Radio Astronomy Observatory 3082:"Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776–1810)" 3043:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light" 1451:Explanation of units and prefixes. 4693:Blue–green distinction in language 3228:Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis 2647:Above infrared in frequency comes 2183:, and locating distant objects in 2098:waves are emitted and received by 14: 3513:– Very complete and customizable. 2783:molecules in the cells producing 2676:Electromagnetic radiation with a 135:Humans have always been aware of 127:History of electrical engineering 119:History of electromagnetic theory 5107: 5095: 5069: 5060: 5059: 4850:International Colour Association 4433: 3047:Cool Cosmos Classroom activities 4845:International Colour Consortium 3487:U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart 3395:. March 6, 2005. Archived from 3300:. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu 3200:. US: Addison-Wesley. pp. 2236:but opaque to space due to the 2232:radio transmissions within the 519: 513: 493: 487: 4910:List of Crayola crayon colours 4834:International Colour Authority 3343:"The Electromagnetic Spectrum" 3231:. Academic Press. p. 58. 3084:. The Florida State University 3020:Mehta, Akul (25 August 2011). 2195:, and for industrial heating. 1957:Main interactions with matter 438:gamma rays) down to the local 167:was the first to use the term 1: 3497:UK frequency allocation table 3436:Koontz, Steve (26 June 2012) 3107:Condon, J. J.; Ransom, S. M. 2775:, which is the main cause of 4713:Traditional colours of Japan 4490:Achromatic colours (Neutral) 4373:Multi-primary colour display 2745:from them, and thus causing 2166:with an information-bearing 331:. He called this radiation " 4147:Spectral power distribution 3646:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray 2877:, which were discovered by 2061:particle-antiparticle pairs 798:cosmic microwave background 5151: 4573:Colour realism (art style) 4231:Evolution of colour vision 3641:Very-high-energy gamma ray 3505:Radiocommunications Agency 2866: 2855:is opaque to X-rays (with 2812: 2708: 2640: 2352: 2217: 2084: 2078: 1235: 925: 808:. These photons were from 116: 5055: 4890:List of colours (compact) 4708:Colour in Chinese culture 4431: 3560: 3347:The Physics Hypertextbook 3323:December 5, 2013, at the 3143:The Astrophysical Journal 2419: 2255:are radio waves of short 2191:. They are also used for 2177:Global Positioning System 2110:generates an alternating 2038:(for low atomic numbers) 1447: 1427: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1183: 1180: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1061: 1058: 1053: 954: 951: 948: 920: 917: 910: 821: 804:of hydrogen atoms to the 198:of a light beam with his 33:electromagnetic radiation 5130:Electromagnetic spectrum 4895:List of colours by shade 4358:Digital image processing 4091:Electromagnetic spectrum 3554:Electromagnetic spectrum 2900:radiation cancer therapy 2787:making it a very potent 2726:Next in frequency comes 2156:communication satellites 846:{\displaystyle \lambda } 682:electromagnetic spectrum 29:electromagnetic spectrum 4900:List of colour palettes 2873:After hard X-rays come 2377:Submillimetre astronomy 2313:satellite communication 2052: 1979: 1954:Region of the spectrum 791:-dependent (due to the 736:and the working of the 261:developed four partial 4123:Structural colouration 3602: 3507:'s duties, pdf format) 3503:, which inherited the 3491:Department of Commerce 2935:Electroencephalography 2723: 2426: 2249: 2241: 901: 874: 847: 692: 684: 548: 263:differential equations 113:History and discovery 24: 4905:List of colour spaces 4824:Color Marketing Group 4579:On Vision and Colours 4512:Tinctures in heraldry 4495:Polychromatic colours 4480:Complementary colours 4468:Monochromatic colours 3601: 3256:Astroparticle Physics 3080:Davidson, Michael W. 2718: 2705:Ultraviolet radiation 2424: 2323:. The copper cables ( 2319:technologies such as 2247: 2227: 2208:allocates frequencies 2085:Further information: 902: 875: 848: 705:Ultraviolet radiation 690: 679: 549: 395:wave-particle duality 279:electromagnetic waves 271:electromagnetic field 257:). During the 1860s, 251:polarization of light 231:Hans Christian Ørsted 31:is the full range of 22: 4885:List of colours: N–Z 4880:List of colours: G–M 4875:List of colours: A–F 4797:Tint, shade and tone 4680:Cultural differences 3287:slac-pub-0335 (1967) 3260:. Springer. p. 3024:. Pharmaxchange.info 2997:Notes and references 2894:. They are used for 2406:infrared photography 2181:navigational beacons 2022:photoelectric effect 891: 864: 837: 644:. For example, many 465: 4932:List of web colours 4927:List of RAL colours 4333:Colour reproduction 4298:Lüscher colour test 4135:Colour of chemicals 3687:Extreme ultraviolet 3165:2007ApJ...658L..33A 2906:, an example being 2879:Paul Ulrich Villard 2853:atmosphere of Earth 2336:Terahertz radiation 2317:wireless networking 2311:, and are used for 2160:wireless networking 2136:radio communication 1950: 1940:Rationale for names 1919:femto-electronvolt 1913:Energy Per Photon 1892:Energy Per Photon 1871:Energy Per Photon 1856:micro-electronvolt 1850:Energy Per Photon 1835:milli-electronvolt 1829:Energy Per Photon 1815:Energy Per Photon 1794:Energy Per Photon 1452: 778:high-energy physics 714:Microwave radiation 444:interstellar medium 364:William Henry Bragg 267:Maxwell's equations 259:James Clerk Maxwell 229:began in 1820 when 200:two-slit experiment 4341:Colour photography 4293:Colour preferences 4236:Impossible colours 4226:Colour vision test 4221:Colour temperature 4199:Colour calibration 4128:Animal colouration 3692:Vacuum ultraviolet 3603: 3475:2008-12-09 at the 3366:Stimac, Tomislav. 2945:Ionizing radiation 2912:Compton scattering 2752:ionizing radiation 2747:chemical reactions 2741:atoms, separating 2724: 2427: 2392:fingerprint region 2355:Infrared radiation 2349:Infrared radiation 2325:transmission lines 2250: 2242: 2140:radio broadcasting 2070:Types of radiation 2036:Compton scattering 1969:plasma oscillation 1948: 1898:pico-electronvolt 1877:nano-electronvolt 1800:kilo-electronvolt 897: 870: 843: 711:Infrared radiation 693: 685: 544: 310:wireless telegraph 286:electrical circuit 187:Christiaan Huygens 95:ionizing radiation 25: 5114:Telecommunication 5083: 5082: 5023: 5022: 4805: 4804: 4729:Colour dimensions 4718:Human skin colour 4597: 4596: 4587:Theory of Colours 4485:Analogous colours 4429: 4428: 4363:Colour management 4280:Colour psychology 4162:Colour perception 4033: 4032: 3737:Visible (optical) 3399:on 6 January 2010 3271:978-3-540-25312-9 3238:978-0-12-436603-9 3211:978-0-201-02116-5 2690:visual perception 2639: 2638: 2067: 2066: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 900:{\displaystyle E} 873:{\displaystyle f} 772:sources (such as 592:vacuum wavelength 539: 517: 508: 491: 482: 456:femtoelectronvolt 368:Ernest Rutherford 249:noticed that the 235:electric currents 131:History of optics 5142: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5073: 5072: 5063: 5062: 4863: 4608: 4540:Secondary colour 4451: 4437: 4313:National colours 4308:Political colour 4288:Colour symbolism 4246:Opponent process 4204:Colour constancy 4182:Colour blindness 4113:Spectral colours 4081: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4037: 3624: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3524: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3259: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3158: 3156:astro-ph/0611691 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3115:. Archived from 3104: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049:. Archived from 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3017: 2975:Spectral imaging 2904:nuclear medicine 2849:X-ray telescopes 2732:visible spectrum 2643:Visible spectrum 2619: 2595: 2571: 2547: 2523: 2499: 2475: 2417: 2408:and videography. 2279:devices such as 2275:tubes, and with 2138:systems such as 2112:electric current 1951: 1928: 1926: 1907: 1905: 1886: 1884: 1865: 1863: 1844: 1842: 1809: 1807: 1774: 1772: 1753: 1751: 1732: 1730: 1711: 1709: 1690: 1688: 1669: 1667: 1648: 1646: 1627: 1625: 1592: 1590: 1571: 1569: 1550: 1548: 1529: 1527: 1508: 1506: 1487: 1485: 1453: 1040:Visible spectrum 1019:Near ultraviolet 906: 904: 903: 898: 879: 877: 876: 871: 852: 850: 849: 844: 819: 774:gamma ray bursts 667: 665: 553: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 527: 518: 515: 509: 501: 492: 489: 483: 475: 440:plasma frequency 433: 431: 298:dielectric media 233:discovered that 227:electromagnetism 207:William Herschel 123:History of radio 5150: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5051: 5019: 4936: 4854: 4811: 4801: 4724: 4703:Blue in culture 4699:Colour history 4674: 4593: 4567:Colour analysis 4562:Colour triangle 4516: 4473:black-and-white 4445: 4438: 4425: 4368:Colour printing 4327: 4274: 4156: 4070: 4064: 4034: 4029: 3995: 3922: 3897: 3883: 3851: 3779: 3731: 3673: 3650: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3556: 3551: 3481:Industry Canada 3477:Wayback Machine 3460: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325:Wayback Machine 3316: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3056: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2940:Infrared window 2920: 2871: 2865: 2817: 2811: 2713: 2707: 2645: 2626: 2617: 2602: 2593: 2578: 2569: 2554: 2545: 2530: 2521: 2506: 2497: 2482: 2473: 2462: 2451: 2440: 2415: 2357: 2351: 2301:microwave ovens 2289:polar molecules 2222: 2216: 2198:The use of the 2120:magnetic fields 2093: 2087:Radio frequency 2083: 2077: 2072: 1942: 1924: 1922: 1903: 1901: 1882: 1880: 1861: 1859: 1840: 1838: 1824:1 electronvolt 1805: 1803: 1770: 1768: 1749: 1747: 1728: 1726: 1707: 1705: 1686: 1684: 1665: 1663: 1644: 1642: 1623: 1621: 1588: 1586: 1567: 1565: 1546: 1544: 1525: 1523: 1504: 1502: 1483: 1481: 1430: 1404: 1375: 1352: 1326: 1297: 1274: 1248: 1238: 1212: 1186: 1157: 1147: 1021: 996: 913: 889: 888: 887: 884: 862: 861: 860: 857: 835: 834: 833: 830: 789:reference frame 780:and in medical 702:X-ray radiation 699:Gamma radiation 674: 663: 661: 576:Planck constant 528: 463: 462: 442:of the ionized 429: 427: 403: 391:Albert Einstein 327:subjected to a 321:Wilhelm Röntgen 247:Michael Faraday 239:magnetic fields 133: 115: 35:, organized by 17: 12: 11: 5: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5104: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4753:Pastel colours 4745: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4582:(Schopenhauer) 4575: 4570: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4535:Primary colour 4526: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4421:Colour mapping 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4346:Colour balance 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Kruithof curve 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4175:Sonochromatism 4166: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4087: 4085: 4084:Colour physics 4078: 4076:Colour science 4072: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3817: 3812: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3494: 3484: 3467: 3459: 3458:External links 3456: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3429: 3409: 3380: 3358: 3341:Elert, Glenn. 3333: 3331:lecture slides 3318:What is Light? 3310: 3289: 3277: 3270: 3244: 3237: 3217: 3210: 3186: 3173:10.1086/513696 3149:(1): L33–L36. 3129: 3099: 3072: 3034: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960:Radiant energy 2957: 2952: 2950:Optical window 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2867:Main article: 2864: 2861: 2841:stellar corona 2825:Compton effect 2819:After UV come 2813:Main article: 2810: 2807: 2785:thymine dimers 2709:Main article: 2706: 2703: 2641:Main article: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2395: 2380: 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2218:Main article: 2215: 2212: 2200:radio spectrum 2193:remote control 2148:two way radios 2125:radio receiver 2091:Radio spectrum 2079:Main article: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1977: 1976: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929:electronvolts 1920: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1908:electronvolts 1899: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1887:electronvolts 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1866:electronvolts 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1845:electronvolts 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825: 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1182: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1156:Extremely high 1153: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 992: 988: 987: 981: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 939: 933: 927: 924: 919: 916: 908: 907: 896: 880: 869: 853: 842: 826: 823: 734:photosynthesis 730:chemical bonds 719: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 673: 670: 580: 579: 569: 566:speed of light 555: 554: 543: 538: 534: 531: 525: 522: 512: 507: 504: 499: 496: 486: 481: 478: 473: 470: 452:electron volts 402: 399: 385:", now called 372:Edward Andrade 360:beta particles 325:evacuated tube 290:Heinrich Hertz 275:speed of light 255:Faraday effect 179:René Descartes 145:ancient Greeks 114: 111: 91:atomic nucleus 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5147: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5068: 5066: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812:organisations 4808: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4748:Colourfulness 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4530:Colour mixing 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4522:Colour theory 4519: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4502:Light-on-dark 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4455:Colour scheme 4452: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4323:Chromotherapy 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4263:Tetrachromacy 4261: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187:Achromatopsia 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170:Chromesthesia 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3519:(992 kB) 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Dingus, B. L. 3133: 3130: 3119:on 2011-05-04 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3053:on 2012-02-25 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:radioisotopes 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2857:areal density 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:neutron stars 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2699:Optical fiber 2694: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:visual system 2659: 2654: 2650: 2649:visible light 2644: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2460:Photon energy 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2413:Visible light 2412: 2407: 2403: 2402:image sensors 2399: 2398:Near-infrared 2396: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2342:terahertz gap 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:visible light 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285:IMPATT diodes 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:radiolocation 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152:mobile phones 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1821:electronvolt 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459:Abbreviation 1458: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429:Extremely low 1423: 1420: 1409: 1406: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1368: 1357: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1331: 1328: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1290: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1264: 1253: 1250: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1116: 1105: 1102:Mid infrared 1097: 1094: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1000: 998: 993: 990: 989: 986: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 969: 966: 962: 959: 958: 947: 944: 940: 938: 934: 932: 928: 923: 915: 909: 894: 886: 881: 867: 859: 854: 840: 832: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 793:Doppler shift 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 755: 750: 746: 745:nuclear decay 741: 739: 738:visual system 735: 731: 727: 722: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 697: 696: 689: 683: 678: 671: 669: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611:visible light 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 577: 573: 570: 567: 563: 560: 559: 558: 541: 536: 532: 529: 523: 520: 510: 505: 502: 497: 494: 484: 479: 476: 471: 468: 461: 460: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 425: 422: 421:photon energy 418: 415: 411: 408: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 243:Oersted's law 240: 236: 232: 228: 225:The study of 223: 221: 217: 216:Johann Ritter 212: 208: 203: 201: 197: 194:measured the 193: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:visible light 132: 128: 124: 120: 112: 110: 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 76:photon energy 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57:visible light 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 21: 4922:Colour chart 4785:Fluorescence 4741:Dichromatism 4603:Colour terms 4585: 4577: 4557:Colour wheel 4552:Colour solid 4547:Chromaticity 4416:Colour space 4385:Colour model 4318:Chromophobia 4267: 4090: 3605: 3553: 3445: 3432: 3421:. Retrieved 3412: 3401:. Retrieved 3397:the original 3392: 3383: 3372:. Retrieved 3361: 3350:. Retrieved 3346: 3336: 3313: 3302:. Retrieved 3298:"Gamma-Rays" 3292: 3280: 3255: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3196: 3189: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3121:. Retrieved 3117:the original 3102: 3093: 3086:. Retrieved 3075: 3065: 3062: 3055:. Retrieved 3051:the original 3046: 3037: 3026:. Retrieved 2980:Spectroscopy 2970:Radio window 2872: 2818: 2793: 2763: 2758:fluorescence 2756: 2750: 2736: 2725: 2695: 2687: 2680:between 380 2675: 2646: 2621: 2597: 2573: 2549: 2525: 2501: 2478: 2397: 2391: 2383:Mid-infrared 2382: 2368:Far-infrared 2367: 2358: 2340: 2334: 2251: 2206:(ITU) which 2197: 2173:demodulation 2133: 2094: 2059:Creation of 2053:High-energy 1983:through far 1943: 1465: 1437:100 Mm 1359:100 km 1336:30 kHz 1258:30 MHz 1170:30 GHz 1122:Far infrared 1044:700 nm 1024:400 nm 1001:121 nm 974:Soft X-rays 810:Lyman series 806:ground state 786: 782:radiotherapy 767: 763:thorium-229m 758: 742: 723: 720: 694: 681: 642:astrophysics 633:Spectroscopy 631: 596: 591: 581: 571: 561: 556: 423: 409: 404: 376: 348:Paul Villard 341: 329:high voltage 318: 283: 224: 204: 192:Thomas Young 183:Robert Hooke 168: 165:Isaac Newton 141:radiant heat 134: 106:spectroscopy 103: 88: 73: 28: 26: 5102:Electronics 4780:Iridescence 4612:Basic terms 4507:Web colours 4463:Colour tool 4402:subtractive 4351:Colour cast 4256:Unique hues 4214:Colour code 4209:Colour task 4152:Colorimetry 4118:Chromophore 4020:Medium wave 3697:Lyman-alpha 3679:Ultraviolet 3618:wavelengths 3611:frequencies 3575:Ultraviolet 3393:India Daily 2955:Ozone layer 2896:irradiation 2847:. However, 2837:black holes 2829:radiography 2777:skin cancer 2728:ultraviolet 2711:Ultraviolet 2671:ultraviolet 2390:called the 2277:solid state 2234:troposphere 2108:transmitter 2081:Radio waves 2075:Radio waves 2016:Ultraviolet 1633:Wavelength 1612:Wavelength 1598:Wavelength 1577:Wavelength 1562:centimeter 1556:Wavelength 1541:millimeter 1535:Wavelength 1520:micrometer 1514:Wavelength 1493:Wavelength 1472:Wavelength 1414:30 Hz 1411:10 Mm 1362:3 kHz 1333:10 km 1284:3 MHz 1199:3 GHz 997:ultraviolet 977:10 nm 754:muonic atom 717:Radio waves 615:ultraviolet 346:. In 1900, 337:radiography 294:radio waves 222:radiation. 220:ultraviolet 209:discovered 61:ultraviolet 45:radio waves 5124:Categories 4942:Shades of: 4775:Brightness 4446:philosophy 4251:Afterimage 4241:Metamerism 4192:Dichromacy 4001:Wavelength 3857:Microwaves 3669:Hard X-ray 3664:Soft X-ray 3633:Gamma rays 3565:Gamma rays 3423:2009-11-12 3403:2010-09-27 3374:2022-01-21 3352:2022-01-21 3304:2010-10-16 3123:2008-01-05 3028:2011-11-08 2930:Cosmic ray 2875:gamma rays 2869:Gamma rays 2863:Gamma rays 2678:wavelength 2661:the human 2635:1.65–1.98 2611:1.98–2.10 2587:2.10–2.19 2563:2.19–2.48 2539:2.48–2.56 2515:2.56–2.75 2491:2.75–3.26 2438:Wavelength 2387:black-body 2329:waveguides 2257:wavelength 2253:Microwaves 2238:ionosphere 2220:Microwaves 2214:Microwaves 2179:(GPS) and 2144:television 2129:ionosphere 2104:resonators 2055:gamma rays 2044:Gamma rays 1780:Frequency 1765:kiloHertz 1759:Frequency 1744:megaHertz 1738:Frequency 1723:gigaHertz 1717:Frequency 1702:teraHertz 1696:Frequency 1681:petaHertz 1675:Frequency 1654:Frequency 1639:megameter 1618:kilometer 1583:decimeter 1499:nanometer 1478:picometer 1440:3 Hz 1211:Ultra high 1185:Super high 922:Gamma rays 883:Energy per 802:excitation 749:electronic 666:10 Hz 654:radio wave 623:gamma rays 599:radio wave 432:10 Hz 414:wavelength 379:Max Planck 344:gamma rays 306:microwaves 269:) for the 196:wavelength 161:microscope 153:refraction 149:reflection 117:See also: 80:kilometers 69:gamma rays 49:microwaves 41:wavelength 4792:Grayscale 4765:Lightness 4760:Luminance 4569:(fashion) 4269:The dress 4015:Shortwave 4010:Microwave 3590:Microwave 2965:Radiation 2908:PET scans 2887:astronomy 2743:electrons 2658:human eye 2449:Frequency 2305:diathermy 2273:magnetron 2164:modulated 1981:Microwave 1660:exaHertz 1443:12.4 feV 1431:frequency 1405:frequency 1403:Super low 1394:1.24 peV 1376:frequency 1374:Ultra low 1365:12.4 peV 1353:frequency 1327:frequency 1316:1.24 neV 1298:frequency 1287:12.4 neV 1275:frequency 1249:frequency 1247:Very high 1231:1.24 μeV 1213:frequency 1202:12.4 μeV 1187:frequency 1158:frequency 1140:1.24 meV 1113:12.4 meV 955:12.4 keV 914:radiation 841:λ 814:red shift 770:gamma ray 627:molecules 603:microwave 568:in vacuum 537:λ 480:λ 407:frequency 319:In 1895, 205:In 1800, 157:telescope 37:frequency 5065:Category 5047:Lighting 4770:Darkness 4590:(Goethe) 4390:additive 4378:Quattron 4025:Longwave 3785:Infrared 3585:Infrared 3473:Archived 3370:. vlf.it 3329:UC Davis 3321:Archived 3181:17886934 2925:Bandplan 2918:See also 2802:dioxygen 2632:400–480 2629:625–750 2608:480–510 2605:590–625 2584:510–530 2581:565–590 2560:530–600 2557:500–565 2536:600–620 2533:485–500 2512:620–670 2509:450–485 2488:670–790 2485:380–450 2361:infrared 2293:infrared 2269:klystron 2230:longwave 2116:electric 2100:antennas 1996:infrared 1985:infrared 1789:1 Hertz 1607:1 meter 1351:Very low 1088:30 THz 1080:1.24 eV 1064:infrared 1055:Infrared 1047:480 THz 1027:750 THz 1007:10.2 eV 912:Ionizing 672:Regions 646:hydrogen 607:infrared 312:and the 237:produce 211:infrared 170:spectrum 84:antennas 53:infrared 5088:Portals 5029:Related 4990:Magenta 4915:history 4819:Pantone 4106:Visible 4101:Rainbow 3616:longer 3609:higher 3580:Visible 3161:Bibcode 3088:5 March 3057:4 March 2883:photons 2845:nebulae 2789:mutagen 2766:Sunburn 2667:rainbow 2372:phonons 2006:Visible 1973:antenna 1649:meters 1628:meters 1593:meters 1572:meters 1551:meters 1530:meters 1509:meters 1488:meters 1107:100 μm 1085:10 μm 1034: 1012: 995:Extreme 980:30 PHz 949:100 pm 926: 825: 726:rainbow 574:is the 564:is the 557:where: 387:photons 5042:Qualia 5037:Vision 4985:Purple 4980:Violet 4960:Yellow 4955:Orange 4810:Colour 4650:Orange 4645:Purple 4635:Yellow 4444:Colour 4069:topics 4067:Colour 3918:L band 3913:S band 3908:C band 3903:X band 3889:K band 3875:Q band 3870:V band 3865:W band 3770:Orange 3765:Yellow 3745:Violet 3656:X-rays 3570:X-rays 3499:(from 3479:(from 3268: 3235: 3208: 3179: 3066:beyond 2990:W band 2985:V band 2821:X-rays 2815:X-rays 2809:X-rays 2797:oxygen 2739:ionize 2651:. The 2620: 2618: 2599:orange 2596: 2594: 2575:yellow 2572: 2570: 2548: 2546: 2524: 2522: 2500: 2498: 2479:violet 2476: 2474: 2433:Colour 2315:, and 2168:signal 2158:, and 2030:X-rays 1786:Hertz 1775:hertz 1754:hertz 1733:hertz 1712:hertz 1691:hertz 1670:hertz 1604:meter 1296:Medium 1281:100 m 1146:Micro- 1110:3 THz 1004:3 PHz 965:X-rays 952:3 EHz 885:photon 831:length 822:Class 648:atoms 619:X-rays 588:matter 584:medium 383:quanta 352:radium 333:x-rays 214:year, 129:, and 99:ionize 67:, and 65:X-rays 5135:Waves 5075:Index 5015:Black 5005:White 5000:Brown 4965:Green 4867:Lists 4859:Names 4841:(CIE) 4670:Brown 4665:White 4655:Black 4625:Green 4140:Water 4096:Light 4003:types 3928:Radio 3824:Bands 3797:Bands 3760:Green 3595:Radio 3501:Ofcom 3177:S2CID 3151:arXiv 2773:cells 2721:ozone 2551:green 2321:Wi-Fi 2309:radar 2189:radar 2096:Radio 1994:Near 1963:Radio 1466:Scale 1462:Name 1456:Unit 1255:10 m 1239:waves 1237:Radio 1148:waves 1134:300 1062:Near 963:Hard 858:uency 856:Freq- 829:Wave- 586:with 448:atoms 419:, or 401:Range 356:alpha 314:radio 302:resin 175:prism 5010:Gray 4995:Pink 4975:Blue 4970:Cyan 4660:Grey 4640:Pink 4620:Blue 4407:CMYK 3898:band 3884:band 3842:LWIR 3820:MWIR 3815:SWIR 3755:Cyan 3750:Blue 3266:ISBN 3233:ISBN 3206:ISBN 3090:2013 3059:2013 2835:and 2770:skin 2527:cyan 2503:blue 2404:for 2359:The 2295:and 2283:and 2281:Gunn 2271:and 2263:and 2187:and 2118:and 2089:and 1916:feV 1895:peV 1874:neV 1853:µeV 1832:meV 1797:keV 1762:KHz 1741:MHz 1720:GHz 1699:THz 1678:PHz 1657:EHz 1425:ELF 1417:124 1399:SLF 1388:300 1370:ULF 1347:VLF 1339:124 1310:300 1273:High 1261:124 1243:VHF 1225:300 1207:UHF 1181:SHF 1173:124 1152:EHF 1118:FIR 1099:MIR 1091:124 1074:300 1059:NIR 1015:NUV 991:EUV 983:124 941:124 759:e.g. 680:The 650:emit 621:and 358:and 185:and 159:and 151:and 139:and 27:The 4950:Red 4736:Hue 4630:Red 4395:RGB 3991:ELF 3986:SLF 3981:ULF 3976:VLF 3956:VHF 3951:UHF 3946:SHF 3941:EHF 3936:THF 3847:FIR 3793:NIR 3775:Red 3727:UVA 3722:UVB 3717:UVC 3712:NUV 3707:MUV 3702:FUV 3262:109 3202:2–5 3169:doi 3147:658 2781:DNA 2653:Sun 2623:red 2454:THz 2265:EHF 2261:SHF 1818:eV 1783:Hz 1636:Mm 1615:km 1580:dm 1559:cm 1538:mm 1517:µm 1496:nm 1475:pm 1419:feV 1341:peV 1325:Low 1321:LF 1312:kHz 1292:MF 1269:HF 1263:neV 1227:MHz 1219:1 1175:μeV 1164:1 1136:GHz 1093:meV 1076:THz 971:SX 960:HX 943:keV 937:EHz 935:30 929:10 662:2.9 436:GeV 434:(1 428:2.4 39:or 5126:: 3971:LF 3966:MF 3961:HF 3834:, 3830:, 3826:: 3807:, 3803:, 3799:: 3391:. 3345:. 3327:– 3264:. 3204:. 3175:. 3167:. 3159:. 3145:. 3111:. 3092:. 3061:. 3045:. 3004:^ 2914:. 2682:nm 2467:) 2465:eV 2456:) 2445:) 2443:nm 2154:, 2150:, 2146:, 2142:, 2024:) 1975:. 1927:10 1906:10 1885:10 1864:10 1843:10 1808:10 1773:10 1752:10 1731:10 1710:10 1689:10 1668:10 1647:10 1626:10 1601:m 1591:10 1570:10 1549:10 1528:10 1507:10 1486:10 1390:Hz 1384:Mm 1382:1 1306:km 1304:1 1195:dm 1193:1 1166:cm 1130:mm 1128:1 1070:μm 1068:1 985:eV 931:pm 918:γ 740:. 658:Hz 652:a 637:nm 617:, 613:, 609:, 605:, 601:, 516:or 490:or 412:, 339:. 316:. 181:, 163:. 125:, 121:, 63:, 59:, 55:, 51:, 47:, 5090:: 4059:e 4052:t 4045:v 3896:u 3894:K 3882:a 3880:K 3838:) 3836:N 3832:M 3828:L 3822:( 3811:) 3809:H 3805:K 3801:J 3795:( 3621:→ 3607:← 3546:e 3539:t 3532:v 3493:) 3483:) 3426:. 3406:. 3377:. 3355:. 3307:. 3274:. 3241:. 3214:. 3183:. 3171:: 3163:: 3153:: 3126:. 3031:. 2463:( 2452:( 2441:( 2240:. 1925:× 1923:1 1904:× 1902:1 1883:× 1881:1 1862:× 1860:1 1841:× 1839:1 1806:× 1804:1 1771:× 1769:1 1750:× 1748:1 1729:× 1727:1 1708:× 1706:1 1687:× 1685:1 1666:× 1664:1 1645:× 1643:1 1624:× 1622:1 1589:× 1587:1 1568:× 1566:1 1547:× 1545:1 1526:× 1524:1 1505:× 1503:1 1484:× 1482:1 1221:m 895:E 868:f 757:( 664:× 578:. 572:h 562:c 542:, 533:c 530:h 524:= 521:E 511:, 506:h 503:E 498:= 495:f 485:, 477:c 472:= 469:f 430:× 424:E 417:λ 410:f 265:( 241:(

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