640:
the hands of the very cruel enemy, and considering both eventualities unworthy of brave men, he dared commit an act worthy of being remembered: calling his men together and explaining the situation to them, he easily persuaded them to enter the enemy camp. He divided the men so that either they should die bravely in battle with glory and honor or else, should destiny prove favorable to them, they should avenge themselves against the enemy in an exceptional matter. So, making use of some
Turkish prisoners, who had been caught at twilight when they were wandering about imprudently, at nightfall Vlad penetrated into the Turkish camp with part of his troops, all the way up the fortifications. And during the entire night he sped like lightning in every direction and caused great slaughter, so much so that, had the other commander to whom he had entrusted his remaining forces been equally brave, or had the Turks not fully obeyed the repeated orders from the sultan not to abandon their garrisons, the Wallachian undoubtedly would have gained the greatest and most brilliant victory. But the other commander (a boyar named Galeș) did not dare attack the camp from the other side as had been agreed upon....Vlad carried out an incredible massacre without losing many men in such a major encounter, though many were wounded. He abandoned the enemy camp before daybreak and returned to the same mountain from which he had come. No one dared pursue him, since he had caused such terror and turmoil. I learned by questioning those who had participated in this battle that the sultan lost all confidence in the situation. During that night the sultan abandoned the camp and fled in a shameful manner. And he would have continued to this way, had he not been reprimanded by his friends and brought back, almost against his will.
620:. On 17 June, when the Turks camped south of the capital, Vlad Țepeș launched his night attack with 24,000, or possibly with only 7,000 to 10,000 horsemen. Chalkokondyles retells the story that, before making his attack, Vlad went freely into the Turkish camp disguised as a Turk, and wandered around to find the location of the Sultan's tent and learn about his organization. The anonymous Italian chronicle of Verona mentions that Mehmed had disallowed his soldiers to exit their tents during the night, as to not cause panic in case of an attack. The chronicle goes on explaining that Vlad Țepeș, being aware of Mehmed's strategy, had decided for an attack in the night, knowing how to proceed in his offensive when the enemy soldiers would have to remain in their tents. The skirmish would last from "three hours after sunset until four the next morning" and would cause great confusion in the Ottoman camp. The Wallachians made noise from their buglers and illuminated the battle with their torches; and in that night, they launched not one, but several attacks. Documents differ on the exact result of the skirmish: some sources say that the Wallachians slaughtered a great number of Turks, while others say the Ottoman losses were minimal. Many horses and camels were, however, killed. Some chronicles blame a Wallachian boyar named Galeș, who supposedly led a simultaneous attack on the Turks with a second army, for not being brave enough to cause the expected devastation on the enemy. Vlad Țepeș himself aimed for the tent of the sultan, as he routed the Asian cavalry, but mistakenly went for the tent of the two grand viziers
658:, the total casualties for the conflict are numbered as 5,000 for the Wallachian side and 15,000 for the Ottomans. Even though the morale of the sultan and his army was low, Mehmed decided to besiege the capital, but instead found it deserted with its gates wide open. The Turkish army entered the capital and for half an hour, the army marched on the road that was bordered by some 20,000 impaled Ottomans. There, they found the rotten corpse of Hamza Pasha impaled on the highest stake, to symbolize his 'high ranking'. Other sources say that the city was defended by the soldiers, while the impaled corpses lay outside the city-walls for a distance of 60 miles. Chalkokondyles, when remarking the reaction of the sultan, wrote: "The sultan was seized with amazement and said that it was not possible to deprive of his country a man who had done such great deeds, who had such a diabolical understanding of how to govern his realm and its people. And he said that a man who had done such things was worth much."
585:
transported other janissaries over the Danube, and when the entire infantry had crossed over, then we prepared and set out gradually against Vlad's army, together with the artillery and other equipment that we had brought with us. Having halted, we set up the cannon, but not in time to stop three hundred janissaries from being killed ... Seeing that our side was greatly weakening, we defended ourselves with the 120 guns which we had brought over and fired so often that we repelled the prince's army and greatly strengthened our position ... Vlad, seeing that he could not prevent the crossing, withdrew. After that the emperor crossed the Danube with his entire army and gave us 30,000 coins to be distributed among us.
377:
then disguised himself as a Turk and advanced with his cavalry towards the fortress where he ordered the guards in
Turkish to have the gates open. This they did and Vlad Țepeș attacked and destroyed the fortress. In his next move, he went on a campaign and slaughtered enemy soldiers and population that might have sympathized with the Turks; first in southern Wallachia, then, in Bulgaria by crossing the frozen Danube. While in Bulgaria, he divided his army into several smaller groups and covered "some 800 kilometers in two weeks", as they killed over 23,000 Turks. In a letter to Corvinus, dated 11 February 1462, he stated:
609:, to intermix with the Turks and infect them. The bubonic plague managed to spread in the Ottoman army. The Ottoman fleet launched a few minor attacks on Brăila and Chilia, but without being able to do much damage, as Vlad Țepeș had destroyed most of the ports in Bulgaria. Chalkokondyles writes that the Sultan managed to capture a Wallachian soldier and at first tried to bribe him for information; when that didn't work, he threatened him with torture, to no avail. Mehmed was said to have commended the soldier by saying, "if your master had many soldiers like yourself, in a short time he could conquer the world!"
446:
148:
119:
403:, sometimes attributed to an Italian chronicler Donado da Lezze, only 8,000 Turks survived. Vlad Țepeș's campaign was celebrated among the Saxon cities of Transylvania, the Italian states, and the Pope. A Venetian envoy, upon hearing about the news at the court of Corvinus on 4 March , expressed great joy and said that the whole of Christianity should celebrate Vlad Țepeș's successful campaign. An English pilgrim to the
137:
108:
301:, the Pope proclaimed the official crusade that was to last for three years. His plan, however, failed and the only European leader that showed enthusiasm for the crusade was Vlad Țepeș, whom the Pope held in high regard. Because of a lack of enthusiasm shown by Europeans for the crusade, Mehmed took the opportunity to take an offensive stand. Later that same year (1460), he captured the last independent
767:
593:, poisoned the waters, and also created marshes by diverting the waters of small rivers. Traps were created by the digging of pits, and then covered with timber and leaves. The population and animals were evacuated to the mountains and as Mehmed advanced for seven days, his army suffered from fatigue as "he found no man, nor any significant animal, and nothing to eat or drink." Vlad adopted
542:
43:
372:, but with orders to ambush him there; and thereafter, take him to Constantinople. Vlad was forewarned about the ambush and planned to set an ambush of his own. Hamza brought with him 1,000 cavalry and when passing through a narrow pass north of Giurgiu, Vlad launched a surprise-attack. The Wallachians had the Turks surrounded and fired with their
529:, who called the troops to prayer, astrologers who consulted Mehmed and helped him make military decisions; and women "reserved for the night pleasures of the men." Chalkokondyles reported that the Danube shipowners were paid 300,000 gold pieces to transport the army. In addition to this, the Ottomans used their own fleet that consisted of 25
328:, was captured in 1460 by the Turks while traversing Bulgaria. Szilágyi's men were tortured to death, while Szilágyi was sawed in half. Later that year, Mehmed sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay the delayed jizya. Vlad Țepeș provoked Mehmed by having the envoys killed and in a letter dated 10 September 1460, addressed to the
233:. In response, Mehmed raised a great army with the objective to conquer Wallachia. The two leaders fought a series of skirmishes, the most notable one being the conflict where Vlad attacked the Turkish camp in the night in an attempt to kill Mehmed. The assassination attempt failed and Mehmed marched to the Wallachian capital of
376:
until the entire expedition-force was killed. Historians credit Vlad Țepeș as one of the first
European crusaders to use gunpowder in a "deadly artistic way". In a letter to Corvinus, dated 11 February 1462, he wrote that Hamza Pasha was captured close to the former Wallachian fortress of Giurgiu. He
639:
The sultan besieged him and discovered him in a certain mountain where the
Wallachian was supported by the natural strength of the place. There Vlad had hidden himself along with 24,000 of his men who had willingly followed him. When Vlad realized that he would either perish from hunger or fall into
456:
Mehmed sent messengers in all directions to assemble an army, "which in numbers and armaments must have been equal to that which he had employed on the siege of
Constantinople." On 26 April or 17 May 1462, the sultan moved with his army from Constantinople with the objective of conquering Wallachia.
584:
When night began to fall, we climbed into our boats and floated down the Danube and crossed over to the other side several miles below the place where Vlad's army was stationed. There we dug ourselves trenches, so that cavalry could not harm us. After that we crossed back over to the other side and
347:
At the end of
November 1461, Vlad Țepeș wrote to Mehmed that he could not afford to pay the jizya, as his war against the Saxons of Transylvania had emptied his resources, and that he could not leave Wallachia and risk having the Hungarian king take over his domains. He further promised to send the
386:
The
Christian Bulgarians were spared and many of them were settled in Wallachia. His precise numbers were counted as such: At Giurgiu there were 6,414 victims; at Eni Sala, 1,350; at Durostor 6,840; at Orsova, 343; at Hârsova, 840; at Marotin, 210; at Turtucaia, 630; at Turnu, Batin, and Novograd,
381:
I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at
Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea, up to Rahova, which is located near Chilia, from the lower Danube up to such places as Samovit and Ghighen. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in
566:
on horseback—who were few in numbers—were armed with lances, swords, and daggers and wore chainmail as armour. Vlad's personal guard consisted of mercenaries from many countries and some
Gypsies. Before battle, it is believed that Vlad told his men that "it would be better that those who think of
561:
slave contingents." Various sources mention the strength of his army to be between 22,000 and 30,900, with the most popular accepted number set at 30,000. The letter of
Leonardo Tocco which put the numbers of the Turkish army at an exaggerated strength of 400,000, exaggerated also the Wallachian
344:. Vlad Țepeș refused the demand, and the Turks crossed the Danube and started to do their own recruiting, to which Vlad reacted by capturing the Turks and impaling them. The conflict continued until 1461, when Mehmed asked the Prince to come to Constantinople and negotiate with him.
237:, where he found a few men with cannons. After leaving the capital, Mehmed discovered 23,844 impaled Turks whom Vlad had killed during his invasion of Bulgaria. The number is mentioned by Vlad himself in a letter to Matthias Corvinus. The sultan and his troops then sailed to
556:
Vlad Țepeș asked the Hungarian king for assistance. He received no support despite promises made by Corvinus and instead called for a mobilization that included "not only men of military age, but also of women and of children from the age of twelve up; and included
674:, decided to launch an attack on the latter. The Wallachians rushed to the scene with 7,000 men and managed to defend the town, while wounding Stephen in his foot by artillery fire. On June 29, the Sultan reached Brăila, which he burned down, and then sailed to
678:, where they arrived on 11 July. On 12 July, the Turks called for a celebration for their "Great victory" over Vlad Țepeș. The Turks had enslaved many of the local inhabitants, which they marched on their way south together with 200,000 cattle and horses.
575:
The Turks first tried to disembark at Vidin, but were pushed back by an archery attack. On 4 June, a contingent of janissaries landed in the night, at Turnu Severin, where 300 of them died from Wallachian attacks. The Serbian-born janissary,
745:, this attack is showcased in one of the final Dracula campaigns. After killing several Ottoman troops and suffering losses of his own, Dracula calls off the attack because he realizes Mehmed II fled the camp before the attack began.
427:
thanked Vlad Țepeș, for his campaign had saved them from an attack of some 300 ships that the sultan planned to send against them. Many Turks were now frightened of Vlad and left the European side of their empire and moved into
661:
Mehmed ordered for a deep trench to be dug out around the Turkish encampment in order to prevent enemy penetration and the following day (22 June), the Turks retreated. A few days later, Vlad's cousin,
521:, who willingly served the sultan, commanded 4,000 horsemen. In addition to this, the Turks brought with them 120 cannon, engineers and workers that would build roads and bridges, priests of Islam (
419:
sung in praise and honour of God who had granted such victories....The lord mayor of Rhodes convened his brother soldiers and the whole citizenry feasted on fruit and wine." The
465:
wrote of Mehmed's army as "huge, second in size only to the one that this sultan had led against Constantinople." He estimated the force at 250,000, while the Turkish historian
387:
384; at Sistov, 410; at Nicopolis and Ghighen, 1,138; at Rahova, 1,460. When hearing about the devastation, Mehmed—who was busy besieging a fortress in Corinth—sent his
2845:
3366:
493:, Tommasi, who mentioned a regular force of 60,000 and some 30,000 irregulars. These consisted of the janissaries (the elite slave troops); infantry soldiers;
34:
2826:
1434:
3310:
2024:
2521:
1425:
382:
homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers...Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace with him (Sultan Mehmet II).
3371:
1959:
1940:
1363:
1006:
3319:
1626:
485:
and Anatolia, with 40,000 being constructors of bridges armed with axes. A smaller estimate of the size of the Turkish forces was made by the
352:
to rule over Wallachia in his absence. Meanwhile, the Sultan received intelligence reports that revealed Vlad's alliance with Hungarian king,
2078:
1357:
1034:
710:
begins in 1462 with the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia; a night battle (ostensibly this attack) takes place, ending with Vlad Țepeș's victory.
2320:
3361:
2104:
1530:
3381:
2315:
706:
736:
includes an altered rendition of this attack, in which Dracula blocks the sun with black clouds instead of the battle occurring at night.
3356:
1739:
1640:
222:
2426:
1394:
1336:
3254:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2555:
741:
1488:
2599:
2339:
2164:
719:
597:
tactics as his cavalry made several hit-and-run attacks. He would also send ill people suffering from lethal diseases, such as
289:, and Mehmed wanted to have control over the river, as naval attacks could be launched against his empire all the way from the
3170:
1523:
336:), he warned them of Mehmed's invasion plans and asked for their support. Vlad Țepeș had not paid the annual jizya of 10,000
2653:
2351:
3264:
3232:
2821:
2677:
2588:
2583:
2578:
1418:
2499:
631:
A Wallachian point of view of the events was recorded by the papal legate, Niccolò Modrussa, years later at the court of
3248:
3099:
2908:
2995:
693:
3074:
2918:
2611:
1788:
432:. Mehmed, when hearing about the events, abandoned his siege at Corinth and decided to go against Vlad Țepeș himself.
2304:
2213:
2131:
348:
Sultan plenty of gold when he could afford to and that he would go to Constantinople if the Sultan would send him a
3376:
3144:
2433:
2420:
2245:
2157:
2124:
2083:
1725:
1447:
1328:
457:
The Sultan himself wrote in a letter addressed to one of his grand viziers, that he took 150,000 men with him. The
3391:
2593:
2326:
2310:
1980:
1966:
1886:
1803:
1349:
562:
strength which was estimated at 200,000. The majority of the army consisted of peasants and shepherds, while the
473:, believed to have been written by a certain merchant named Cristoforo Schiappa. A letter of a Leonardo Tocco to
400:
2199:
1849:
3269:
2974:
2764:
2684:
2671:
2544:
2533:
2049:
1773:
1411:
750:
3104:
2371:
2227:
577:
30:
3351:
3242:
3226:
3186:
3180:
3137:
2949:
2913:
2816:
2800:
2782:
2769:
2724:
2719:
2690:
2605:
2457:
2444:
2398:
2386:
2366:
2345:
2291:
2285:
1821:
1768:
1696:
1690:
663:
462:
3386:
3126:
2923:
2896:
2695:
2666:
2255:
2220:
2072:
2017:
1926:
1919:
1860:
1708:
1680:
1646:
1586:
780:
714:
625:
415:
while on his way home, wrote that "the military men of Rhodes, upon hearing of Vlad Țepeș's campaign, had
254:
3150:
3084:
3064:
2891:
2734:
2700:
2185:
2145:
1946:
1905:
1651:
1601:
1467:
445:
266:
3115:
2811:
2439:
2356:
2178:
1001:
325:
2138:
3175:
3079:
3054:
3020:
2969:
2902:
2864:
2729:
2706:
2660:
2539:
2414:
2392:
2333:
2279:
2268:
2066:
2043:
2030:
1898:
1834:
1685:
1619:
1591:
1569:
1557:
1551:
645:
329:
655:
648:, pursued the Wallachians and killed 1,000–2,000 of them. According to the chronicle of the Venetan
612:
The Turks continued with their advance towards Târgoviște, after failing to capture the fortress of
3202:
3197:
3121:
3109:
3069:
3025:
2759:
2463:
2376:
2261:
2192:
1992:
1933:
1872:
1809:
1607:
1574:
1495:
772:
262:
635:
when Vlad was being imprisoned by Corvinus. It is said to have been told by a Wallachian veteran:
3284:
3279:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3008:
2979:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2831:
2744:
2739:
2626:
2549:
2479:
2473:
2061:
1912:
1879:
1778:
1763:
1758:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1502:
486:
474:
310:
298:
2956:
2886:
2468:
506:
3208:
3192:
3160:
3002:
2984:
2963:
2806:
2775:
2527:
2493:
2450:
2403:
2361:
2274:
2250:
2239:
2206:
2055:
2010:
1986:
1952:
1544:
1537:
1516:
1509:
1474:
1403:
1390:
1353:
1332:
1030:
594:
518:
353:
290:
226:
190:
514:
498:
3237:
2875:
2869:
2713:
2646:
2381:
2089:
1866:
1854:
1828:
1815:
1798:
1633:
1613:
1596:
1580:
1481:
340:
since 1459. In addition to this, Mehmed asked him for 1,000 boys that were to be trained as
230:
218:
198:
141:
234:
147:
118:
76:
3289:
3274:
3259:
3155:
3094:
3089:
3049:
2989:
2933:
2881:
2754:
2749:
2504:
2486:
2408:
2297:
2233:
2151:
2036:
1793:
1702:
1674:
1563:
1010:
671:
450:
282:
166:
Contemporary estimates vary from 90,000 to 300,000; 150,000 according to Mehmed II himself
501:(the sacrificial units composed of slaves who would win their freedom if they survived);
469:
mentioned 300,000. The same numbers were put by an anonymous Italian chronicle found in
3165:
3059:
3014:
2171:
1844:
1438:
1320:
732:
606:
590:
546:
285:
was sometimes reluctant in paying the jizya. Wallachia controlled the left bank of the
210:
122:
517:(who handled the firearms) and the sultan's personal bodyguards. Vlad's half-brother,
3345:
3131:
1973:
1839:
1341:
558:
724:
602:
458:
388:
294:
51:
1024:
688:
621:
408:
373:
341:
799:
According to Yaşar Yücel-Ali Sevim the name of the Akıncı commander was Evrenos
245:. Mehmed's forces returned home with many captured slaves, horses, and cattle.
762:
675:
494:
466:
297:
called for a new crusade against the Ottomans and on January 14, 1460, at the
274:
270:
242:
905:
Ion Grumeza, The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500, p. 17
766:
613:
550:
541:
404:
365:
361:
306:
273:, together with other smaller states, threatened the Ottomans. In the West,
257:
to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, Mehmed set his sights on other campaigns. In
214:
206:
202:
151:
136:
112:
107:
42:
392:
333:
238:
667:
589:
The Ottoman army managed to advance as Vlad Țepeș instituted a policy of
429:
258:
229:
and ordered his forces to ambush him. Vlad foiled the attack and invaded
509:(the custodians of the sultan's weapons who also protected the flanks);
598:
530:
526:
482:
416:
369:
318:
278:
80:
617:
563:
502:
470:
412:
395:. Vlad Țepeș turned back and defeated the army, and according to the
337:
314:
302:
286:
391:, Mahmud, with an army of 18,000 to destroy the Wallachian port of
650:
540:
522:
478:
444:
424:
420:
349:
1108:(Cambridge: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, 2014), vol. 2 p. 377
632:
510:
490:
1407:
357:
754:
depicts this battle in episodes 5 and 6 of its second season.
605:—and in more significant numbers—those who suffered from the
321:
followed suit and surrendered themselves without struggle.
1373:
Noi Izvoare Italiene despre Vlad Țepeș și Ștefan cel Mare
1126:
Noi Izvoare Italiene despre Vlad Țepeș și Ștefan cel Mare
313:
to give up his stronghold; soon thereafter, its capital,
1346:
Dracula: Prince of many faces – His life and his times
1104:
Chalkokondyles 9.90; translated by Anthony Kaldellis,
265:
was still resisting the Ottomans, and to the East the
1387:
Vlad Țepeș (Dracula): între legendă și adevăr istoric
213:
on Thursday, 17 June 1462. The battle started after
3218:
2857:
2844:
2792:
2638:
2625:
2513:
2116:
2103:
2002:
1751:
1738:
1718:
1459:
1446:
481:, wrote that Mehmed had recruited 400,000 men from
1375:, Studies and Materials of Medium History XX/2002
868:
866:
241:and burned it to the ground before retreating to
1291:Chalkokondyles, 9.104; translated by Kaldellis,
309:, and in 1461, he convinced the Greek despot of
1200:Chalkokondyles, 9.98; translated by Kaldellis,
723:depicts the battle from the perspective of the
197:) was a battle fought between forces of Prince
23:
1419:
580:, recounted their encounter with Vlad Țepeș:
368:, to stage a diplomatic meeting with Vlad at
8:
1274:
1272:
3311:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
983:
981:
979:
2854:
2635:
2113:
1748:
1456:
1426:
1412:
1404:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
926:
924:
20:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1212:
1210:
1048:
1046:
1029:. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 71.
16:1462 Wallachian battle with the Ottomans
888:
886:
884:
882:
852:
850:
848:
846:
832:
830:
828:
811:
792:
281:continued to trouble the Sultan, while
217:, who already had tense relations with
3320:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
1026:The most evil men and women in history
644:The janissaries, under the command of
3306:For 20th-century battles before 1914
691:wrote about the conflict in his poem
7:
3367:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
3315:For the battles during World War I
14:
1325:Mehmed the Conqueror and his time
195:Atacul de noapte de la Târgoviște
765:
742:Age of Empires II: The Forgotten
411:, passing through the island of
146:
135:
117:
106:
41:
3372:Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
1389:, Editura Enciclopedică, 1998,
221:, discovered his alliance with
1:
567:death should not follow me".
616:and the fortified island of
3362:Battles involving Wallachia
699:The Legend of the Centuries
3408:
3357:1462 in the Ottoman Empire
1329:Princeton University Press
187:night attack at Târgoviște
24:Night attack at Târgoviște
3330:Ottoman victories are in
3328:
3302:
1350:Little, Brown and Company
1009:November 7, 2006, at the
533:and 150 smaller vessels.
401:Giovanni Maria Angiolello
170:
157:
128:
99:
58:
40:
28:
751:Rise of Empires: Ottoman
324:Vlad Țepeș's only ally,
293:. On 26 September 1459,
1344:; McNally, Raymond T.,
1331:, Princeton, NJ, 1992.
666:, who wanted to retake
664:Stephen III of Moldavia
463:Laonikos Chalkokondyles
48:The Battle With Torches
35:Ottoman–Wallachian wars
1023:Miranda Twiss (2002).
781:Ottoman wars in Europe
715:Big Finish Productions
694:La Légende des siècles
642:
587:
553:
497:(the feudal cavalry);
453:
449:Mehmed II, picture by
384:
255:fall of Constantinople
194:
129:Commanders and leaders
3382:History of Târgoviște
707:Bram Stoker's Dracula
637:
582:
578:Konstantin Mihailović
544:
448:
379:
332:of Kronstadt (today:
267:White Sheep Turkomans
171:Casualties and losses
1378:Stoicescu, Nicolae,
1365:Staggering the Turks
1352:, Boston, MA, 1989.
1306:Mehmed the Conqueror
1280:Mehmed the Conqueror
1244:Mehmed the Conqueror
1150:Mehmed the Conqueror
1093:Mehmed the Conqueror
1003:Staggering the Turks
436:Preparations for war
330:Transylvanian Saxons
50:by Romanian painter
1385:Andreescu, Ștefan,
1368:, Crimelibrary.com.
1262:Florescu, McNally,
1229:Florescu, McNally,
1216:Florescu, McNally,
1187:Florescu, McNally,
1174:Florescu, McNally,
1161:Florescu, McNally,
1135:Florescu, McNally,
1078:Florescu, McNally,
1065:Florescu, McNally,
987:Florescu, McNally,
969:Florescu, McNally,
956:Florescu, McNally,
943:Florescu, McNally,
930:Florescu, McNally,
914:Florescu, McNally,
892:Florescu, McNally,
856:Florescu, McNally,
836:Florescu, McNally,
773:Christianity portal
727:and his companions.
545:Vlad's portrait at
263:Empire of Trebizond
31:Wallachian campaign
1362:Geringer, Joseph,
1139:, pp. 139–140, 143
1013:, Crimelibrary.com
1000:Geringer, Joseph,
739:In the video game
554:
475:Francesco I Sforza
454:
397:Historia Turchesca
299:Congress of Mantua
3377:Conflicts in 1462
3339:
3338:
3298:
3297:
2849:(1789–1908)
2840:
2839:
2630:(1700–1789)
2621:
2620:
2108:(1550–1700)
2099:
2098:
1743:(1453–1550)
1734:
1733:
1451:(1299–1453)
1382:, Bucharest, 1979
1371:Pippidi, Andrei,
1358:978-0-316-28656-5
1342:Florescu, Radu R.
1036:978-0-7607-3496-4
720:Son of the Dragon
646:Mihaloğlu Ali Bey
519:Radu the Handsome
354:Matthias Corvinus
291:Holy Roman Empire
227:Matthias Corvinus
183:
182:
95:
94:
3399:
3392:Vlad the Impaler
3233:2nd Kerch Strait
2855:
2850:
2822:1st Kerch Strait
2636:
2631:
2114:
2109:
2079:Strait of Hormuz
1941:Peñón of Algiers
1749:
1744:
1457:
1452:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1014:
998:
992:
985:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:
919:
912:
906:
903:
897:
890:
877:
870:
861:
854:
841:
834:
823:
816:
800:
797:
775:
770:
769:
150:
140:
139:
121:
111:
110:
60:
59:
45:
21:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3324:
3294:
3255:6th Dardanelles
3249:5th Dardanelles
3214:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2788:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2573:4th Dardanelles
2567:3rd Dardanelles
2562:2nd Dardanelles
2556:1st Dardanelles
2509:
2321:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2316:1st Zrínyiújvár
2311:Jurjeve Stijene
2107:
2106:
2095:
1998:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1714:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1321:Babinger, Franz
1317:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1295:, vol. 2 p. 393
1290:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1204:, vol. 2 p. 385
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1011:Wayback Machine
999:
995:
986:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
929:
922:
913:
909:
904:
900:
891:
880:
871:
864:
855:
844:
835:
826:
817:
813:
809:
804:
803:
798:
794:
789:
771:
764:
761:
684:
682:Popular culture
573:
539:
537:The Wallachians
513:(the pikemen);
505:(the archers);
451:Gentile Bellini
443:
438:
326:Mihály Szilágyi
251:
134:
105:
83:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:1462 in Europe
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:Cape Celidonia
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2340:Saint Gotthard
2337:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:Alcácer Quibir
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:Transformation
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1709:Constantinople
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1439:Ottoman Empire
1437:involving the
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1339:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1268:
1248:
1235:
1222:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1042:
1035:
1015:
993:
975:
962:
949:
936:
920:
907:
898:
878:
862:
842:
824:
810:
808:
805:
802:
801:
791:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
777:
776:
760:
757:
756:
755:
748:The TV series
746:
737:
733:Dracula Untold
730:The 2014 film
728:
711:
702:
687:French writer
683:
680:
656:Domenico Balbi
654:at the Porte,
607:bubonic plague
591:scorched earth
572:
569:
547:Schloss Ambras
538:
535:
442:
439:
437:
434:
356:. He sent the
250:
247:
211:Ottoman Empire
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
144:
142:Vlad III Țepeș
131:
130:
126:
125:
123:Ottoman Empire
115:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
38:
37:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Night battles
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:Naval battles
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Philippopolis
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2846:Modernization
2843:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:Naval battles
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:Naval battles
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:Naval battles
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1740:Classical Age
1737:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:Naval battles
1717:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:9789734502585
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:0-691-01078-1
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:The Histories
1288:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:, pp. 206–207
1245:
1239:
1236:
1233:, pp. 145–146
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:The Histories
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:, pp. 143–144
1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:The Histories
1101:
1098:
1095:, pp. 204–205
1094:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
966:
963:
960:, pp. 131–132
959:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
927:
925:
921:
917:
911:
908:
902:
899:
895:
889:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
815:
812:
806:
796:
793:
786:
782:
779:
778:
774:
768:
763:
758:
753:
752:
747:
744:
743:
738:
735:
734:
729:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
709:
708:
703:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
685:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
657:
653:
652:
647:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
581:
579:
570:
568:
565:
560:
552:
548:
543:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
447:
440:
435:
433:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:, and Sultan
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
179:10,000–15,000
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
149:
145:
143:
138:
133:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
114:
109:
104:
103:
98:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3331:
3316:
3307:
3247:
3225:
3207:
3185:
3143:
3136:
3114:
3042:
3035:
3013:
3001:
2994:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2901:
2874:
2858:Land battles
2799:
2781:
2774:
2712:
2705:
2683:
2676:
2672:2nd Belgrade
2667:Petrovaradin
2659:
2652:
2645:
2639:Land battles
2610:
2598:
2571:
2554:
2532:
2520:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2458:Egri Palanka
2456:
2449:
2432:
2425:
2413:
2391:
2344:
2332:
2325:
2303:
2296:
2284:
2267:
2260:
2238:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2117:Land battles
2088:
2084:Gulf of Oman
2071:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1859:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1783:
1774:1st Belgrade
1752:Land battles
1707:
1695:
1673:
1656:
1647:Hermannstadt
1639:
1632:
1627:Thessalonica
1625:
1618:
1606:
1579:
1562:
1552:Philadelphia
1550:
1543:
1536:
1531:Sırp Sındığı
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1468:Kulaca Hisar
1466:
1460:Land battles
1401:
1399:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1345:
1324:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1263:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1025:
1018:
1002:
996:
988:
970:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
915:
910:
901:
893:
873:
857:
837:
819:
814:
795:
749:
740:
731:
725:Fifth Doctor
718:
717:audio drama
705:
698:
692:
660:
649:
643:
638:
630:
626:Mahmud Pasha
611:
603:tuberculosis
588:
583:
574:
555:
455:
396:
389:grand vizier
385:
380:
346:
323:
295:Pope Pius II
261:, the Greek
252:
186:
184:
100:Belligerents
91:Inconclusive
75:present-day
66:17 June 1462
52:Theodor Aman
47:
29:Part of the
18:
3151:Shipka Pass
3105:Başgedikler
3100:Akhaltsikhe
3065:Akhaltsikhe
2909:Mount Tabor
2892:Shubra Khit
2827:2nd Ochakov
2770:2nd Ochakov
2730:Stavunchany
2725:1st Ochakov
2269:Nagykanizsa
1947:Leobersdorf
1052:Stoicescu,
872:Stoicescu,
818:Andreescu,
689:Victor Hugo
622:Ishak Pasha
409:William Wey
374:handgunners
366:Hamza Pasha
342:janissaries
3346:Categories
3145:Kızıl Tepe
3021:Dervenakia
2919:Heliopolis
2783:Karánsebes
2707:Banja Luka
2627:Old Regime
2612:Samothrace
2540:Cape Corvo
2434:Negroponte
2421:2nd Mohács
2415:Vrtijeljka
2382:2nd Vienna
2367:2nd Khotyn
2352:Krasnobród
2292:1st Khotyn
2280:Tashiskari
2246:Călugăreni
2193:Gvozdansko
2165:Mostaganem
2044:Formentera
2037:1st Jeddah
1934:1st Mohács
1899:Mercidabık
1835:Breadfield
1822:Valea Albă
1784:Târgoviște
1769:2nd Oranik
1697:2nd Kosovo
1691:1st Oranik
1592:Karanovasa
1558:Dubravnica
1524:Adrianople
1380:Vlad Țepeș
1315:References
1304:Babinger,
1278:Babinger,
1242:Babinger,
1148:Babinger,
1091:Babinger,
1054:Vlad Țepeș
874:Vlad Țepeș
820:Vlad Țepeș
676:Adrianople
477:, duke of
467:Tursun Bey
461:historian
275:Skanderbeg
271:Uzun Hasan
253:After the
249:Background
243:Adrianople
235:Târgoviște
77:Târgoviște
3203:Velestino
3198:Al Wajbah
3122:Eupatoria
3110:Kurekdere
3070:Kulevicha
3026:Karpenisi
2996:Drăgășani
2760:Kozludzha
2696:Yeghevārd
2600:Oinousses
2464:Slankamen
2377:Trembowla
2327:Novi Zrin
2262:Keresztes
2256:2nd Brest
2221:1st Brest
1993:Sokhoista
1981:Esztergom
1906:Han Yunus
1850:Cătlăbuga
1810:Otlukbeli
1789:2nd Mokra
1726:Gallipoli
1681:1st Mokra
1641:Novo Brdo
1608:Nicopolis
1587:Kırkdilim
1510:Gallipoli
1496:Pelekanon
807:Footnotes
704:The film
614:Bucharest
595:guerrilla
551:Innsbruck
507:silahdârs
489:envoy at
441:The Turks
405:Holy Land
362:Nicopolis
307:Smederevo
215:Mehmed II
207:Mehmed II
203:Wallachia
152:Mehmed II
113:Wallachia
3285:Navarino
3280:Gerontas
3243:Kaliakra
3176:Taşkesen
3166:4th Kars
3132:3rd Kars
3127:Chernaya
3116:Oltenița
3080:2nd Acre
3055:2nd Kars
3044:Phaleron
3037:Kamatero
3031:Arachova
3009:Vasilika
2980:Valtetsi
2944:Al-Safra
2939:Slobozia
2929:Arpachai
2903:1st Acre
2897:Pyramids
2832:Fidonisi
2745:Aspindza
2740:Khresili
2735:1st Kars
2594:Mytilene
2550:Focchies
2480:Moulouya
2474:Ustechko
2440:Batočina
2357:Niemirów
2305:Köbölkút
2132:Temesvár
2062:Girolata
2025:Balearic
1913:Ridanieh
1893:Koçhisar
1880:Turnadag
1873:Çaldıran
1779:Albulena
1764:Krusevac
1759:Leskovac
1669:Torvioll
1664:Kunovica
1658:Zlatitsa
1503:Demotika
1308:, p. 206
1282:, p. 207
1266:, p. 148
1220:, p. 145
1191:, p. 142
1165:, p. 143
1152:, p. 205
1082:, p. 136
1069:, p. 134
1007:Archived
991:, p. 133
973:, p. 132
947:, p. 131
934:, p. 130
918:, p. 129
896:, p. 147
860:, p. 139
840:, p. 141
822:, p. 131
759:See also
668:Akkerman
531:triremes
487:Venetian
430:Anatolia
259:Anatolia
231:Bulgaria
225:'s king
199:Vlad III
191:Romanian
158:Strength
71:Location
33:and the
3332:italics
3270:Nauplia
3265:Algiers
3209:Domokos
3193:Mouzaki
3181:Novšiće
3161:Aladzha
3138:Al-Hasa
3075:Algiers
3003:Sculeni
2985:Doliana
2975:Erzurum
2964:Alamana
2876:Giurgiu
2865:Focșani
2807:Matapan
2776:Mehadia
2765:Kinburn
2720:Perekop
2685:Samarra
2678:Kurijan
2589:Algiers
2584:Algiers
2579:Algiers
2528:Lepanto
2451:Zernest
2445:2nd Niš
2404:Eperjes
2387:Párkány
2362:Komarno
2346:Ładyżyn
2275:Sufiyan
2251:Giurgiu
2207:Torches
2179:Szigeth
2158:Tlemcen
2125:Tlemcen
2067:Alborán
2056:Preveza
2011:Zonchio
1987:Karagak
1967:Algiers
1960:Baghdad
1953:Gorjani
1927:Tlemcen
1887:Algiers
1829:Shkodra
1686:Otonetë
1652:1st Niš
1634:Golubac
1620:Çamurlu
1570:Pločnik
1545:Maritsa
1538:Samokov
1517:Ihtiman
1475:Bapheus
1435:Battles
1264:Dracula
1231:Dracula
1218:Dracula
1189:Dracula
1176:Dracula
1163:Dracula
1137:Dracula
1080:Dracula
1067:Dracula
989:Dracula
971:Dracula
958:Dracula
945:Dracula
932:Dracula
916:Dracula
894:Dracula
858:Dracula
838:Dracula
599:leprosy
527:muezzin
515:beshlis
499:saiales
495:sipâhis
483:Rumelia
421:Genoese
417:Te Deum
370:Giurgiu
319:Corinth
303:Serbian
279:Albania
223:Hungary
209:of the
81:Romania
3238:Tendra
3227:Andros
3187:Ulcinj
3156:Plevna
2970:Gravia
2950:Jeddah
2914:Abukir
2882:Izmail
2870:Rymnik
2817:Patras
2801:Imbros
2714:Grocka
2691:Kirkuk
2647:Chelif
2606:Andros
2522:Cyprus
2427:Crimea
2298:Candia
2286:Cecora
2200:Çıldır
2139:Palast
2090:Djerba
1867:Dubica
1861:Krbava
1855:Vrpile
1816:Vaslui
1799:Vaikal
1614:Ankara
1597:Rovine
1581:Kosovo
1575:Bileća
1489:Nicaea
1482:Dimbos
1441:by era
1393:
1356:
1335:
1033:
876:p. 107
672:Chilia
618:Snagov
571:Battle
564:boyars
525:) and
503:Akinji
471:Verona
413:Rhodes
393:Brăila
338:ducats
334:Brașov
317:, and
315:Mistra
305:city,
287:Danube
283:Bosnia
239:Brăila
163:30,000
88:Result
54:(1866)
3290:Sinop
3275:Samos
3260:Athos
3095:Nezib
3090:Konya
3060:Varna
3050:Petra
2990:Lalas
2957:Čegar
2934:Batin
2924:Derna
2887:Măcin
2812:Çeşme
2755:Kagul
2750:Larga
2701:Ganja
2661:Pruth
2534:Tunis
2505:Zenta
2487:Lugos
2469:Hodów
2409:Kassa
2334:Jijel
2240:Banat
2234:Sisak
2228:Bihać
2172:Krupa
2152:Tadla
2073:Ponza
2050:Tunis
2018:Modon
1920:Jajce
1845:Adana
1804:Meçad
1794:Ohrid
1703:Polog
1675:Varna
1602:Ohrid
1564:Savra
1056:p. 99
787:Notes
651:bailo
559:Gypsy
523:ulema
511:azabs
479:Milan
459:Greek
425:Caffa
423:from
350:pasha
311:Morea
176:5,000
3085:Hims
3015:Peta
2654:Oran
2500:Azov
2494:Ulaş
2393:Buda
2372:Lwów
1974:Pest
1448:Rise
1391:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1031:ISBN
713:The
670:and
633:Buda
624:and
491:Buda
219:Vlad
185:The
63:Date
3317:see
3308:see
2399:Vác
2186:Fez
2146:Fez
2031:Diu
1840:Una
399:of
360:of
358:bey
277:in
269:of
201:of
3348::
1348:,
1327:,
1323:,
1271:^
1251:^
1209:^
1113:^
1045:^
978:^
923:^
881:^
865:^
845:^
827:^
701:).
628:.
601:,
549:,
407:,
364:,
193::
79:,
3334:.
1427:e
1420:t
1413:v
1039:.
697:(
189:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
