Shift work - Knowledge (XXG)

1155: 890: 1125: 1063:) per week; a minimum rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24-hour period; and a minimum uninterrupted rest period of 24 hours of mandated rest per week (which is in addition to the 11 hours of daily rest). The EU directive also limits night work involving "special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain" to an average of eight hours in any 24-hour period. The EU directive allows for limited derogations from the regulation, and special provisions allow longer working hours for transportation and offshore workers, 1328: 843:

work no rotating shift work. The increased risk among rotating night shift workers was 25% among women predisposed to earlier menopause. Early menopause can lead to a host of other problems later in life. A recent study, found that women who worked rotating night shifts for more than six years, eleven percent experienced a shortened lifespan. Women who worked rotating night shifts for more than 15 years also experienced a 25 percent higher risk of death due to lung cancer.

1339:, 27% of all U.S. workers in 2015 worked an alternative shift (not a regular day shift) and 7% frequently worked a night shift. Prevalence rates were higher for workers aged 18–29 compared to other ages. Those with an education level beyond high school had a lower prevalence rate of alternative shifts compared to workers with less education. Among all occupations, protective service occupations had the highest prevalence of working an alternative shift (54%). 5934: 1253: 1270:

evened out by human-driven market mechanism rather than an algorithmic process. This openness can lead to work hours that are tailored to an individual's lifestyle and schedule while ensuring that shifts are optimally filled, in contrast to the generally poor human outcomes of fatigue, stress, estrangement with friends and family and health problems that have been reported with algorithm-based scheduling of work-shifts.

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overcome this physical obstacle. An alternation becomes necessary, between the labour-powers used up by day and those used up by night ... It is well known that this shift-system, this alternation of two sets of workers, predominated in the full-blooded springtime of the English cotton industry, and that at the present time it still flourishes, among other places, in the cotton-spinning factories of the Moscow

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obtain adequate sleep), or screening and hiring of new shift workers that assesses adaptability to a shift work schedule. Mandating a minimum of 10 hours between shifts is an effective strategy to encourage adequate sleep for workers. Allowing frequent breaks and scheduling 8- or 10-hour shifts instead of 12-hour shifts can also minimize fatigue and help to mitigate the negative health effects of shift work.

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decreased total sleep time (TST) and decreased sleep efficiency in the night shift but efficiency increased in the rest day. Between-group analysis of the different shift work groups revealed that day shift sleep efficiency was significantly higher in the 6-day shift while night shift sleep efficiency was significantly lower in the 21-day shift in comparison to other shift groups (

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than those who worked the day shift (28.8%, representing approximately 28.3 million day shift workers). An especially high prevalence of short sleep duration was reported by night shift workers in the transportation and warehousing (69.7%) and health-care and social assistance (52.3%) industries.

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which is a recruitment concept that hires people for individual shifts, rather than hiring employees before scheduling them into shifts enables shift workers to indicate their preferences and availability for unfilled shifts through a shift-bidding mechanism. Through this process, the shift hours are

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Chronic sleep deficit occurs when a worker sleeps for fewer hours than is necessary over multiple days or weeks. The loss of two hours of nightly sleep for a week causes an impairment similar to those seen after 24 hours of wakefulness. After two weeks of such deficit, the lapses in performance are

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Acute sleep deprivation occurs during long shifts with no breaks, as well as during night shifts when the worker sleeps in the morning and is awake during the afternoon, prior to the work shift. A night shift worker with poor daytime sleep may be awake for more than 18 hours by the end of his shift.

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Algorithmic scheduling of shift work can lead to what has been colloquially termed as "clopening" where the shift-worker has to work the closing shift of one day and the opening shift of the next day back-to-back resulting in short rest periods between shifts and fatigue. Co-opting employees to fill

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is recommended. This includes blocking out noise and light during sleep, maintaining a regular, predictable sleep routine, avoiding heavy foods and alcohol before sleep, and sleeping in a comfortable, cool environment. Alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption and heavy meals in the few hours before

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Rotation of shifts can be fast, in which a worker changes shifts more than once a week, or slow, in which a worker changes shifts less than once a week. Rotation can also be forward, when a subsequent shift starts later, or backward, when a subsequent shift starts earlier. Evidence supports forward

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Shift work has been shown to negatively affect workers, and has been classified as a specific disorder (shift work sleep disorder). Circadian disruption by working at night causes symptoms like excessive sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances. Shift work sleep disorder also creates a greater risk

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Compared with the day shift, injuries and accidents have been estimated to increase by 15% on evening shifts and 28% on night shifts. Longer shifts are also associated with more injuries and accidents: 10-hour shifts had 13% more and 12-hour shifts had 28% more than 8-hour shifts. Other studies have

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One of the ways in which working alternative shifts can impair health is through decreasing sleep opportunities. Among all workers, those who usually worked the night shift had a much higher prevalence of short sleep duration (44.0%, representing approximately 2.2 million night shift workers)

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Missing income is also a large part of shift worker. Several companies run twenty-four-hour shifts. Most of the work is done during the day. When the work dries up, it usually is the second and third shift workers who pay the price. They are told to punch out early or use paid time off if they have

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One study suggests that, for those working a night shift (such as 23:00 to 07:00), it may be advantageous to sleep in the evening (14:00 to 22:00) rather than the morning (08:00 to 16:00). The study's evening sleep subjects had 37% fewer episodes of attentional impairment than the morning sleepers.

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listed "shift work that involves circadian disruption" as probably carcinogenic. Shift work may also increase the risk of other types of cancer. Working rotating shift work regularly during a two-year interval has been associated with a 9% increased the risk of early menopause compared to women who

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are useful to improve alertness and reduce sleepiness in shift workers. Modafinil has a low risk of abuse compared to other similar agents. However, 10% more participants reported adverse effects (nausea and headache) while taking modafinil. In post-marketing surveillance, modafinil was associated

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One main concern of shift workers is knowing their schedule more than two weeks at a time. Shift work is stressful. When on a rotating or ever changing shift, workers have to worry about daycare, personal appointments, and running their households. Many already work more than an eight-hour shift.

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Multiple factors need to be considered when developing optimal shift work schedules, including shift timing, length, frequency and length of breaks during shifts, shift succession, worker commute time, as well as the mental and physical stress of the job. Even though studies support 12-hour shifts

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For fewer operational errors, the FAA goal calls for Flight Controllers to be on duty for 5 to 6 hours per shift, with the remaining shift time devoted to meals and breaks. For aircraft pilots, the actual time at the controls (flight time) is limited to 8 or 9 hours, depending on the time of day.

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A cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between several sleep assessment criteria and different shift work schedules (3-day, 6-day, 9-day and 21-day shift) and a control group of day shift work in Korean firefighters. The results found that all shift work groups exhibited significant

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Different shift schedules will have different impacts on the health of a shift worker. The way the shift pattern is designed affects how shift workers sleep, eat and take holidays. Some shift patterns can exacerbate fatigue by limiting rest, increasing stress, overworking staff or disrupting their

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to increase production at the margin. Both approaches incur higher wage costs. Although 2nd-shift worker efficiency levels are typically 3–5% below 1st shift, and 3rd shift 4–6% below 2nd shift, the productivity level, i.e. cost per employee, is often 25% to 40% lower on 2nd and 3rd shifts due to

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Muscle health is also compromised by shift work: altered sleep and eating times, changes to appetite-regulating hormones and total energy expenditure, increased snacking and binge drinking, and reduced protein intake can contribute to negative protein balance, increases in insulin resistance and

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to maintain it, setting the length of shifts, managing overtime, increasing lighting levels, providing shift worker lifestyle training, retirement compensation based on salary in the last few years of employment (which can encourage excessive overtime among older workers who may be less able to

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wear off after two–four hours of wakefulness, such that most workers who wake up in the morning and go to work suffer some degree of sleep inertia at the beginning of their shift. The relative effects of sleep inertia vs. the other factors are hard to quantify; however, the benefits of napping

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is a common contributor to accidents and untoward incidents. While this risk cannot be eliminated, it can be managed through personal and administrative controls. This type of management is conducted through a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS). One method used within an FRMS is objective

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recommends employers avoid quick shift changes and any rotating shift schedules should rotate forward. Employers should also attempt to minimize the number of consecutive night shifts, long work shifts and overtime work. A poor work environment can exacerbate the strain of shift work. Adequate

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Capitalist production therefore drives, by its inherent nature, towards the appropriation of labour throughout the whole of the 24 hours in the day. But since it is physically impossible to exploit the same individual labour-power constantly, during the night as well as the day, capital has to

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typically work an 8-hour day, 5 days per week. Research has shown that when controllers remain "in position" for more than two hours, even at low traffic levels, performance can deteriorate rapidly, so they are typically placed "in position" for 30-minute intervals (with 30 minutes between

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The 42-hour work-week allows for the most even distribution of work time. A 3:1 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for eight-hour shifts, and a 2:2 ratio of work days to days off is most effective for twelve-hour shifts. Eight-hour shifts and twelve-hour shifts are common in

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The effects of acute sleep deprivation can be compared to impairment due to alcohol intoxication, with 19 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.05%, and 24 hours of wakefulness corresponding to a BAC of 0.10%. Much of the effect of acute sleep deprivation can be countered by

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Slanger, Tracy E; Gross, J. Valérie; Pinger, Andreas; Morfeld, Peter; Bellinger, Miriam; Duhme, Anna-Lena; Reichardt Ortega, Rosalinde Amancay; Costa, Giovanni; Driscoll, Tim R; Foster, Russell G; Fritschi, Lin; Sallinen, Mikael; Liira, Juha; Erren, Thomas C (23 August 2016).

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the shift roster helps to ensure that the human costs are taken into account in a way which is hard for an algorithm to do as it would involve knowing the constraints and considerations of each individual shift worker and assigning a cost metric to each of those factors.

952:, and what shift a worker is assigned to. When individual chronotype is opposite of shift timing (day person working night shift), there is a greater risk of circadian rhythms disruption. Nighttime workers sleep an average of one–four hours less than daytime workers. 721:. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts, set periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. The term "shift work" includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts. 3765:

Morgenthaler, TI; Lee-Chiong, T; Alessi, C; Friedman, L; Aurora, RN; Boehlecke, B; Brown, T; Chesson AL, Jr; Kapur, V; Maganti, R; Owens, J; Pancer, J; Swick, TJ; Zak, R; Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep, Medicine (Nov 2007).

1206:. The schedule includes considerations of shift overlap, shift change times and alignment with the clock, vacation, training, shift differentials, holidays, etc., whereas the shift plan determines the sequence of work and free days within a shift system. 772:. This 24-hour process of production exists today as a system in many of the as yet 'free' branches of industry in Great Britain, in the blast-furnaces, forges, rolling mills and other metallurgical establishments of England, Wales and Scotland. 1154: 2991:

Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, DingesDF (2003). "The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation".

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and private forecasting companies, also use shift work, as constant monitoring of the weather is necessary. Much of the Internet services and telecommunication industry relies on shift work to maintain worldwide operations and

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are associated with increased occupational injuries and accident (higher rates with subsequent, successive shifts), a synthesis of evidence cites the importance of all factors when considering the safety of a shift.

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Ftouni, Suzanne; Sletten, Tracey L.; Barger, Laura K.; Lockley, Steven W.; Rajaratnam, Shantha M.W. (2012). "Shift Work Disorder". In Barkoukis, Teri J.; Matheson, Jean K.; Ferber, Richard; Doghramji, Karl (eds.).

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similar to those seen after 48 hours of continual wakefulness. The number of shifts worked in a month by EMS providers was positively correlated with the frequency of reported errors and adverse events.

1170:, where it has a clear effect of increasing the use that can be made of capital equipment and allows for up to three times the production compared to just a day shift. It contrasts with the use of 1027:< 0.05). Overall, night shift sleep quality was worse in shift workers than those who just worked the day shift, whereas 6-day shift provided better sleep quality compared to the 21-day shift. 1297:

has also been investigated as a potential treatment, but it is unclear if it is effective in increasing daytime sleep time in shift workers. There are, however, no reports of adverse effects.

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shown a link between fatigue and workplace injuries and accidents. Workers with sleep deprivation are far more likely to be injured or involved in an accident. Breaks reduce accident risks.

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Service industries now increasingly operate on some shift system; for example a restaurant or convenience store will normally be open on most days for much longer than a working day.

1312:. The European Medicines Agency withdrew the license for modafinil for shift workers for the European market because it judged that the benefits did not outweigh the adverse effects. 5077: 2804:

Barger, Laura; Lockley, SW; Rajaratnam, SMW; Landrigan, CP (2009). "Neurobehavioral, Health, and Safety Consequences Associated With Shift Work in Safety-Sensitive Professions".

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The practices and policies put in place by managers of round-the-clock or 24/7 operations can significantly influence shift worker alertness (and hence safety) and performance.

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Mollicone, DJ; Van Dongen, HPA; Dinges, DF (2007). "Optimizing sleep/wake schedules in space: Sleep during chronic nocturnal sleep restriction with and without diurnal naps".

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is difficult. Sleep during the day is shorter and less consolidated than night-time sleep. Before a night shift, workers generally sleep less than before a day shift.

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Free online training programs are available to educate workers and managers about the risks associated with shift work and strategies they can use to prevent these.

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Though shift work itself remains necessary in many occupations, employers can alleviate some of the negative health consequences of shift work. The United States

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Stock, D.; Hankinson, S. E.; Rosner, B.; Eliassen, A. H.; Willett, W.; Strohmaier, S.; Cotterchio, M.; Raboud, J.; Knight, J. A.; Schernhammer, E. (2019-03-01).

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Stock, D.; Knight, J. A.; Raboud, J.; Cotterchio, M.; Strohmaier, S.; Willett, W.; Eliassen, A. H.; Rosner, B.; Hankinson, S. E.; Schernhammer, E. (2019-03-01).

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Some evidence suggests giving employees schedules more than a month in advance would give proper notice and allow planning, their stress level would be reduced.

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Knauth, P; Rohmert, W; Rutenfranz, J (March 1979). "Systematic selection of shift plans for continuous production with the aid of work-physiological criteria".

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Megdal, S. P.; Kroenke, C. H.; Laden, F.; Pukkala, E.; Schernhammer, E. S. (2005). "Night work and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2610:{Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King N. Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinology. 2021 Jun. 3586: 1710:

Sooriyaarachchi P, Jayawardena R, Pavey T, King N. Shift work and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinology. 2021 Jun.

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Knutsson, Anders; Jonsson, BjornG.; Akerstedt, Torbjorn; Orth-Gomer, Kristina (July 1986). "Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers".

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Patterson PD; Weaver MD; Frank RC; Warner CW; Martin-Gill C; Guyette FX; Fairbanks RJ; Hubble MW; Songer TJ; Calloway CW; Kelsey SF; Hostler D (2012).

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To mitigate the negative effects of shift work on safety and health, many countries have enacted regulations on shift work. The European Union, in its

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Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time

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Women whose work involves night shifts have a 48% increased risk of developing breast cancer. This may be due to alterations in circadian rhythm:

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disaster found that it was "conceivable" that excessive work hours contributed to crew fatigue, which in turn contributed to the vessel's

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Folkard, Simon; Lombardi, David A. (2006-11-01). "Modeling the impact of the components of long work hours on injuries and "accidents"".

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sector as well. Some of the earliest instances appeared with the railroads, where freight trains have clear tracks to run on at night.

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Vyas MV; Garg AX; Iansavichus AV; Costella J; Donner A; Laugsand LE; Janszky I; Mrkobrada M; Parraga G; Hackam DG (July 2012).

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Jeong, Kyoung Sook; Ahn, Yeon-Soon; Jang, Tae-Won; Lim, Gayoung; Kim, Hyung Doo; Cho, Seung-Woo; Sim, Chang-Sun (2019-09-01).

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The circadian phase is relatively fixed in humans; attempting to shift it so that an individual is alert during the circadian

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sleep can worsen shift work sleep disorders. Exercise in the three hours before sleep can make it difficult to fall asleep.

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lighting, clean air, proper heat and air conditioning, and reduced noise can all make shift work more bearable for workers.

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It is estimated that 15–20% of workers in industrialized countries are employed in shift work. Shift work is common in the

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and naps before night shifts can decrease sleepiness. Caffeine has also been shown to reduce errors made by shift workers.

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Alan Blinder and William Baumol 1993, Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, p. 687.

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Adan, Ana; Archer, Simon N.; Hidalgo, Maria Paz; Di Milia, Lee; Natale, Vincenzo; Randler, Christoph (24 September 2012).

1257: 609: 1309: 5894: 5067: 4118: 1147: 584: 2407:"Person-directed, non-pharmacological interventions for sleepiness at work and sleep disturbances caused by shift work" 5879: 5092: 3535: 2255: 1409: 1068: 31: 4310: 977:

There are four major determinants of cognitive performance and alertness in healthy shift-workers: circadian phase,

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Fatigue and Shift Work (Tools And Techniques) eBook: Dr Angela Moore, Alec Jezewski: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store

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is increased in shift workers, especially men. People working rotating shifts are more vulnerable than others.

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A clock-based device for recording workers' working hours, from the beginning of 20 century. Exhibit of the

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Fischer, Dorothee; Lombardi, David A.; Folkard, Simon; Willetts, Joanna; Christiani, David C. (2017-11-26).

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Shift work is also the norm in fields related to public protection and healthcare, such as law enforcement,

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Liira, J; Verbeek, JH; Costa, G; Driscoll, TR; Sallinen, M; Isotalo, LK; Ruotsalainen, JH (Aug 12, 2014).

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any to make up the difference in their paychecks. That practice costs the average worker $ 92.00 a month.

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Miners waiting to go to work on the 4 P.M. to midnight shift at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Co., 1974

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Pati, A.K., Chandrawanshi, A. & Reinberg, A. (2001) 'Shift work: consequences and management'.

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There are many industries requiring 24/7 coverage that employ workers on a shift basis, including:

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may increase sleep length during both daytime and nighttime sleep in people who work night shifts.

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at work. Shift work disrupts cognitive ability and flexibility and impairs attention, motivation,

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Ker, Katharine; Edwards, Philip James; Felix, Lambert M.; Blackhall, Karen; Roberts, Ian (2010).

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manufacturing and health care. Twelve-hour shifts are also used with a very slow rotation in the

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CDC – Work Schedules: Shift Work and Long Work Hours – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic

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The shift work system in modern industrial manufacturing originated in the late 18th century.

668: 619: 554: 497: 307: 163: 2675: 1362:, firefighting, security and hospitals. Shift work is a contributing factor in many cases of 5854: 5643: 5611: 5571: 5566: 5363: 5353: 5171: 5002: 4959: 4932: 4927: 4781: 4748: 4738: 4588: 4516: 4320: 4258: 4238: 4223: 3963: 3838: 3828: 3787: 3779: 3483: 3448: 3355: 3310: 3119: 3111: 3057: 3041: 2963: 2955: 2921: 2868: 2813: 2753: 2745: 2687: 2646: 2636: 2559: 2547: 2511: 2467: 2426: 2418: 2369: 2328: 2320: 2227: 2209: 2168: 2158: 2117: 2038: 1953: 1912: 1896: 1809: 1799: 1744: 1432: 1416: 1352: 859: 847: 729: 653: 643: 198: 3562:"CDC – Work Schedules: Shift Work and Long Hours – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" 2496: 1331:

Worker Health Charts provides a distribution of shift work by industry from 2015 NHIS data.

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Fatigue due to shift work has contributed to several industrial disasters, including the

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increases in body fat, resulting in weight gain and more long-term health challenges.

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Lamon, Séverine; Zacharewicz, Evelyn; Condo, Dominique; Aisbett, Brad (March 2017).

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These practices and policies can include selecting an appropriate shift schedule or

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4 o'clock shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Detroit, Michigan, 1910s

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Parent, M. -E.; El-Zein, M.; Rousseau, M. -C.; Pintos, J.; Siemiatycki, J. (2012).

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Rutenfranz, J; Knauth, P; Colquhoun, W (May 1976). "Hours of work and shiftwork".

2691: 3890: 2959: 2611: 2515: 1711: 5522: 5445: 5413: 4873: 4816: 4434: 4391: 4366: 4330: 4285: 4210: 4200: 4185: 4138: 4032: 3224: 3197: 3173: 1617: 1602: 1531: 1526: 1505: 1450: 1422: 1382: 1367: 1304: 1037: 824: 725: 391: 218: 188: 168: 3783: 3255: 3045: 2042: 1725:"Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances" 5732: 5539: 5452: 5430: 5398: 5297: 5282: 5262: 5027: 4992: 4954: 4868: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4718: 4675: 4660: 4638: 4563: 4401: 4381: 4300: 4168: 4163: 4133: 4099: 3487: 2817: 1958: 1900: 1574: 1539: 1535: 1428: 1371: 1278:

fatigue modeling to predict periods of high risk within a 24-hour shift plan.

1197: 990: 982: 941: 663: 357: 352: 143: 3833: 3416: 3367: 3324: 3212: 3187: 3165: 3053: 2749: 2699: 2280:

Beck, E.; Sieber, W. J.; Trejo, R. (2005). "Management of cluster headache".

2223: 2008: 1908: 1780:"Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment" 827:, or both. Shift work is considered essential for the diagnosis. The risk of 17: 5919: 5839: 5653: 5338: 4692: 4593: 4553: 4523: 4444: 4280: 4243: 3544: 3315: 3298: 2214: 2163: 1942:"Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 1804: 1490: 1404: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1210:

rotating shifts are more adaptable for shift workers' circadian physiology.

1188:. Twenty-four-hour shifts are common in health care and emergency services. 835: 756: 472: 213: 208: 4059: 3921: 3852: 3801: 3460: 3375: 3332: 3133: 3071: 2977: 2825: 2767: 2707: 2660: 2523: 2481: 2440: 2383: 2342: 2293: 2241: 2182: 2131: 2050: 1967: 1926: 1823: 1756: 3975: 2882: 5753: 4811: 4801: 4733: 4728: 4697: 4543: 4498: 4376: 4371: 4275: 4153: 3495: 2122: 2105: 1316: 1273:

Mental (cognitive) fatigue due to inadequate sleep an/or disturbances of

1171: 1060: 930: 914: 867: 820: 737: 327: 1578: 717:

is an employment practice designed to keep a service or production line

5383: 5333: 5072: 5022: 4806: 4511: 4195: 3359: 1475: 1436: 1375: 1337:

National Health Interview Survey and the Occupational Health Supplement

1059:

2003/88/EC, has established a 48-hour limit on working time (including

871: 741: 502: 2641: 2374: 2324: 1670:...employment with anything other than a regular daytime work schedule 5507: 4855: 4494: 2309:"Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2147:"Women who work nights are 9% more likely to have an early menopause" 1885:"Caffeine for the prevention of injuries and errors in shift workers" 1465: 1391: 1045: 926: 811:

Shift work increases the risk for the development of many disorders.

780:, starting from 1772, ran day and night with two twelve-hour shifts. 450: 51:"Working nights" redirects here. For the album by Working Week, see 27:

Employment practice designed for 24 hours per day / 7 days per week

5368: 3256:"Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling, 3rd Edition: Fixing Stupid" 2873: 2848: 1612: 1326: 1251: 1153: 1123: 893:

Children going to a 12-hour night shift in the United States, 1908

888: 793: 460: 3399:

Working time, health and safety : a research synthesis paper

37:"Second shift" redirects here. For the concept in sociology, see 5408: 4851: 4072: 3749:"Nonstandard work schedules over the life course: A first look" 1370:. Military personnel, pilots, and others that regularly change 728:

for some health problems in some individuals, as disruption to

4386: 4063: 4049: 4029:, Issue Briefing, Institute for Work & Health, April 2010. 1006: 57: 4068: 3904:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (April 27, 2012).

3401:. Folkard, Simon., International Labour Office. Geneva: ILO. 3511:"Keeping it Balanced: The Art of Scheduling Rotating Shifts" 4056:

Consensus papers regarding Health, ... and Shiftwork (2019)

2256:"Why Working The Night Shift Has Major Health Consequences" 937:. Shift work may also increase a person's risk of smoking. 4006:(New, Scarthin 1997 Reprint ed.), London: Heinemann, 1001:

appear to outweigh the cost associated with sleep inertia.

2729:

Santhi, N; Aeschbach D, Horowitz TS, Czeisler CA (2008).

1658:

Institute for Work & Health, Ontario, Canada (2010).

1100:. The Alaska Oil Spill Commission's final report on the 724:

In medicine and epidemiology, shift work is considered a

4033:

Scientific Symposium on the Health Effects of Shift Work

3906:"Short sleep duration among workers—United States, 2010" 3299:"Preventive and compensatory measures for shift workers" 2009:"Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals" 4060:

ICOH-Scientific Committee on Shiftwork and Working Time

3587:"The 'Clopening' Shift May Soon Be a Thing of the Past" 897:

Shift work also can worsen chronic diseases, including

82: 5078:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

1696:

U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (1991).

2454:

Navara, Kristen J.; Nelson, Randy J. (October 2007).

1224:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1202:

The shift plan or rota is the central component of a

965:

Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance

44:"Day shifts" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3666:"Starbucks 'Clopening' Practices Deemed Inexcusable" 1778:

Scheer FA; Hilton MF; Mantzoros CS; Shea SA (2009).

1166:

Shift work was once characteristic primarily of the

940:

The health consequences of shift work may depend on

5827: 5746: 5587: 5461: 5326: 5218: 5185: 5048: 4973: 4850: 4772: 4706: 4493: 4415: 4359: 4209: 4106: 3213:"Safer shiftwork through more effective scheduling" 2625:"The Impact of Shiftwork on Skeletal Muscle Health" 2313:

British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)

4004:Transformation of a Valley: The Derbyshire Derwent 1637:Sloan Work & Family Research, Boston College. 3990:Burr, Douglas Scott (2009) 'The Schedule Book', ' 1698:"Biological Rhythms: Implications for the Worker" 1175:fixed costs which are "paid" by the first shift. 846:Shift work also increases the risk of developing 3534:Roger R. Rosa; Michael J. Colligan (July 1997). 3270:"Five Foundations For A Fair Physician Schedule" 3297:Knauth, Peter; Hornberger, Sonia (2003-03-01). 3244:, Alaska Oil Spill Commission (February 1990). 2612:https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x 2198:"Rotating night shift work and menopausal age" 1712:https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03534-x 1075:Aircraft traffic flight controllers and pilots 4084: 3735:"Control Room Management: Fatigue Mitigation" 3242:: Implications for Safe Transportation of Oil 3147: 3145: 3143: 2849:"Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment" 2106:"Night Work and the Risk of Cancer Among Men" 695: 91:that contextualizes different points of view. 77:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 8: 4046:, For a crew of three on a small boat at sea 3641:"In Service Sector, No Rest for the Working" 3189:Flightcrew Member Duty and Rest Requirements 3006:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2937: 2935: 2786:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2497:"Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review" 1681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3104:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1889:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1067:workers, and doctors in training (see also 840:International Agency for Research on Cancer 807:A video on the health effects of shift work 732:may increase the probability of developing 4091: 4077: 4069: 2806:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1366:. Shift work has often been common in the 702: 688: 118: 5820:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 3842: 3832: 3791: 3314: 3123: 3061: 2967: 2872: 2799: 2797: 2757: 2650: 2640: 2471: 2430: 2373: 2332: 2231: 2213: 2172: 2162: 2121: 1957: 1916: 1813: 1803: 1378:and consequently suffer sleep disorders. 933:may additionally contribute to disturbed 107:Learn how and when to remove this message 5664:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 4341:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 5845:Credentialism and educational inflation 3639:Greenhouse, Steven (22 February 2015). 3348:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2411:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1946:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1629: 1374:while performing shift work experience 132: 5716:List of countries by unemployment rate 2999: 2779: 1849: 1674: 981:, acute sleep deprivation and chronic 3693:Anatomy of a Fatigue-Related Accident 3292: 3290: 3238:Final Report: Spill—The Wreck of the 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2024: 2022: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1878: 7: 4609:Practice-based professional learning 2007:Caruso, Claire C. (August 2, 2012). 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 5162:Workers' right to access the toilet 3211:G. Brogmus, G.; W. Maynard (2006). 2084:"The health of night shift workers" 378:Workers' right to access the toilet 3891:"CDC – NIOSH Worker Health Charts" 3867:"CDC – NIOSH Worker Health Charts" 2564:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1703-7.10029-5 2013:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health 1018:Sleep assessment during shift work 759:wrote on the shift work system in 25: 1598:Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool 1094:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster 5933: 5932: 5226:Corporate collapses and scandals 2473:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x 2110:American Journal of Epidemiology 2086:. Connecticut Public Radio, WNPR 2082:WNPR, Connecticut Public Radio. 1749:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06246.x 1577: 273:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 142: 62: 2926:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.022 817:circadian rhythm sleep disorder 740:, altered body composition and 6014:Occupational safety and health 5726:Employment-to-population ratio 5098:Occupational health psychology 3537:Plain Language About Shiftwork 3272:. Intrigma Inc. Archived from 3192:. The Federal Register. 2012. 3116:10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2 2423:10.1002/14651858.CD010641.pub2 1836:Marx, Karl. "The Working Day" 1639:"Shift work, Definition(s) of" 323:Occupational safety and health 318:Occupational safety and health 1: 5814:Works Progress Administration 5706:Unemployment Convention, 1919 5118:Personal protective equipment 4666:Occupational Outlook Handbook 4044:Three-hour night shift system 3968:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91619-3 2692:10.1080/07420528.2017.1367305 1723:Delezie J; Challet E (2011). 1487:Logistics and transportation 1258:National Polytechnical Museum 1192:Shift schedule and shift plan 886:, and reproductive disorders. 446:Chronological list of strikes 5895:Psychopathy in the workplace 5068:Human factors and ergonomics 3453:10.1016/0003-6870(79)90003-6 2960:10.3109/10903127.2011.616261 2516:10.3109/07420528.2012.719971 1148:employee scheduling software 5880:Narcissism in the workplace 5093:Occupational exposure limit 2847:Dawson, D; Reid, K (1997). 2680:Chronobiology International 2504:Chronobiology International 1410:Direct support professional 1335:According to data from the 1069:medical resident work hours 1052:, and overall performance. 32:Shift work (disambiguation) 6035: 5999:Employment classifications 5809:Civil Works Administration 5691:Technological unemployment 5167:Workplace health promotion 4619:Professional certification 4316:Personality–job fit theory 3046:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.05.003 2948:Prehospital Emergency Care 2460:Journal of Pineal Research 2064:IARC Press release No. 180 2043:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.010 2031:European Journal of Cancer 1456:Emergency medical services 1360:emergency medical services 1245: 1195: 1090:Three Mile Island accident 962: 880:gastrointestinal disorders 787: 744:, among other conditions. 50: 43: 36: 29: 6019:IARC Group 2A carcinogens 5928: 5789:Guaranteed minimum income 5374:Organizational commitment 3717:"Fatigue Risk management" 3488:10.1080/00140137608931549 3168:. Knight Ridder Tribune. 3034:Safety and Health at Work 2818:10.1007/s11910-009-0024-7 2550:Therapy in Sleep Medicine 2282:American Family Physician 1959:10.1136/oemed-2014-102150 1901:10.1002/14651858.CD008508 884:musculoskeletal disorders 813:Shift work sleep disorder 790:Shift work sleep disorder 409:International comparisons 343:Right to rest and leisure 283:Employment discrimination 5958:Aspects of organizations 5639:Involuntary unemployment 5200:Equal pay for equal work 5123:Repetitive strain injury 4624:Professional development 4614:Professional association 4296:Letter of recommendation 3834:10.3389/fneur.2013.00139 3815:Wisor, Jonathan (2013). 3784:10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445 3691:Miller, James C (2013). 3397:Philip., Tucker (2012). 2750:10.1177/0748730408319863 2356:Fido A; Ghali A (2008). 1784:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1419:, including call centers 1387:National Weather Service 1310:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 829:diabetes mellitus type 2 736:, cognitive impairment, 719:operational at all times 194:Social movement unionism 5943:Aspects of corporations 5905:Slow movement (culture) 5784:Employer of last resort 5686:Structural unemployment 5624:Frictional unemployment 5063:Epilepsy and employment 4950:Performance-related pay 4884:National average salary 4797:996 working hour system 3721:Fatigue Risk management 1805:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 1660:"Shift work and health" 1585:Organized labour portal 1136:Air traffic controllers 404:Trade union federations 399:Trade unions by country 5953:Aspects of occupations 5759:Unemployment insurance 5711:Unemployment extension 5681:Reserve army of labour 5486:Constructive dismissal 5293:Sleeping while on duty 5258:Exploitation of labour 5140:Sick building syndrome 4311:Person–environment fit 4181:Independent contractor 4002:Cooper, Brian (1983), 3821:Frontiers in Neurology 1381:Those in the field of 1332: 1261: 1168:manufacturing industry 1159: 1129: 894: 808: 774: 734:cardiovascular disease 303:Freedom of association 174:Exploitation of labour 53:Working Nights (album) 5963:Aspects of workplaces 5701:Unemployment benefits 5696:Types of unemployment 5634:Graduate unemployment 5528:Letter of resignation 5157:Workers' compensation 5150:Occupational fatality 4654:Vocational university 4254:Employment counsellor 4027:Shift work and health 3509:pierce (2016-08-29). 3316:10.1093/occmed/kqg049 3303:Occupational Medicine 2215:10.1093/humrep/dey390 2164:10.1093/humrep/dey390 2015:. Medscape and NIOSH. 1330: 1255: 1157: 1127: 1031:Safety and regulation 892: 806: 765: 288:Employment protection 268:Collective bargaining 85:by rewriting it in a 5769:Job creation program 5545:Mandatory retirement 5498:Employee offboarding 5318:Workplace incivility 5313:Workplace harassment 5088:Occupational disease 5083:Occupational burnout 4998:Disability insurance 4842:Workweek and weekend 4822:Retroactive overtime 4644:Vocational education 4559:Continuing education 4397:Permanent employment 4064:Working Time Society 4050:Working Time Society 3217:Occupational Hazards 3164:Beth Kassab (2006). 1120:Management practices 1084:Industrial disasters 825:excessive sleepiness 649:Industrial relations 638:Academic disciplines 234:National-syndicalism 204:Democratic socialism 30:For other uses, see 5674:Recession-proof job 5669:Lists of recessions 5607:Economic depression 5555:Retirement planning 5436:Work–life interface 5273:Employee monitoring 5241:Corporate behaviour 5231:Accounting scandals 5113:Occupational stress 5103:Occupational injury 4634:Reflective practice 4629:Professional school 4351:Work-at-home scheme 4271:Induction programme 4249:Employment contract 4229:Business networking 3254:Miller, JC (2013). 2918:2007AcAau..60..354M 2865:1997Natur.388..235D 1796:2009PNAS..106.4453S 1741:2011NYASA1243...30D 1608:Occupational cancer 1593:Effects of overtime 1550:Telecommunications 944:, that is, being a 931:Artificial lighting 876:metabolic disorders 229:Anarcho-syndicalism 5937:See also templates 5774:Job creation index 5738:Youth unemployment 5602:Discouraged worker 5491:Wrongful dismissal 5471:At-will employment 5344:Civil conscription 5308:Workplace bullying 5195:Affirmative action 5177:Workplace wellness 5108:Occupational noise 4744:Long service leave 4604:Overspecialization 4584:Induction training 4539:Career development 3645:The New York Times 3441:Applied Ergonomics 3360:10.1002/ajim.20307 2592:. 9 September 2014 2202:Human Reproduction 2151:Human Reproduction 2123:10.1093/aje/kws318 2069:2008-04-11 at the 1940:Yong, Gan (2014). 1557:Radio broadcasting 1443:Emergency services 1333: 1267:Shift based hiring 1262: 1260:in Sofia, Bulgaria 1248:Shift-based hiring 1186:petroleum industry 1160: 1130: 1098:Chernobyl disaster 903:digestive diseases 895: 864:sexual dysfunction 809: 338:Professional abuse 5986: 5985: 5885:Post-work society 5865:Kiss up kick down 5597:Barriers to entry 5562:Severance package 5394:Human trafficking 5288:Sexual harassment 5268:Employee handbook 5187:Equal opportunity 5050:Safety and health 5040:Take-home vehicle 4649:Vocational school 4599:Lifelong learning 4574:Further education 4534:Career counseling 4529:Career assessment 4306:Overqualification 3996:978-1-4392-2674-2 2906:Acta Astronautica 2734:(abstract online) 2686:(10): 1423–1438. 2642:10.3390/nu9030248 2573:978-1-4377-1703-7 2375:10.1159/000151566 2325:10.1136/bmj.e4800 2037:(13): 2023–2032. 1838:Capital: Volume 1 1425:and IT operations 1275:circadian rhythms 848:cluster headaches 819:characterized by 804: 761:Capital, Volume 1 730:circadian rhythms 712: 711: 669:Post-work society 498:Solidarity action 308:Legal working age 164:Conflict theories 117: 116: 109: 71:This article may 16:(Redirected from 6026: 6009:Circadian rhythm 5973:Critique of work 5968:Corporate titles 5936: 5935: 5855:Evil corporation 5721:Employment rates 5644:Jobless recovery 5612:Great Depression 5572:Golden parachute 5567:Golden handshake 5364:Job satisfaction 5354:Critique of work 5172:Workplace phobia 5003:Health insurance 4960:Wage compression 4928:Progressive wage 4782:35-hour workweek 4749:No call, no show 4739:Leave of absence 4589:Knowledge worker 4517:Master craftsman 4321:Personality hire 4259:Executive search 4239:Curriculum vitae 4224:Background check 4093: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4016: 3987: 3926: 3925: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3836: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3731: 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3340: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3141: 3110:(8): CD009776. 3097: 3096: 3079: 3027: 3026: 3015: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2417:(8): CD010641. 2403: 2402: 2391: 2362:Med Princ Pract 2355: 2354: 2350: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2071:Wayback Machine 2062: 2058: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2006: 2005: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1895:(5): CD008508. 1882: 1881: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1831: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1673: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1476:Funeral workers 1349: 1325: 1288: 1250: 1244: 1220: 1200: 1194: 1181: 1122: 1117: 1109:running aground 1086: 1077: 1042:decision making 1033: 1020: 996:The effects of 967: 923:substance abuse 899:sleep disorders 794: 792: 786: 750: 708: 679: 678: 674:Refusal of work 639: 631: 630: 629: 534: 524: 523: 522: 513:Wildcat strikes 508:Whipsaw strikes 493:Sitdown strikes 440: 430: 429: 426: 394: 384: 383: 382: 368:Toxic workplace 252: 242: 241: 238: 156: 154:Labour movement 134: 124: 113: 102: 96: 93: 83:help improve it 80: 67: 63: 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5900:Sunday scaries 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5649:Phillips curve 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5550:Retirement age 5547: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5503:Exit interview 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5253:Discrimination 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5205:Gender pay gap 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5025: 5020: 5018:Parental leave 5015: 5013:Marriage leave 5010: 5008:Life insurance 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4864:Income bracket 4860: 4858: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4792:Eight-hour day 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4551: 4549:Creative class 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4507:Apprenticeship 4503: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4475:Scarlet-collar 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4191:Temporary work 4188: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4159:Skilled worker 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4022: 4021:External links 4019: 4018: 4017: 4012: 3999: 3988: 3951: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3896: 3882: 3858: 3807: 3757: 3740: 3726: 3708: 3701: 3695:. Smashwords. 3683: 3657: 3631: 3620: 3603: 3578: 3553: 3550:on 2012-09-21. 3526: 3501: 3482:(3): 331–340. 3466: 3431: 3422: 3407: 3389: 3338: 3309:(2): 109–116. 3286: 3261: 3246: 3230: 3203: 3179: 3156: 3139: 3077: 3040:(3): 254–259. 3013: 2996:(26): 117–126. 2983: 2931: 2896: 2839: 2793: 2738:J Biol Rhythms 2721: 2666: 2615: 2603: 2579: 2572: 2537: 2487: 2466:(3): 215–224. 2446: 2389: 2348: 2299: 2288:(4): 717–724. 2272: 2247: 2208:(3): 539–548. 2188: 2157:(3): 539–548. 2137: 2116:(9): 751–759. 2096: 2074: 2056: 2018: 1980: 1932: 1854: 1842: 1829: 1790:(11): 4453–8. 1770: 1715: 1703: 1688: 1650: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506:Flight testing 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466:Casino workers 1462:Entertainment 1460: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1440: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1385:, such as the 1364:medical errors 1353:transportation 1348: 1345: 1324: 1321: 1287: 1284: 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1219: 1216: 1204:shift schedule 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1180: 1177: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1065:fishing vessel 1032: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1002: 994: 963:Main article: 866:, depression, 788:Main article: 785: 784:Health effects 782: 749: 746: 710: 709: 707: 706: 699: 692: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 659:Labour history 656: 651: 646: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 628: 627: 622: 620:United Kingdom 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 535: 532:Labour parties 530: 529: 526: 525: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 469: 468: 463: 456:General strike 453: 448: 442: 441: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 425: 424: 419: 413: 411: 406: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 278:Eight-hour day 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 253: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 160: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 139: 138: 130: 129: 115: 114: 70: 68: 61: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6031: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Make-work job 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Right to work 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Job guarantee 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:Make-work job 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535:Restructuring 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513:Notice period 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Unfree labour 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5389:Bonded labour 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Whistleblower 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Control fraud 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5210:Glass ceiling 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5145:Work accident 5143: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5133:United States 5131: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5033:United States 5031: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Casual Friday 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Paid time off 4943: 4941: 4940:Overtime rate 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4921:United States 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Four-day week 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Practice firm 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569:Employability 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4470:Orange-collar 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4417:Working class 4414: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Job interview 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144:Part-time job 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129:Full-time job 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4013:0-907758-17-7 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3758: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3702:9781310879265 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3408:9789221260615 3404: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3276:on 2016-08-12 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3258:. Smashwords. 3257: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2874:10.1038/40775 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859:(6639): 235. 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:(4): 341–52. 2743: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 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