Nicholas I of Russia - Knowledge (XXG)

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the other European powers. Nicholas made it clear he would only act if Prussia and Britain also participated as he feared that a Russian invasion of Belgium would cause a war with France. Even before the Poles rose up, Nicholas had cancelled his plans for invading Belgium as it became clear that neither Britain nor Prussia would join in while the French openly threatened war if Nicholas should march. In 1815, Nicholas arrived in France, where he stayed with the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, who soon become one of his best friends, with the grand duke being impressed with duke's personal warmth, intelligence, manners and grace. For Nicholas the worst sort of characters were nobility who supported liberalism, and when the duc d'Orleans become the king of the French as

988: 1922: 1243: 1984: 1296:, based upon reviving the coalition that had existed during the Napoleonic era of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Britain, to isolate France. Nicholas detested Louis-Philippe to the point that he refused to use his name, referring to him merely as "the usurper". Britain was unwilling to join the anti-French coalition, but Nicholas was successful in cementing existing close ties with Austria and Prussia and the three imperial states regularly held joint military reviews during this time. For much of the 1830s, a sort of "cold war" existed between the liberal "western bloc" of France and Britain vs. the reactionary "eastern bloc" of Austria, Prussia and Russia. 1839: 668: 2275: 2289: 2097: 1626: 2039: 1186:

administratively incompetent. Despite his grand ambitions toward the south and Turkey, Russia had not built railroad network in that direction, and communications were bad. The bureaucracy was unprepared for war being riddled with graft, corruption, and inefficiency. The Navy had few competent officers, the rank and file were poorly trained and most importantly of its vessels were outdated; the army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by

77: 2163: 1786: 1379:, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s. In fact, Nicholas was deeply committed to upholding the status quo in Europe and feared any attempt to devour the decaying Ottoman Empire would both upset his ally Austria, which also had interests in the Balkans, and bring about an Anglo-French coalition in defense of the Ottomans. Furthermore, in the war of 1828–29, the Russians defeated the Ottomans in every battle fought in the field and advanced deep into the Balkans, but the Russians discovered that they lacked the necessary logistical strength to take Constantinople. 554: 2142: 1182:

by local officials by being enlisted for life in the Army. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. Curtiss finds that "The pedantry of Nicholas's military system, which stressed unthinking obedience and parade ground evolutions rather than combat training, produced ineffective commanders in time of war." His commanders in the Crimean War were old and incompetent, and indeed so were his muskets as the colonels sold the best equipment and the best food.

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served as Nicholas's ministers, 61% had previously served as a general or an admiral. Nicholas liked to appoint generals who had seen combat, and at least 30 of the men who served as a minister under him had seen action in the wars against France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sweden. This proved to be something of a handicap in the sense that the sort of qualities that could make a man distinguished on the battlefields such as bravery did not necessarily make a man capable of running a ministry. The most notorious case was Prince

1198: 1719: 1030:, quietly promoted academic freedom and autonomy, raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened higher education to the middle classes. By 1848 the tsar, fearing that political upheavals in the West might spread to Russia, ended Uvarov's innovations. The universities were small and closely monitored, especially the potentially dangerous philosophy departments. Their main mission was to train a loyal, vigorous, manly senior bureaucracy unspoiled by effeminate office work. 407: 1963: 1860: 2204: 2225: 1881: 1594: 2075: 1942: 773: 1217:"Here there is order. ... All things flow logically from one another. No one here commands without first learning to obey. No one rises above anyone else except through a clearly defined system. Everything is subordinated to a single, defined goal and everything has its precise designations. That is why I shall always hold the title of soldier in the highest esteem. I regard human life as service because everybody must serve." 2184: 6578: 1819: 1177:

surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. The glitter and braid masked profound weaknesses that he did not see. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. An

1901: 2559: 2255: 1401:"Greek Project" of Catherine the Great in mind said: "I know everything that has been said of the projects of the Empress Catherine, and Russia has renounced the goal she had set out. I wish to maintain the Turkish empire... It if falls, I do not desire its debris. I need nothing." Ultimately, Nicholas's policies in the Near East proved to be both costly and largely futile. 1752: 1159: 1557:

years during peacetime: that is nothing; but Russia only thinks of occupying Constantinople, and the peace of Europe is threatened. The English declare war on the Chinese, who have, it seems, offended them: no one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbor. England threatens Greece to support the

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European affairs, and thus the monarch is especially concerned to keep the sultan on his tottering throne." At the same time, Nicholas argued that because of the economic importance to Russia of the Turkish straits, through which Russia exports its grain, that Russia had the "right" to intervene in Ottoman affairs. In 1833, Nicholas told the Austrian ambassador

4436:(Nicholas the Stick), first published in 1891. – "— А ужъ палками — недѣли не проходило, чтобы не забивали на смерть человѣка или двухъ изъ полка. Нынче ужъ и не знаютъ, что такое палки, а тогда это словечко со рта не сходило. Палки, палки!.. У насъ и солдаты Николая Палкинымъ прозвали. Николай Павлычъ, а они говорятъ Николай Палкинъ. Такъ и пошло ему прозвище." 1226:, a competent brigade commander in the Imperial Army who proved himself out of his depth as a Navy minister. Of the Emperor's ministers, 78% were ethnic Russians, 9.6% were Baltic Germans while the rest were foreigners in Russian service. Of the men who served as ministers under Nicholas, 14 had graduated from university while another 14 had graduated from a 5122: 1348: 1681:). He speculated that Nicholas had a kind heart, but his sincere sense of duty forced him to impose severe discipline: "If the Emperor has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor." 1386:

which gave Russia a vague right as protector of Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, as a way of placing the Ottoman Empire into the Russian sphere of influence, which was felt to be a more achievable goal than conquering the entire Ottoman Empire. Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire

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and toyed with the idea of abolishing it in Russia, but declined to do so for reasons of state. He feared the aristocracy and believed they might turn against him if he abolished serfdom. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the

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said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as a military

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France takes Algeria from Turkey, and almost every year England annexes another Indian principality: none of this disturbs the balance of power; but when Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, albeit only temporarily, that disturbs the balance of power. France occupies Rome and stays there several

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over Mahmud II would lead to a new dynasty ruling the Ottoman Empire. Nesselrode continued that if the able Muhammad Ali became sultan then it "could, with the elevation of a new personage to the Turkish throne, revive new strength in that declining empire and distract our attention and forces from

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Nicholas was often exasperated by the slow pace of the Russian bureaucracy and had a marked preference for appointing generals and admirals to high government rank because of their perceived efficiency, overlooking or ignoring whether or not they were actually qualified for the role. Of the men who

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who won fame in cavalry charges was made supervisor of Church affairs. The army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland, and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals, and undesirables were punished

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The Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg became the main source of recognition and support for artists. Nicholas I decided to control it personally, reserving the final say on artistic honors. As the tsar reprimanded and humiliated artists whose works he found distasteful, the result was

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Many sources state that Nicholas did not have an extramarital affair until after 25 years of marriage, in 1842, when the Empress's doctors prohibited her from having sexual intercourse, due to her poor health and recurring heart attacks. Many facts dispute this claim. Nicholas fathered three known

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was planned in 1842, Nicholas drew a straight line between the cities on a map, and decreed this as the path of the new rail line. Some ridiculed this as the epitome of Nicholas' mindless despotism, while others praised the tsar for overcoming local interests that wanted the railway diverted their

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that "Oriental affairs are above all a matter for Russia." At the same time that Nicholas claimed the Ottoman Empire was within the Russian sphere of influence, he made it clear that he had no interest in annexing the empire. At another meeting with Ficquelmont in 1833, Nicholas, speaking with the

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epidemic was decimating Russian troops and the revolt in Poland tied down Russian soldiers which might have been deployed against the Belgians. It seems likely that Nicholas's hawkish stance was not a sincere prelude towards invasion of the Low Countries, but rather an attempt to apply pressure on

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the base fell, exposing Russia's inability to defend a major fortification on its own soil. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became emperor. On 15 January 1856, the new emperor took Russia out of the war on very unfavorable terms, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea.

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Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen

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involved many expensive wars, having a disastrous effect on the empire's finances. Nicholas lavished attention on his very large army; of a population of 60–70 million people, the army counted one million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and

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ruling his people by whatever means necessary. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unlucky days. This particular Monday dawned very cold, with temperatures of −8 degrees Celsius. This was regarded by the

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of 1841, which affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, from sending warships through them. Buoyed by his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 as well as his mistaken belief he could rely on British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the

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With two older brothers, it initially seemed unlikely Nicholas would ever become Tsar. However, as Alexander and Constantine both failed to produce legitimate sons, Nicholas first came to attention as being likely to rule one day, or at least that his children may succeed. In 1825, when Tsar

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For much of Nicholas' reign, Russia was seen as a major military power, with considerable strength. The Crimean War, fought shortly before Nicholas' death, demonstrated to both Russia and the world what few had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and

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of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and

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policy based on orthodoxy in religion, autocracy in government, and the state-founding role of the Russian nationality and equal citizen rights for all other peoples inhabiting Russia, with the exclusion of Jews. The people were to show loyalty to the unrestricted authority of the

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as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, which was felt to serve Russia's interests. Nicholas always thought of Russia as first and foremost a European power and regarded Europe as more important than the Middle East. The Russian Foreign Minister

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to head this Chancellery. Benckendorff employed 300 gendarmes and 16 staff in his office. He began collecting informers and intercepting mail. Soon, the saying that "it was impossible to sneeze in one's house before it is reported to the emperor" became Benckendorff's creed.

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On 26 August 1827 the edict of military conscription (Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti) was introduced, which required Jewish boys to serve in the Russian military for 25 years from the age of 18. Before that many of them were forcibly conscripted into

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continued with the transfer of Siberian Jews to Ukraine. In Ukraine, Jews were offered the opportunity to buy land, which left very little to support their families. On the other hand, these Jews were exempt from forced military conscription.

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deposed Nicholas as king of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and brutally crushed the rebellion. Nicholas then proceeded to abrogate the

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of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Several historians have concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy." On the eve of his death, the

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by a direct order of Tsar Nicholas after composing a poem that mocked the Tsar, his wife, and his domestic policies. By order of the Tsar, Shevchenko was kept under strict surveillance and prevented from writing or painting.

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points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances", the badly-equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency".

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In the wake of the Decembrist revolt, the tsar moved to protect the status quo by centralizing education. He wanted to neutralize the threat of foreign ideas and "pseudo-knowledge." However, his minister of education,

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in the July revolution of 1830, Nicholas took this as a personal betrayal, believing his friend had gone over as he saw it to the dark side of revolution and liberalism. Nicholas hated Louis-Philippe, the self-styled

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schools from the age of 12, while being a Cantonist did not count into the time of military service. They were sent far away from their families to serve in the military so that they would have difficulty practising

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Nicholas was crowned King of Poland in Warsaw on 12 (24) May 1829, per the Polish Constitution, a document he would not respect thereafter. He is the only Russian monarch ever crowned King of Poland—although

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to mobilize. Nicholas then petitioned the Prussian ambassador for Russian troops to be granted transit rights in order to march across Europe and restore Dutch hegemony over Belgium. But at the same time, a

6655: 6650: 608:. Nicholas grew up to be a fine young man. Riasanovsky says of him that he is "the most handsome man in Europe, but also a charmer who enjoyed feminine company and was often at his best with the men." 5175: 6660: 1115:. The poorer village Jews, those without families, and unmarried Jews were especially targeted for military service. Between 1827 and 1854 it is estimated that there were 70,000 Jews conscripted. 651:), the date of Alexander I's death, as the beginning of his reign. During this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and seize power. This led to the 4762: 1548:, professor of history at Moscow University, wrote a memorandum to Nicholas. Nicholas himself read Pogodin's text and approvingly commented: "That is the whole point." According to historian 3139: 701: 6079: 6008: 2458: 1541:). In April 1854, Austria signed a defensive pact with Prussia. Thus, Russia found herself in a war with every Great Power of Europe either allied against her militarily or diplomatically. 800: 312: 6099: 2378: 792: 292: 6640: 6530: 5034: 1636:

There have been many damning verdicts on Nicholas' rule and legacy, despite occasional efforts to revive his reputation. At the end of his life, one of his most devoted civil servants,

1258:. Nicholas's offers to suppress revolution on the European continent, trying to follow the pattern set by his eldest brother, Alexander I, earned him the label of "gendarme of Europe". 5042: 4433: 1080:

finds in the Ural mountains. Humboldt published multiple volumes on his Russian expedition, which he dedicated to Nicholas despite his increasing disapproval of the tsar's policies.

4309: 1469:, but it did little to increase Russian power in Europe. Only a small Greek state became independent in the Balkans, with limited Russian influence. In 1833, Russia negotiated the 692:

and other liberal-minded citizens. This demonstration was an attempt to force the government to accept a constitution and a representative form of government. Nicholas ordered the

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to Russia to investigate regions that could produce mineral wealth. The Russian government financed Humboldt's eight-month expedition through Russia in 1829, which resulted in

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In foreign policy, Nicholas I acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and as guardian against revolution. It has often been noted that such policies were linked with the

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with the Ottoman Empire. The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to transit warships through the

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Austria offered the Ottomans diplomatic support, and Prussia remained neutral, thus leaving Russia without any allies on the continent. The European allies landed in

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While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he followed a somewhat more aggressive policy toward the neighbouring empires to the south, the

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at that time, officially forfeited his right to succession. This had been required by Tsar Alexander as a condition of Constantine's marriage to his second wife

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Despite the repressions of this period, Russians outside official control produced a flowering of literature and the performing arts. Through the works of

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principles led, broadly speaking, to increasing repression of all classes, excessive censorship, and surveillance of independent-minded intellectuals like

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was founded in 1834 by Nicholas. In 1854, there were 3600 university students in Russia, 1000 fewer than in 1848. Censorship was omnipresent; historian

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Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from

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Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from

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Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from

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Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from

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Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from

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An intensely militaristic man, Nicholas regarded the Army as the best and greatest institution in Russia and as a model for society, saying:

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reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform.

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mperors Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander III, and Nicholas II were all Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta.

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and among its neighbors. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family; with all of their seven children surviving childhood.

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Hamlin, Cyrus. "The Political Duel Between Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, the Great English Ambassador."

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In 1851 the Jewish population numbered at 2.4 million, including 212,000 in Russian-controlled Poland. This made them one of the largest

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Rendall, Matthew. "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841."

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Cannady, Sean, and Paul Kubicek. "Nationalism and legitimation for authoritarianism: A comparison of Nicholas I and Vladimir Putin."

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popularised the nickname Николай Палкин (Nicholas the Stick) in reference to the late emperor's passion for military discipline.

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formed a military coalition and joined forces with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. The preceding conflict became known as the

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from

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Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal

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fueled a debate on Russia's place in the world, the meaning of Russian history, and the future of Russia. One group, the

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engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent

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Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri

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in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, but was labelled in Russia the "Eastern War" (Russian: Восточная война,

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whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, centralisation of administrative policies, and

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Rebecca Friedman, "Masculinity, the Body, and Coming of Age in the Nineteenth-Century Russian Cadet Corps,"

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by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the

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children with mistresses prior to 1842, including one with his most famous and well documented mistress,

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Lifgardets 3 Finska Skarpskyttebataljon 1812–1905 ett minnesblad. 1905 Helsinki by Söderström & Co

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own way. In fact, however, the tsar had merely endorsed the straight path recommended by engineers.

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personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."

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Nicholas I "Family Ruble" (1836) depicting the Tsar on the obverse and his family on the reverse:

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was able to keep its autonomy partly due to Finnish soldiers' loyal participation in crushing the

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Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. "'Nationality' in the State Ideology during the Reign of Nicholas I."

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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and other forms of control over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life.

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Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews : the transformation of Jewish society in Russia, 1825–1855

5018: 5003: 4999: 4979: 4956: 4839: 4835: 4581: 4577: 6423: 5951: 5823: 5762: 5748: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5596: 5591: 5382: 5066:[Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. 4993: 4939: 4904: 4742: 4700: 4545: 4502: 3898: 3738: 3552: 3266: 3189: 3163: 2731: 2534: 2501: 2188: 1648: 1593: 1372: 1284: 864: 848: 844: 623:. Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of 582: 439: 395: 375: 342: 226: 5347: 1261:

Immediately on his succession Nicholas began to limit the liberties that existed under the

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Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848,"

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wrote in letter to his ambassador in Constantinople Nikolai Muravyov that the victory of

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separate from the land. From 1845, attainment of the 5th highest rank (out of 14) in the

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Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of Jews with the object of

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to smash the demonstration. The "uprising" was quickly put down and became known as the

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in St. Petersburg. He reigned for 30 years, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II.

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Interior panel of a mirror case commemorating the 1838 meeting of Iranian crown prince

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convulsed Europe, Nicholas was at the forefront of reactionism. In 1849, he helped the

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writes: "the intellectual atmosphere remained oppressive until the end of the reign."

1049:

and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition.

847:. These romantic and conservative principles outlined by Uvarov were also espoused by 6594: 6545: 6509: 6484: 6428: 6408: 6360: 6355: 6333: 6323: 6308: 5714: 5312: 5250: 5126: 4958:

Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851

4448: 1602: 1549: 1206: 1127: 1108: 1046: 1042: 1027: 981: 908: 819: 222: 5289:

Rebecchini, Damiano. (2010). "An influential collector: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia."

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Yevgeny Anismov, Rulers of Russia, Golden Lion Press, St. Petersburg Russia (2012).

2151: 1685: 1313: 1158: 1112: 1015: 969: 5370:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013) 3943:

Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pages 523–540 from

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Russia's first railway was opened in 1837, a 26 km (16 mi) line between

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policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

5848: 4624:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 3956:

Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from

3927:

Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from

3727:

Curtiss, John Shelton (1958). "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character".

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Ottomans, who declared war on Russia on 8 October 1853. On 30 November, Russian

1478: 1178: 1011: 973: 831: 585:, heir to the Russian throne, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née 533: 451: 1426:, which ended with Persia forced to cede its last remaining territories in the 5361: 1455: 1368: 1019: 852: 739: 501: 497: 45: 5228:

Kutscheroff, Samuel. "Administration of Justice under Nicholas I of Russia."

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Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

1610: 1474: 1099: 1090: 1014:

and materialism. Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or

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philosophy as a source of wholeness in Russia and were sceptical of Western

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and to the persecution of non-Russian languages and non-Orthodox religions.

860: 788: 656: 648: 644: 5490: 5110: 4622:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

1134:

was disfavored. Nicholas I further toughened censorship of Jewish books in

5109:

Federal Research Division's Country Studies series. As their home page at

5064:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" 4060:

Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History

3556: 3514:

Rural Russia under the Old Régime: A History of the Landlord-Peasant World

2214:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown

1320:. In the 1840s, Nicholas reduced 64,000 Polish nobles to commoner status. 1312:

in virtual entirety and reduced Poland to the status of a province called

6535: 5192:

Curtiss, John Shelton. "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character."

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Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1854

688:

The accession of Nicholas I was marred by a demonstration of 3000 young

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The first draft of this article was taken with little editing from the

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St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

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St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

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Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

3540: 851:, one of the tutors of the Grand Duke Alexander. The results of these 589:). He had six older sisters and two older brothers, namely the future 6253:

of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar

1823: 1573: 1514: 1131: 1072:

persuaded the emperor of the benefits of inviting Prussian scientist

1054: 1050: 636: 632: 529: 517: 481: 459: 5063: 4550: 4533: 3742: 1347: 536:(1853–1856), with disastrous results. Historians emphasize that his 30:"Imperator Nikolai I" redirects here. For ships with this name, see 1490:

caught the Turkish fleet in the harbor at Sinope and destroyed it.

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Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1854

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The Shadow of the Winter Palace: the Drift To Revolution 1825–1917

4038:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256. 3999:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 256–257. 2254: 1844: 1624: 1592: 1492: 1241: 1196: 1157: 1147: 1007: 986: 977: 943:

was required to be ennobled, previously it had been the 8th rank.

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Lincoln, W. Bruce. "Nicholas I: Russia's Last Absolute Monarch,"

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4765:[Military William Order: Romanov, Nicholas I Pavlovich]. 4025:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256 1521:

Fearing the results of a total Ottoman defeat by Russia, in 1854

5264:

Emperor Nicholas I of Russia: the apogee of autocracy, 1825/1855

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The Third Section: police and society in Russia under Nicholas I

4676:"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". 1502: 836: 6281: 5863: 5494: 5117:

Please leave this statement intact so that credit can be given.

907:. This caused Tsar Nicholas to be condemned by a succession of 5363:

Romanovs. Romanovs. The seventh film. Nicholas I; Alexander II

5157:

Bolsover, George H. "Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey."

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Nicholas died on 2 March 1855, during the Crimean War, at the

742:

autonomy was removed in 1828, Poland's in 1830 and the Jewish

4094:

W. B. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848"

4012:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 257. 3986:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 256. 3973:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 255. 3584:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers

6631:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

3716:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 170. 3701:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University press. p. 171. 3686:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 168. 3668:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 164. 3624:

Etta L. Perkins, "Nicholas I and the Academy of Fine Arts."

3597:

Masculinity, Autocracy and the Russian University, 1804–1863

3828: 3826: 1609:. He caught a chill, refused medical treatment and died of 1382:

Nicholas' policy towards the Ottoman Empire was to use the

708:

ran a huge network of spies and informers with the help of

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Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854

3397: 3395: 659:) December 1825, an uprising Nicholas quickly suppressed. 738:

Tsar Nicholas abolished several areas of local autonomy.

6531:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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