871:
476:
647:, they had not evacuated the 250,000 samples of seeds, roots, and fruits stored in what was then the world's largest seedbank. A group of scientists at the Vavilov Institute boxed up a cross section of seeds, moved them to the basement, and took shifts protecting them. Those guarding the seedbank refused to eat its contents, even though by the end of the siege in the spring of 1944, a number of them had died of starvation.
74:
540:
384:
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decided to cancel the congress. The seventh
International Congress of Genetics was postponed until 1939 and took place in Edinburgh instead. The Politburo prohibited Vavilov from travelling abroad; during the Congress's opening ceremony an empty chair was placed on the stage as a symbolic reminder of
723:
in St. Petersburg still maintains one of the world's largest collections of plant genetic material. The
Institute began as the Bureau of Applied Botany in 1894, and was reorganized in 1924 into the All-Union Research Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops, and in 1930 into the Research Institute
555:
However, Stalin believed in
Lysenko's theories and, as a result, so did the rest of the Soviet government. The Soviet authorities suspected that Vavilov was trying to sabotage Soviet agriculture with bad science, and their suspicions were aggravated by his associations with other scientists who had
527:
in the USSR. After some initial resistance by the organizing committee, in 1935 it agreed to hold the seventh congress in Moscow in 1937. The
Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to support the idea and asked the Communist Party for its approval, which it gave on 31 July 1935. Vavilov
551:
and at first encouraged
Lysenko's work. However, Vavilov changed his mind and became an outspoken critic of Lysenko, because Lysenko did not believe in genetics and Vavilov feared that Lysenko's ideas could be disastrous for Soviet agriculture. Vavilov publicly criticized Lysenko both at home and
494:
While developing his theory on the centers of origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov organized a series of botanical-agronomic expeditions and collected seeds from every corner of the globe. In 1927, he presented the centers of origin to the public on the Fifth
International Congress of Genetics in
367:. As a result, Vavilov was arrested and subsequently sentenced to death in July 1941. Although his sentence was commuted to twenty years' imprisonment, he died in prison in 1943. In 1955, his death sentence was retroactively pardoned under
472:, in 1930, he attempted to hire her to work at the institute, offering a good salary and perks such as a camel caravan for her travel. She declined, but visited the institute in 1933 for three months to train 50 students in her research.
414:
586:
as well as general weakness as a complaint, but as for the immediate cause of death, the death certificate only mentions "decline of cardiac activity". Some authors assert that the actual cause of death was starvation. According to
304:
573:
In 1943, he died in prison as a result of the harsh conditions. The prison's medical documentation indicates that he had been admitted into the prison hospital a few days prior to his death and mention the diagnoses of
2125:
Fresco, Louise O. (2021). "De
Plantenjager" (The Planthunter, in Dutch), a novel about the research, work and life of professor Vavilov to increase the productivity of the Russian agriculture in the period
2572:
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1701:
704:
Today, a street in downtown
Saratov bears Vavilov's name. Vavilov's monument in Saratov near the end of the Vavilov street was unveiled in 1997. The square near the monument is a common place for
1530:
616:
559:
As a result, Vavilov was arrested on 6 August 1940 while on an expedition to
Ukraine. The warrant for Vavilov's arrest was issued by 1st Lt. Vladimir Ruzin of the NKVD, with the approval of
2567:
2077:
Berdyshev, G. D.; Savchenko, N. I.; Pomogaĭbo, V. M.; Shcherbina, D. M.; Samorodov, V. N. (1978). "Celebration of the 90th anniversary of the birth of N. I. Vavilov in the
Ukraine".
1451:
2632:
532:
2040:
Bakhteev, F. K.; Dickson, J. G. (1960). "To the History of Russian Science: Academician Nicholas IV an Vavilov on His 70th Anniversary (November 26, 1887 – August 2, 1942)".
1329:
Pringle, Peter (2008). The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin's Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century. Simon and Schuster. p. 137.
2657:
1671:
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417:) in 1906. During this time, he became known for carrying a pet lizard in his pocket wherever he went. He graduated from the Petrovka in 1910 with a dissertation on
2662:
2176:
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of Plant Industry. Vavilov was the head of the institute from 1921 to 1940. In 1968, the institute was renamed after Vavilov in time for its 75th anniversary.
762:
127:
2328:
503:, he created the world's largest collection of plant seeds. Vavilov also formulated the law of homologous series in variation. He was a member of the USSR
1698:
1300:
1439:
Geographische Zentren unserer Kulturpflanzen. In: Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Kongresses für Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin 1927, Supplementband 1
599:
Vavilov's son Oleg with his first wife Yekaterina Sakharova was born in 1918. That marriage ended in divorce in 1926, after which he married geneticist
1534:
2105:
Delone, N. L. (1988). "Significance of the scientific heritage of N.I. Vavilov in the development of space biology (on the centenary of his birth)".
1337:. "Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, Vavilov had been an atheist from an early age. If he worshipped anything, it was science".
2597:
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effort to review Stalin-era death sentences. By the late 1950s, his reputation was publicly rehabilitated, and he began to be hailed as a hero of
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The Royal Society of Edinburgh mentions Vavilov in the list of its former fellows, indicating that he died in a Soviet workcamp in
2667:
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2244:
Reznik, S. and Y. Vavilov (1997). "The Russian Scientist Nikolay Vavilov" (preface to English translation of:) Vavilov, N. I.
2177:
https://sites.google.com/site/biodiversityoflupins/15-objective-regularities-in-the-variability-of-chatacters/what-is-a-species
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1373:
The murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The story of Stalin's persecution of one of the great scientists of the twentieth century
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In 1943, parts of Vavilov's collection, samples stored within the territories occupied by the German armies, mainly in
2672:
2617:
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970:
720:
197:
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Vasina-Popova, E. T. (1987). "The role of N. I. Vavilov in the development of Soviet genetics and animal selection".
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The story of the researchers at the Vavilov Institute during the Siege of Leningrad was fictionalized by novelist
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2577:
2526:
1096:
Shumnyĭ, V. K. (2007). "Two brilliant generalizations of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (for the 120th anniversary)".
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259:
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Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki (Institut Istorii Estestvoznaniia I Tekhniki (Akademiia Nauk SSSR))
2133:
Khuchua, K. N. (1978). "Life and career of Academician N. I. Vavilov. On the 90th anniversary of his birth".
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been convicted of espionage, some of whom falsely implicated Vavilov in counter-revolutionary activities.
2129:
Huerga Melcón, Pablo (2023): "Vavilov en España. Una Odisea en busca de la escanda" ISBN 978-8-41265-270-3
830:
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He was sentenced to death in July 1941. In 1942, his sentence was commuted to twenty years imprisonment.
54:
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371:. By the late 1950s, his reputation was publicly rehabilitated, and he began to be hailed as a hero of
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2547:
754:
667:
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2419:
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Atz, James W. and Winter, Robert J. (1968). "Further steps in the rehabilitation of N.I. Vavilov".
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1080:
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Vavilov and his Institute. A history of the world collection of plant genetic resources in Russia
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The Problem of the Origin of the World's Agriculture in the Light of the Latest Investigations
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Sovetskaia Etnografiia / Akademiia Nauk SSSR I Narodnyi Komissariat Prosveshcheniia RSFSR
17:
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and assistant head of the institute's seed collection. Their son Yuri was born in 1928.
2429:
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Valery N. Soyfer, "Tragic History of the VII International Congress of Genetics", 2003
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105:
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Genetic Resources of Leguminous Plants in the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
1264:
Cohen, B. M. (1991). "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: The explorer and plant collector a".
73:
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2393:
2069:
1531:"How Nikolay Vavilov, the seed collector who tried to end famine, died of starvation"
1376:
950:
938:
663:
425:. From 1911 to 1912, he worked at the Bureau for Applied Botany and at the Bureau of
403:
364:
2216:(2008). Where our Food Comes from: Retracing Nikolay Vavilov's Quest to End Famine.
1949:
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1416:. Trade Books Based in Scholarship. Vol. 17. Canadian Plains Research Center.
842:
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728:
349:
333:
314:
131:
1183:
807:, which also depicts the Institute during the siege and mentions Vavilov by name.
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1724:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
880:
539:
512:
192:
2300:
1471:
1441:. Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre. pp. 342–369.
1232:
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325:
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35:
1398:
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469:
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1201:
1144:
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1023:
399:. Despite his strict upbringing in the Orthodox Church, he was an atheist.
383:
2265:
2118:
1250:
415:
Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
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2146:
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963:
523:
In 1932, during the sixth congress, Vavilov proposed holding the seventh
442:
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230:
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1996:
1972:
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123:
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His father had grown up in poverty due to recurring crop failures and
655:
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407:
392:
225:
101:
1699:
Heinz Brücher and the SS botanical collecting command to Russia 1943
1168:"Plant breeding giants. Burbank, the artist; Vavilov, the scientist"
966:(the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union)
928:(translated by K. Starr Chester). 1951. Chronica Botanica 13:1–366,
692:
on 26 January 1943. However, he actually died in a Soviet prison in
591:, he was thrown to his death into a pit of lime in the prison yard.
2053:
716:
established the Vavilov Award (1965) and the Vavilov Medal (1968).
901:Учение о происхождении культурных растений после Дарвина. (1940) (
894:Закон гомологических рядов в наследственной изменчивости. (1935) (
869:
583:
538:
474:
453:
From 1917 to 1920, he was a professor at the Faculty of Agronomy,
418:
382:
345:
341:
282:
2273:
Vavilov, N. I. (1979). "Correspondence legacy of N. I. Vavilov".
926:
The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants
666:(SS) Institute for Plant Genetics, which had been established at
615:
In 1955, Vavilov's life sentence was vacated at a hearing of the
528:
was elected chairman of the International Congress of Genetics.
2203:. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
2154:
Kondrashov, V. (1978). "On the 90th birthday of N. I. Vavilov".
1008:
Harland, S. C. (1954). "Nicolai Ivanovitch Vavilov. 1885-1942".
911:Географическая локализация генов пшениц на земном шаре. (1929) (
838:
678:
488:
313:
13 November] 1887 – 26 January 1943) was a Russian and
2337:
643:. While the Soviets had ordered the evacuation of art from the
708:. Another monument to him is located near the entrance to the
433:. From 1913 to 1914, he travelled in Europe and studied plant
413:
Vavilov entered the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy (now the
2333:
497:
V. Internationaler Kongress für Vererbungswissenschaft Berlin
848:
Season 1, Episode 4 of the 2020 science documentary series,
837:: Николай Вавилов) was created as a joint production of the
818:(script writer), and Oleksandr Frolov (camera) for the film
406:, and Vavilov became obsessed from an early age with ending
617:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
567:. Ruzin accused Vavilov of foreign espionage and sabotage.
1123:
Zakharov, I. A. (2005). "Nikolai I Vavilov (1887–1943)".
913:
The Geographical Localization of Wheat Genes on the Earth
2305:
1820:
1412:
Dale-Burnett, Lisa Lynne; Mlazagar, Brian, eds. (2006).
479:
Vavilov (fifth from left to right) alongside geneticist
2573:
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members
2324:
Speech at the 1939 Conference on Genetics and Selection
1561:
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History
639:
was preserved and protected through the 28-month long
2638:
Full Members of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
2107:
Kosmicheskaia Biologiia I Aviakosmicheskaia Meditsina
1452:
The Significance of Vavilov's Scientific Expeditions
2499:
2453:
2407:
2371:
772:is used to indicate this person as the author when
258:
239:
213:
185:
174:
164:
154:
146:
138:
112:
83:
64:
896:The law of homology series in genetical mutability
461:at Leningrad. Impressed with the work of Canadian
2230:Vestis. Izvestiia. Latvijas PSR Zinatnu Akademija
1472:Popov I. Yu (2002). Periodical systems in biology
903:The theory of origins of cultivated plants after
814:was awarded to Anatoliy Borsyuk (film director),
1821:N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry
1414:Saskatchewan Agriculture: Lives Past and Present
1011:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
459:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
457:. From 1924 to 1935, he was the director of the
250:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2568:All-Russian Central Executive Committee members
941:). 1987. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1500:
1498:
860:, was titled "Vavilov" and detailed his life.
662:. Many of the samples were transferred to the
437:, in collaboration with the British biologist
2349:
1730:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
801:' song "When The War Came" in the 2006 album
363:concepts of plant biology had won favor with
336:plants. He devoted his life to the study and
287:
8:
2633:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2099:Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: His Life and Work
1670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2301:Vavilov, Centers of Origin, Spread of Crops
2174:Kurlovich, B.S. (n.d.). What is a species?
826:: "Звезда Вавилова") about Vavilov's work.
391:Vavilov was born into a merchant family in
27:Russian botanist and geneticist (1887–1943)
2356:
2342:
2334:
1686:"The Second Siege: Saving Seeds Revisited"
1350:Siebert, Charles (July 2011). "Food Ark".
1345:
1343:
1325:
1323:
1321:
953:). 1997. IPGRI, Rome; VIR, St. Petersburg.
757:is also named after him and his brother.
72:
61:
2023:Alekseev, V. P. (1987). "Not Available".
1590:The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past
1240:
1191:
935:Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants
829:In 1990, a six part documentary entitled
712:in Saratov, where Vavilov is buried. The
658:, were seized by a German unit headed by
563:, the Deputy Prosecutor of the USSR, and
2658:Soviet people who died in prison custody
1217:"N. I. Vavilov, martyr to genetic truth"
721:N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry
2522:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
2476:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
2183:Levina, E. S. (1987). "Not Available".
2101:. Ph.D.: University of Texas at Austin.
997:
298:[nʲɪkɐˈlajɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕvɐˈvʲiləf]
2663:Prisoners who died in Soviet detention
2228:Raipulis, J. (1987). "Not Available".
1925:"When The War Came - The Decemberists"
1663:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
441:, who helped establish the science of
1658:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107716
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1003:
1001:
877:Земледельческий Афганистан. (1929) (
797:. That novel was the inspiration for
296:
7:
2648:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2512:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
856:and based on the original series by
352:that sustain the global population.
2329:Theoretical base of our researches
1977:(Biography, Drama), 1 February 1990
1301:"N.I. Vavilov the man and his work"
874:Maize diversity in Vavilov's office
743:is named after him and his brother
1308:Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter
531:However, on 14 November 1936, the
525:International Congress of Genetics
25:
2306:Vavilov Center for Plant Industry
519:Political eclipse and persecution
395:, the older brother of physicist
355:Vavilov's work was criticized by
1835:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
2042:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1863:International Plant Names Index
536:Vavilov's involuntary absence.
2598:20th-century Russian botanists
547:Vavilov encountered the young
509:All-Union Geographical Society
387:Vavilov on a 1987 Soviet stamp
246:Saratov Agricultural Institute
1:
1995:Druyan, Ann (16 March 2020),
1615:The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov
159:Moscow Agricultural Institute
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
2643:Academicians of the VASKhNIL
2097:Cohen, Barry Mendel (1980).
887:Селекция как наука. (1934) (
741:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
260:Author abbrev. (botany)
2563:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
1712:. Bioversity International.
1184:10.1093/genetics/158.4.1391
971:Institute of Plant Industry
505:Central Executive Committee
289:Никола́й Ива́нович Вави́лов
198:Fellow of the Royal Society
2689:
2199:Loskutov, Igor G. (1999).
1837:(5th ed.). New York:
1833:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
1588:Brezhneva, Lyubov (1995).
1565:Cambridge University Press
1064:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
619:, undertaken as part of a
52:
30:In this name that follows
29:
2527:Politicization of science
2001:, Cosmos: Possible Worlds
1704:29 September 2007 at the
1509:16 September 2019 at the
1437:Vavilov, Nikolai (1928).
1085:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1062:Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov
812:Shevchenko National Prize
611:Posthumous rehabilitation
552:while on foreign trips.
511:, and a recipient of the
379:Early years and education
288:
275:Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
268:
206:
88:Nikolaj Ivanovich Vavilov
71:
53:For the 1990 biopic, see
18:Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
2628:20th-century geographers
1460:Bioversity International
1314:: 3–5 – via IBPGR.
1233:10.1093/genetics/134.1.1
1081:Вавилов Николай Иванович
745:Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov
735:, discovered in 1977 by
714:USSR Academy of Sciences
397:Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov
309:; 25 November [
2507:Bourgeois pseudoscience
1884:HUNGER | Kirkus Reviews
1645:The Journal of Heredity
1613:Pringle, Peter (2008).
1371:Pringle, Peter (2014).
850:Cosmos: Possible Worlds
601:Elena Ivanovna Barulina
543:Vavilov's mugshot, 1942
2668:Soviet rehabilitations
2558:Scientists from Moscow
2135:TSitologiia I Genetika
2079:TSitologiia I Genetika
1125:Journal of Biosciences
1024:10.1098/rsbm.1954.0017
875:
544:
491:
388:
55:Nikolai Vavilov (film)
2486:Mendelian inheritance
2248:. IPGRI: Rome, Italy.
1951:Фильм Звезда Вавилова
1533:. NPR. Archived from
873:
710:Resurrection cemetery
542:
478:
455:University of Saratov
386:
2653:Deaths by starvation
1619:Simon & Schuster
1381:Simon & Schuster
1299:Hawkes, J G (1988).
1215:Crow, J. F. (1993).
1166:Crow, J. F. (2001).
755:far side of the Moon
483:during his visit to
2613:Russian geographers
2603:Russian geneticists
2583:Russian agronomists
2420:Georgii Karpechenko
1537:on 22 February 2014
1529:Nabhan, Gary Paul.
1477:14 May 2007 at the
1353:National Geographic
889:Breeding as science
854:Neil deGrasse Tyson
763:author abbreviation
328:who identified the
2673:Russian scientists
2618:Soviet geographers
2608:Soviet geneticists
2593:Soviet agronomists
1899:"The Decemberists"
1710:PGR Newsletter 129
1456:PGR Newsletter 124
1383:. pp. 22–23.
1278:10.1007/BF02860048
1137:10.1007/BF02703666
976:Vavilovian mimicry
876:
793:in her 2003 novel
706:opposition rallies
641:Siege of Leningrad
637:Leningrad seedbank
603:, a specialist on
561:Mikhail Pankratyev
545:
492:
389:
2623:Russian explorers
2535:
2534:
2517:Pavlovian session
2389:Nikita Khrushchev
2260:(11): 2002–2006.
2222:978-1-59726-399-3
2214:Nabhan, Gary Paul
1905:. 30 October 2006
1848:978-3-540-00238-3
1688:. 18 August 2010.
1628:978-0-7432-6498-3
1574:978-0-521-28789-0
1390:978-1-4165-6602-1
1335:978-0-7432-6498-3
1104:(11): 1447–1453.
576:lung inflammation
369:Nikita Khrushchev
330:centers of origin
272:
271:
208:Scientific career
169:Centers of origin
16:(Redirected from
2680:
2588:Soviet botanists
2578:Russian atheists
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2290:
2281:(8): 1525–1526.
2269:
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2008:
2006:
1992:
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1939:
1937:
1935:
1921:
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1879:
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1872:
1859:
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1824:
1823:at www.vir.nw.ru
1818:
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1807:
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1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1740:. Archived from
1729:
1719:
1713:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1592:. Random House.
1585:
1579:
1578:
1557:Graham, Loren R.
1553:
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1544:
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1526:
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1296:
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1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1178:(4): 1391–1395.
1163:
1157:
1156:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1044:
1043:
1005:
920:Works in English
816:Serhiy Dyachenko
799:the Decemberists
781:
771:
770:
769:
676:
645:Hermitage Museum
621:de-Stalinization
589:Lyubov Brezhneva
463:phytopathologist
308:
307:
306:
300:
295:
291:
290:
285:
119:
98:25 November 1887
97:
95:
76:
62:
21:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2500:Soviet policies
2495:
2449:
2445:Nikolai Vavilov
2425:Zhores Medvedev
2415:Wacław Gajewski
2403:
2367:
2362:
2316:N. I. Vavilov,
2297:
2272:
2251:
2246:Five Continents
2227:
2182:
2153:
2132:
2104:
2076:
2039:
2022:
2019:
2017:Further reading
2014:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1974:Nikolay Vavilov
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:. p. 235.
1839:Springer Verlag
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1819:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1793:
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1760:
1750:
1748:
1747:on 4 March 2016
1744:
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1716:
1706:Wayback Machine
1697:
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1679:
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1629:
1621:. p. 300.
1612:
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1607:
1600:
1587:
1586:
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1567:. p. 130.
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1511:Wayback Machine
1503:
1496:
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1479:Wayback Machine
1470:
1466:
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1391:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1319:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1266:Economic Botany
1263:
1262:
1258:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1060:
1047:
1007:
1006:
999:
994:
960:
949:(translated by
946:Five Continents
937:(translated by
922:
866:
831:Nikolai Vavilov
820:Star of Vavilov
791:Elise Blackwell
787:
782:
767:
766:
765:
760:
702:
670:
668:Schloss Lannach
633:
613:
597:
521:
507:, President of
466:Margaret Newton
451:
449:Academic career
439:William Bateson
381:
303:
302:
301:
293:
277:
254:
235:
202:
155:Alma mater
134:
121:
117:
116:26 January 1943
108:
99:
93:
91:
90:
89:
79:
78:Vavilov in 1933
67:
66:Nikolai Vavilov
58:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
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2437:
2432:
2430:Georgii Nadson
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Trofim Lysenko
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2326:
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2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2292:
2291:
2270:
2249:
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2197:
2180:
2172:
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2141:(2): 174–177.
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2085:(2): 177–179.
2074:
2054:10.1086/403015
2037:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1987:
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1941:
1929:SongLyrics.com
1916:
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1737:0-902-198-84-X
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1652:(5): 274–275.
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1423:978-0889771697
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1207:
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1131:(3): 299–301.
1115:
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1066:
1045:
1018:(1): 259–264.
996:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
983:
981:Vavilov Center
978:
973:
967:
959:
956:
955:
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942:
932:
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918:
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916:
909:
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885:
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804:The Crane Wife
786:
783:
778:botanical name
759:
701:
698:
632:
629:
625:Soviet science
612:
609:
596:
593:
565:Lavrenty Beria
549:Trofim Lysenko
520:
517:
481:Albert Boerger
450:
447:
431:Phytopathology
404:food rationing
380:
377:
373:Soviet science
357:Trofim Lysenko
286:(Russian:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
253:
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217:
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195:
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183:
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179:Sergey Vavilov
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:Known for
162:
161:
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122:
120:(aged 55)
114:
110:
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106:Russian Empire
100:
87:
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81:
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77:
69:
68:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
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2659:
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2649:
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2491:Vernalization
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2471:Hybridization
2469:
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2394:Joseph Stalin
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2209:92-9043-412-0
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2016:
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1991:
1988:
1976:
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1968:
1965:
1953:
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1945:
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1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868: Vavilov
1864:
1858:
1855:
1850:
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1836:
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1396:
1392:
1386:
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1378:
1377:New York City
1374:
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1360:(1): 122–126.
1359:
1355:
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1340:
1336:
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1318:
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1199:
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1002:
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987:
984:
982:
979:
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965:
962:
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957:
952:
948:
947:
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936:
933:
931:
927:
924:
923:
919:
914:
910:
907:
906:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
882:
879:Agricultural
872:
868:
867:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:In 1987, the
808:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
784:
779:
775:
764:
761:The standard
758:
756:
752:
751:
747:. The crater
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
674:
669:
665:
664:Schutzstaffel
661:
660:Heinz Brücher
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
595:Personal life
594:
592:
590:
585:
581:
577:
571:
568:
566:
562:
557:
553:
550:
541:
537:
534:
529:
526:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
486:
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477:
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467:
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448:
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440:
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420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:Joseph Stalin
362:
359:, whose anti-
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
305:
299:
284:
280:
276:
267:
263:
261:
257:
251:
248:
245:
244:
242:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
216:
212:
209:
205:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
111:
107:
103:
86:
82:
75:
70:
63:
60:
56:
49:
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
33:
19:
2466:Heritability
2444:
2384:J. D. Bernal
2317:
2278:
2274:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2232:(9): 71–76.
2229:
2200:
2187:(4): 34–43.
2184:
2175:
2162:(12): 2225.
2159:
2155:
2138:
2134:
2113:(6): 79–83.
2110:
2106:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2048:(2): 115–9.
2045:
2041:
2027:(6): 72–80.
2024:
2003:, retrieved
1997:
1990:
1979:, retrieved
1973:
1967:
1956:, retrieved
1954:(in Russian)
1950:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1834:
1828:
1816:
1811:(in Russian)
1805:
1800:(in Russian)
1794:
1789:(in Russian)
1783:
1778:(in Russian)
1772:
1767:(in Russian)
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1742:the original
1723:
1717:
1709:
1694:
1680:
1666:cite journal
1649:
1643:
1637:
1614:
1608:
1589:
1583:
1560:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1524:
1518:
1513:(in Russian)
1486:
1467:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1311:
1307:
1294:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1015:
1009:
969:All-Russian
944:
934:
925:
912:
902:
895:
888:
878:
847:
843:East Germany
828:
819:
809:
802:
794:
788:
748:
733:2862 Vavilov
729:minor planet
726:
718:
703:
687:
649:
634:
614:
598:
572:
569:
558:
554:
546:
530:
522:
496:
493:
452:
412:
401:
390:
354:
350:cereal crops
274:
273:
240:Institutions
207:
150:Soviet Union
132:Soviet Union
128:Russian SFSR
118:(1943-01-26)
59:
47:
39:
2553:1943 deaths
2548:1887 births
2440:Tan Jiazhen
2435:Hans Stubbe
2372:Lysenkoists
1541:22 February
881:Afghanistan
739:astronomer
719:Today, the
671: [
513:Lenin Prize
338:improvement
193:Lenin Prize
147:Citizenship
139:Nationality
44:family name
2542:Categories
2481:Lamarckism
2408:Dissidents
2365:Lysenkoism
2126:1900–1940.
2005:3 November
1981:3 November
1958:3 November
1934:3 November
1909:3 November
1227:(1): 1–4.
992:References
986:Lysenkoism
951:Doris Löve
939:Doris Löve
858:Carl Sagan
348:and other
334:cultivated
326:geneticist
318:agronomist
94:1887-11-25
36:patronymic
2070:225068057
1903:Pitchfork
1751:4 January
1399:892938236
1272:: 38–46.
852:starring
700:Namesakes
580:dystrophy
533:Politburo
501:Leningrad
470:stem rust
468:on wheat
361:Mendelian
181:(brother)
175:Relatives
40:Ivanovich
2461:Heredity
2454:Concepts
2399:VASKhNIL
2275:Genetika
2254:Genetika
2238:11635329
2193:11636235
2156:Genetika
2062:13686142
2033:11636003
1702:Archived
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