543:, faced significant public disapproval due to the implementation of high tax rates, allegations of corruption against the latter two officials, and John's reported harsh treatment of debtors. Justinian and John also reduced expenditure on the civil service and took steps to combat corruption within the civil service. John was particularly unfavourable among the senatorial elites, who were hit hard by John's new taxation policy which targeted the wealthiest in society, likely leading to senatorial influence within the riots. Numerous nobles, who had suffered a loss of power and wealth as a result of the downsizing and reform of the civil service, joined the ranks of the Greens. Justinian also took steps to diminish the influence of both teams. This was perceived by the Greens as an oppressive action akin to the reforms implemented in the civil service, while the Blues felt a sense of betrayal. The Roman legal code was widely perceived as a marker that distinguished the civilised Romans from "
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become more violent in their methods, setting fires and indiscriminately attacking imperial guards. Another cause that might have added to the intensity of the riots was the fact that the power of these factions had gone unchecked for a long time under Justin, with
Justinian then strengthening their rivalries by supporting a specific faction. Furthermore, the fact that activity towards the factions had largely been unrestricted for three decades prior during Justin’s reign, meant the likelihood of them working together in common cause was far greater. Their almost unrestrained force, combined with any resentment they held against the Emperor, is believed to have led to the Nika riots of 532 C.E. Similarly, it was rare for the two factions to begin working together in this manner and for them to militarise, both of which added to the severity of the uprising.
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factional vandalism and hooliganism that was exacerbated by the emotional response to the escaped Blue and Green criminals, with the aim to have the arrested rioters released. Usually, riots were more "conservative in nature" and were used to keep the emperor accountable and make him aware of the will of the people. However, in the case of the Nika riots, the populace was not mollified by
Justinian's empty promises of change and were likely fueled by opportunistic senatorial intervention to shift focus to Justinian's deposition. These riots shared common characteristics with others during this period. However, it stands out due the extent of militarisation. Common behaviour prior to this riot included the throwing of stones, which had been banned by Justinian in his anti-rioting decree of 527.
701:. Carrying a bag of gold given to him by Justinian, the slightly built eunuch entered the Hippodrome alone and unarmed. Narses went directly to the Blues' section, where he approached the important Blues and reminded them that Justinian supported them over the Greens. He also reminded them that Hypatius, the man they crowned, was a Green. He distributed the gold and the Blue leaders spoke quietly with each other and then addressed their followers. In the middle of Hypatius' coronation, many Blues left the Hippodrome, while the Greens remained. Then, Imperial troops led by Belisarius and Mundus stormed into the Hippodrome, killing any remaining people indiscriminately, whether they were Blues or Greens.
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sooner or later die; and how could an
Emperor ever allow himself to be a fugitive." Although an escape route across the sea lay open for the emperor, Theodora insisted that she would stay in the city, quoting an ancient saying, "Royalty is a fine burial shroud," or perhaps, " Purple makes a fine winding sheet.". However, Theodora's speech as quoted by Procopius can be viewed as representative of the discussions which took place in the palace rather than literal. Recent scholarship suggests that Justinian not only considered fleeing, but may have left the Palace for a period of time. Several sources allude to this conclusion, such as the
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488:, and now he faced a potential crisis in his city. Therefore, he declared that a chariot race would be held on January 13 and commuted the sentences to imprisonment. The Blues and the Greens responded by demanding that the two men be pardoned. When Justinian refused to listen to their pleas, both factions united under the phrase "Nika" or "conquer" and took to rioting (see Riots for more detail).
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Justinian considered fleeing, but his wife
Theodora is said to have dissuaded him, saying, "Those who have worn the crown should never survive its loss. Never will I see the day when I am not saluted as empress." She is also credited, by Procopius, with adding, "ho is born into the light of day must
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It is believed that on
January 14, the second day of the riots, Justinian, rather than negotiating political concessions, offered to host more races and games in an attempt to appease the rioters. This did little to halt the violence however, with the crowd ignoring his pleas for a suspension of the
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group and represented the interest of the moneyed non-landowners, Justinian being neither of those. As a result, Justinian's refusal to grant amnesty to the two individuals arrested in connection with the riots further exacerbated the anger and resentment towards the emperor, causing the factions to
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and claimants to the throne. They frequently tried to affect imperial policy by shouting political demands between races. The imperial forces and guards in the city could not keep order without the cooperation of the factions, which were in turn backed by the aristocratic families of the city; these
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was a supporter of the Blues, although his support for the faction abated as he entered the early years of his reign, taking a more neutral stance as he looked to limit the power of the factions. With rising tensions, one could even argue that striving for impartiality was a more dangerous policy to
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The timeline provided for these riots is not exact, and it is derived from different sources, including one by John
Malalas, and one by Procopius. Initially, the riots were unlikely to have had the end goal of deposing Justinian, with the early days of the riots being a more extreme show of typical
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were reinstated to their prior positions. He then rebuilt
Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia and was free to establish his rule without facing further uprising until the very end of his reign. In the end, Justinian's indecisiveness surrounding the circus factions allowed the mob to incite riots,
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According to the account of
Procopius, around 30,000 people were killed, although many likely died as result of trampling in the chaos of the riot rather than at the hands of Imperial soldiers. Justinian had Hypatius executed and exiled the senators who had supported the riot. However, some of the
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in 531 and the deteriorating strategic situation had a detrimental effect on the emperor's reputation. The legal reforms were met with resistance from the aristocracy from their inception, as they eliminated the ability to utilize obscure laws and jurisprudence to evade unfavorable judgments.
670:. It is the view of Mischa Meir that Justinian may have intentionally provoked the riots so that his political rivals within the senate, like Hypatius may reveal themselves to him. This is however a view that was considered radical and was rejected by Pfeilschifter.
633:, meaning "Win!", "Victory!" or "Conquer!"), and the crowds broke out and began to assault the palace. For the next five days, the palace was under siege. Fires started during the tumult destroyed much of the city, including the city's foremost church, the
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The demes had become a focus for various social and political issues for which the general
Byzantine population lacked other forms of outlet. They combined aspects of street gangs and political parties, taking positions on current issues, including
623:, so Justinian could preside over the races from the safety of his box in the palace. From the start, the crowd hurled insults at Justinian. By the end of the day, at race 22, the partisan chants had changed from "Blue" or "Green" to a unified
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matches in modern times. The murderers were to be executed, and most of them were. However, on
January 10, 532, two of them, a Blue and a Green, survived execution, escaped and sought sanctuary in a church surrounded by an angry mob.
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over the course of a week in 532 CE. They are often regarded as the most violent riots in the city's history, with nearly half of Constantinople being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed.
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In 531 some members of the Blues and Greens were arrested for murder in connection with deaths during rioting after a chariot race. Relatively limited riots were not unknown at chariot races, similar to the
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1.24.32–37. For the possibility of Theodora's stirring remarks being an invention by Procopius (otherwise an unflattering chronicler of Theodora's life), see John Moorhead,
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try and adopt. However, Justinian's previous ardent support of the Blues made him seem less unbiased and contributed to his waning control of the capital leading up to 532.
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but it has been posited that had his predecessors shown the same lack of consistency, they too could have been subjected to a "Nika" riot.
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hostilities. In the past, emperors had cancelled races on account of them exacerbating tensions and worsening factional violence.
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The Dark Ages 476–918 these taxes were levied against the rich. Justinian the Great: The Life and Legacy of the Byzantine Emperor
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were of low birth - Byzantine society was not as class driven as the feudal-dominated society of the west. The Greens were a
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believes it was due to panic, whereas Westbrook suggests Justinian hoped to get fresh troops garrisoned in Thrace.
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However, prior to the Nika riots of January 532, the pace of legal reforms had significantly slowed. Concurrently,
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Koehn, ‘Stasiôtai into stratiôtai: The Nika Riot Revisited’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 116.1 (2023), pp. 77–104.
1370:(London/NY 1994), pp. 46–47, with a reference to J. Evans, "The 'Nika' rebellion and the empress Theodora", in:
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Koehn, 'Stasiôtai into stratiôtai: The Nika Riot Revisited', Byzantine Zeitschrift 116 (2023), pp. 77–104.
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Meier, William N. (2003). "Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand".
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included some families who believed they had a more rightful claim to the throne than Justinian.
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Greatrex, ‘The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 117 (1997), pp. 60–86.
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50 Battles That Changed the World: The Conflicts That Most Influenced the Course of History
1346:(1972). Frederick Ungar Publishing (translated by S. R. Rosenbaum from the original French
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officials Justinian dismissed in response to the demands of the rioters, like
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in the summer of 530 had temporarily enhanced his legitimacy, the defeat at
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Koehn (2023). "Stasiôtai into stratiôtai: The Nika Riot Revisited'".
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967:. New York: Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc. p.
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Popular account based on the author's extensive scholarly research.
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Justinian was nervous: he was in the midst of negotiating with the
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Rome resurgent : war and empire in the age of Justinian
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Circus factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium
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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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1210:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
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566:was engaged in an unsuccessful war against the
619:for the races. The Hippodrome was next to the
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434:by their supporters. These were the Blues (
1470:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
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912:Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926).
420:had well-developed associations, known as
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1079:Belisarius : the last Roman general
792:. London: Bell & Daldy. p. 301.
507:A 6th-century head of an emperor at the
193:Free demes' leaders, overthrow Justinian
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637:(which Justinian would later rebuild).
1446:. Savage, Md: Barnes and Noble Books.
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1426:. Frederick Ungar Publishing, Inc.
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762:The Middle Ages: A Popular History
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1306:"The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal"
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1043:Charles River Editors (2014).
994:"The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal"
932:. Cliojournal.wikispaces.com.
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816:"The Nika riot: a reappraisal"
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1254:J. B. Bury, ‘The Nika Riot’,
959:Norwich, John Julius (1999).
666:, a nephew of former Emperor
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963:A Short History of Byzantium
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