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Maturana) ignores the fact that communications presuppose human communicators. Autopoiesis only applies to networks of processes that reproduce themselves, but communications are reproduced by humans. For this reason, the analogy from biology to sociology does not, in this case, hold. On the other hand, Luhmann explicitly stressed that he does not refer to a "society without humans", but to the fact that communication is autopoietic. Communication is made possible by human bodies and consciousness, but this does not make communication operationally open. To "participate" in communication, one must be able to render one's thoughts and perceptions into elements of communication. This can only ever occur as a communicative operation (thoughts and perceptions cannot be directly transmitted) and must therefore satisfy internal system conditions that are specific to communication: intelligibility, reaching an addressee and gaining acceptance.
612:), any social system requires human consciousnesses (personal or psychical systems) as an obviously necessary, but nevertheless environmental resource. In Luhmann's terms, human beings are neither part of society nor of any specific system, just as they are not part of a conversation. People make conversation possible. Luhmann himself once said concisely that he was "not interested in people". That is not to say that people were not a matter for Luhmann, but rather alluding to the scope of the theory where, the communicative behavior of people is constituted (but not defined) by the dynamics of the social system, and society is constituted (but not defined) by the communicative behavior of people: society is people's environment, and people are society's environment.
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the distinction between payment and non-payment. Other system operations appear within the economic field of references only insofar as this economic code can be applied to them. Hence, a political decision becomes an economic operation when it is observed as a government spending money or not. Likewise, a legal judgement may also be an economic operation when settlement of a contractual dispute obliges one party to pay for the goods or services they had acquired. The codes of the economy, politics and law operate autonomously, but their "interpenetration" is evident when observing "events" which simultaneously involve the participation of more than one system.
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482:, dividing it from an infinitely complex, or (colloquially) chaotic, exterior. The interior of the system is thus a zone of reduced complexity: communication within a system operates by selecting only a limited amount of all information available outside. This process is also called "reduction of complexity". The criterion according to which information is selected and processed is meaning (in German,
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444:, broadly speaking, in that it aims to address any aspect of social life within a universal theoretical framework—as the diversity of subjects he wrote on indicates. Luhmann's theory is sometimes dismissed as highly abstract and complex, particularly within the Anglophone world, whereas his work has had a more lasting influence on scholars from German-speaking countries, Scandinavia and Italy.
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well known and popular in German sociology, and has also been rather intensively received in Japan, Scandinavia, and
Eastern Europe, including in Russia. His relatively low profile elsewhere is partly due to the fact that translating his work is a difficult task, since his writing presents a challenge even to readers of German, including many sociologists. (p. xxvii Social Systems 1995)
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538:) assumes that auto-referential systems are continuously confronted with the dilemma of disintegration/continuation. This dilemma is framed with an ever-changing set of available choices; every one of those potential choices can be the system's selection or not (a binary state, selected/rejected). The influence of Spencer-Brown's book,
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note-taking method. He built up a zettelkasten of some 90,000 index cards for his research, and credited it with making his extraordinarily prolific writing possible. It was digitized and made available online in 2019. Luhmann described the zettelkasten as part of his research into systems theory in
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His approach has attracted criticism from those who argue that
Luhmann has at no point demonstrated the operational closure of social systems, or in fact that autopoietic social systems actually exist. He has instead taken this as a premise or presupposition, resulting in the logical need to exclude
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One seemingly peculiar, but, within the overall framework, strictly logical, axiom of
Luhmann's theory is the human being's position outside the strict boundaries of any social system, as initially developed by Parsons. Consisting of, but not being solely constituted by, "communicative actions" (a
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Finally, the systems' autopoietic closure is another fundamental difference from
Parsons' concept. Each system works strictly according to its very own code and can observe other systems only by applying its code to their operations. For example, the code of the economy involves the application of
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communication. Modern society is defined as a world system consisting of the sum total of all communication happening at once, and individual function systems (such as the economy, politics, science, love, art, the media, etc.) are described as social subsystems which have "outdifferentiated" from
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or "complimentary purpose" which was common to
Durkheim and Parsons' conceptualization of a social function. For Luhmann, functional differentiation is a consequence of selective pressure under temporalized complexity, and it occurs as function systems independently establish their own ecological
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Furthermore, each system has a distinctive identity that is constantly reproduced in its communication and depends on what is considered meaningful and what is not. If a system fails to maintain that identity, it ceases to exist as a system and dissolves back into the environment it emerged from.
402:
Luhmann wrote prolifically, with more than 70 books and nearly 400 scholarly articles published on a variety of subjects, including law, economy, politics, art, religion, ecology, mass media, and love. While his theories have yet to make a major mark in
American sociology, his theory is currently
514:
Maturana, however, argued very vocally that this appropriation of autopoietic theory was conceptually unsound, as it presupposes the autonomy of communications from actual persons. That is, by describing social systems as operationally closed networks of communications, Luhmann (according to
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niches by performing a function. Functions are therefore not the coordinated components of the organic social whole, but rather contingent and selective responses to reference problems which obey no higher principle of order and could have been responded to in other ways.
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Luhmann's systems theory is not without its critics; his definitions of "autopoietic" and "social system" differ from others. At the same time, his theory is being applied worldwide by sociologists and other scholars. It is often used in analyses dealing with
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in that while they use and rely on resources from their environment, those resources do not become part of the systems' operation. Both thought and digestion are important preconditions for communication, but neither appears in communication as such.
2063:
Michele
Infante (2013). Media Construction of Fair and Social Risk in the Late-2000s Financial Crisis. NEW ATLANTIS, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th – n° 1- Dec/Jun 2013, Aracne Editrice vol. 1, pp. 59–78,
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Luhmann himself described his theory as "labyrinthine" or "non-linear", and claimed he was deliberately keeping his prose enigmatic to prevent it from being understood "too quickly", which would only produce simplistic misunderstandings.
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486:). Meaning being thereby referral from one set of potential space to another set of potential space. Both social systems and psychic systems (see below for an explanation of this distinction) operate by processing meaning.
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Although
Luhmann first developed his understanding of social systems theory under Parsons' influence, he soon moved away from the Parsonian concept. The most important difference is that Parsons framed systems as forms of
530:'s logic of distinctions that Maturana and Varela had earlier identified as a model for the functioning of any cognitive process. The supreme criterion guiding the "self-creation" of any given system is a defining
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2000:
Michele
Infante (2013) : "Codification: signal, canal, noise, encoding and decoding", in New Atlantis. Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th – n° 2 – Jul/Dec. 2013, pp. 57–60,
474:. Social systems are systems of communication, and society is the most encompassing social system. Being the social system that comprises all (and only) communication, today's society is a world society. A
639:. However, in an academic environment that never strictly separated descriptive and normative theories of society, Luhmann's sociology has widely attracted criticism from various intellectuals, including
676:, and wind energy, but also to highlight how diplomacy differs from politics as these two may pose two distinct systems with distinct functions and distinct media (peace and power, respectively).
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themselves out of a nondescript environment. While he does observe how certain systems fulfill functions that contribute to "society" as a whole, he dispenses with the assumption of
1542:
Roth, S. (2011) Les deux angleterres et le continent. Anglophone sociology as the guardian of Old
European semantics, Journal of Sociocybernetics, Vol. 9, No. 1-2, available for
338:
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humans from social systems, which prevents the social systems view from accounting for the individual behavior, action, motives, or indeed existence of any individual person.
376:
2027:
Michele Infante (2013), "Information", in New Atlantis, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal Year 28th – n° 2 – Jul / Dec 2013 pp. 61–64, Aracne Editrice,
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351:
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Michele Infante (2013), "Systemic Boundary" in New Atlantis, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th – n° 2 – Jul/Dec 2013, Aracne Editrice,
615:
Thus, sociology can explain how persons can change society; the influence of the environment (the people) on a given social system (a society), the so-called
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In later days, Luhmann dismissed Parsons' theory, developing a rival approach of his own. Leaving the civil service in 1962, he lectured at the national
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from 1946 to 1949, where he obtained a law degree, and then began a career in Lüneburg's public administration. During a sabbatical in 1961, he went to
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631:, Cardozo Law Review, vol. 13: 1422). Luhmann was devoted to the ideal of non-normative science introduced to sociology in the early 20th century by
441:
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Alberto Cevolini, Where Does Niklas Luhmann's Card Index Come From? «Erudition and the Republic of Letters», vol. 3, n. 4, 2018, pp. 390–420.
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623:. In fact Luhmann himself replied to the relevant criticism by stating that, "In fact the theory of autopoietic systems could bear the title
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672:. His systems theory has also been used to study media discourse of various energy technologies throughout the US, including smart grids,
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Another difference is that Parsons asks how certain subsystems contribute to the functioning of overall society. Luhmann starts with the
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576:. Systems must continually construct themselves and their perspective of reality through processing the distinction between system and
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at the University of Münster in 1966, qualifying him for a university professorship. In 1968/1969, he briefly served as a lecturer at
1636:
Varela, F.G.; Maturana, H.R.; Uribe, R. (1974). "Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model".
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1940:
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394:(volume I in 2012 and volume II in 2013). This work describes segmented societies divided into specialized functional subsystems.
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580:, and self-reproduce themselves as the product of their own elements. Social systems are defined by Luhmann not as action but as
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The core element of Luhmann's theory pivots around the problem of the contingency of meaning, and thereby it becomes a theory of
1129:(partial English translation: "Paradigm Lost: On the Ethical Reflection of Morality: Speech on the Occasion of the Award of the
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David Seidl and Kai Helge Becker: Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen 2005,
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Fuchs, C.; Hofkirchner, W. (2009). "Autopoiesis and Critical Social Systems Theory. In Magalhães, R., Sanchez, R., (Eds.)".
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383:, Germany (until 1993). When asked about his plan, he said, "The theory of modern society. Duration 30 years. No costs."
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1253:(= Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 333), Opladen 1995; second, extended edition 1996.)
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Verwaltungsfehler und Vertrauensschutz: Möglichkeiten gesetzlicher Regelung der Rücknehmbarkeit von Verwaltungsakten
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Luhmann likens the operation of autopoiesis (the filtering and processing of information from the environment) to a
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for several generations. He entered the Gymnasium Johanneum at Luneburg in 1937. In 1943, he was conscripted as a
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Michele Infante (2012). Teoria sistemica dei media. Luhmann e la comunicazione, 262 pp., Aracne Editrice, Roma,
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Jahraus, Oliver; Nassehi, Armin; Grizelj, Mario; Saake, Irmhild; Kirchmeier, Christian; Müller, Julian (2012).
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Luhmann called this process of reproduction from elements previously filtered from an over-complex environment
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Ilana Gershon (2005) "Seeing Like a System: Luhmann for Anthropologists." Anthropological Theory 5(2): 99–116.
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440:" as often invoked in the critical works of post-modernist writers. Rather, Luhmann's work tracks closer to
390:(literally, "The Society of Society"), which was published in 1997, and has been translated into English as
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534:. This binary code is not to be confused with a computer's operation: Luhmann (following Spencer-Brown and
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He continued to publish after his retirement, when he finally found the time to complete his magnum opus,
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Magdalena Tzaneva (ed.), Nachtflug der Eule. Gedenkbuch zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann, Berlin 2013.
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1055:Ökologische Kommunikation: Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen?
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1043:(= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 278), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
950:(= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 232), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
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1315:(= University of Hong Kong, Department of Sociology Occasional Papers 17), Hong Kong, available via
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1571:"Niklas Luhmann: Unverständliche Wissenschaft: Probleme einer theorieeigenen Sprache, in: Luhmann,
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Recht und Automation in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Eine verwaltungswissenschaftliche Untersuchung
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Oliver Jahraus, Armin Nassehi et al. (2012). Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung, Stuttgart.
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Luhmann's systems theory focuses on three topics, which are interconnected in his entire work.
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Scientific divulgation of fundamental ideas of Luhmann's theory of autopoietic social systems
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Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft II
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Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 4
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Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 3
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Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft I
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1435:... die Behandlung war—gelinde gesagt—nicht nach den Regeln der internationalen Konventionen
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747:. The house, which also contained his father's brewery, had been in his family since 1857.
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Niklas Luhmann (1975), "Systemtheorie, Evolutionstheorie und Kommunikationstheorie", in:
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Giorgio Manfré, "Eros e società-mondo. Luhmann/Marx Freud", QuattroVenti, Urbino, 2004.
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Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität: Über die Funktion von Zwecken in sozialen Systemen
436:", although neither in the sense of philosophical foundationalism nor in the sense of "
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Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Beiträge zur funktionalen Differenzierung der Gesellschaft
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Much of Luhmann's work directly deals with the operations of the legal system and his
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Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System
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Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung?
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364:. From 1965/66 he studied one semester of sociology at the University of Münster.
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Georg Kneer and Armin Nassehi (2004). Niklas Luhmann. Eine Einführung, München.
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Raf Vanderstraeten, "Parsons, Luhmann and the Theorem of Double Contingency,"
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Ausdifferenzierung des Rechts: Beiträge zur Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie
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Luhmann owned a pub called "Pons" in his parents' house in his native town of
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the social system and achieved their own operational closure and autopoiesis.
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theory of law is regarded as one of the more influential contributions to the
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Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen?
627:, certainly more seriously than our humanistic tradition" (Niklas Luhmann,
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Luhmann is probably best known to North Americans for his debate with the
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and then was appointed full professor of sociology at the newly founded
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Giorgio Manfré, "La società della società", QuattroVenti, Urbino, 2008.
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Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation
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Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation
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Politische Planung: Aufsätze zur Soziologie von Politik und Verwaltung
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by American troops in 1945. After the war Luhmann studied law at the
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1575:. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 4th. ed. 2005, pp. 193–205, quote on p. 199.
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Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie
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From being to doing : the origins of the biology of cognition
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Bechmann and Stehr, 'The Legacy of Niklas Luhmann' Society (2002).
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Two earlier books were retroactively accepted as a PhD thesis and
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German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
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Luhmann's Relation to and Relevance for Constructivist Approaches
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Soziologische Aufklärung 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft
793:
Theorie der Verwaltungswissenschaft: Bestandsaufnahme und Entwurf
4610:
4242:
2929:
1601:
Luhmann, Niklas (1982). "The World Society as a Social System".
1562:, translated by Klaus A. Ziegert (Oxford University Press, 2003)
1453:
The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory
1345:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000)
1338:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000)
1160:(English translation of chapter 10: "The Modernity of Science",
4246:
3597:
3132:
2218:
1852:"Diplomacy Versus Politics: Two Mutually (In)Dependent Systems"
830:
Soziologische Aufklärung: Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme
318:
and served for two years until, at the age of 17, he was taken
772:Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung rechtspolitisch betrachtet
692:
Luhmann was famous for his extensive use of the "slip box" or
1352:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen, 2002)
800:
Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität
334:, then the world's most influential social systems theorist.
262:
256:
1149:
Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven
286:, philosopher of social science, and a prominent thinker in
2098:
Javier Torres Nafarrete y Darío Rodríguez Mansilla (2008):
1596:
1594:
1216:
Gibt es in unserer Gesellschaft noch unverzichtbare Normen?
2211:
Access the digital contents of the Niklas Luhmann-Archives
2100:
Introducción a la Teoría de la Sociedad de Niklas Luhmann
1272:
Soziologische Aufklärung 6: Die Soziologie und der Mensch
635:
and later re-defined and defended against its critics by
4958:
1299:
Die neuzeitlichen Wissenschaften und die Phänomenologie
878:
Personal im öffentlichen Dienst: Eintritt und Karrieren
1107:(partial English translation: "Speaking and Silence",
522:; making a series of logical distinctions (in German,
1929:
Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen. Ein Erfahrungsbericht
1904:"Missing Link: Luhmanns Denkmaschine endlich im Netz"
526:). Here, Luhmann refers to the British mathematician
345:, Germany. In 1965, he was offered a position at the
282:; December 8, 1927 – November 11, 1998) was a German
265:
1814:. Stanford University Press, 2012, esp. pp. 336–343.
1455:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. p. 453.
1125:
Paradigm lost: Über die ethische Reflexion der Moral
253:
4845:
4762:
4669:
4351:
4293:
4175:
4149:
3861:
3737:
3701:
3631:
3293:
3167:
2813:
2688:
2252:
1073:1987 (edited by Dirk Baecker and Georg Stanitzek):
1028:
Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie
259:
250:
167:
157:
147:
125:
98:
84:
62:
37:
21:
1691:. Heidelberg: Carl Auer Verlag. pp. 105–108.
934:Religious Dogmatics and the Evolution of Societies
2111:Alexander Riegler and Armin Scholl (eds.) (2012)
347:Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Münster
339:Deutsche Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften
1889:Autopoiesis in Organization: Theory and Practice
1476:Bechmann, Gotthard; Stehr, Nico (January 2002).
478:is defined by a boundary between itself and its
1359:, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
306:, where his father's family had been running a
1366:, Volume 13 (1) (January 2006), pp. 37–57
1007:Liebe als Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität
919:(English translation of some of the articles:
834:(English translation of some of the articles:
4258:
3609:
3144:
2230:
1827:. Stanford University Press, 1995, Chapter 6.
1775:. Stanford University Press, 2012, pp. 83–99.
1538:
1536:
1306:Protest: Systemtheorie und soziale Bewegungen
1294:, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.)
1013:Love as Passion: The Codification of Intimacy
8:
3159:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
1788:. Stanford University Press, 2013, pp. 65ff.
1036:, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995)
923:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982)
838:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982)
556:. Parsons' systems theory treats systems as
341:(University for Administrative Sciences) in
765:Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation
4265:
4251:
4243:
3743:
3616:
3602:
3594:
3151:
3137:
3129:
2237:
2223:
2215:
1736:. Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 158.
544:, on Luhmann can hardly be overestimated.
29:
18:
1891:. Bingley, UK: Emerald. pp. 111–129.
1863:
1840:. Stanford University Press, 2013, p. 93.
1723:. Stanford University Press, 2012, pp.56.
1231:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,
932:(English translation of pp. 72–181:
4782:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
1933:Universität als Milieu. Kleine Schriften
1801:. Stanford University Press, 2012, p. 6.
1603:International Journal of General Systems
1413:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 441.
1411:Luhmann-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung
1048:Die soziologische Beobachtung des Rechts
1376:
1259:, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1244:Die Ausdifferenzierung des Kunstsystems
711:Luhmann also appears as a character in
111:Operational constructivist epistemology
5005:Academic staff of Bielefeld University
1331:, Stanford: Stanford University Press)
973:(English translation with essays from
955:Reflexionsprobleme im Erziehungssystem
3035:Violence § Philosophical perspectives
1350:Das Erziehungssystem der Gesellschaft
1144:, New York: Columbia University Press
979:Political Theory in the Welfare State
969:Politische Theorie im Wohlfahrtsstaat
832:, Köln/Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
815:, Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, Paul Siebeck
277:
7:
4225:
1433:In an interview Luhmann once said: "
621:"partially interpenetrating systems"
568:, Luhmann instead treats systems as
103:Theory of autopoietic social systems
5030:People from the Province of Hanover
4944:
4710:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4167:Systems theory in political science
1519:. Oxon: Routledge. pp. xxxii.
1313:Modern Society Shocked by its Risks
1207:1992 (edited by André Kieserling):
1850:Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas (2023).
1749:. Stanford University Press, 1995.
1609:(3). Informa UK Limited: 131–138.
1437:". Source: Detlef Horster (1997),
1304:1996 (edited by Kai-Uwe Hellmann:
953:1979 (with Karl Eberhard Schorr):
428:theory. Like his erstwhile mentor
14:
5070:German philosophers of technology
2119:8(1): 1–116, freely available at
1323:Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft
1156:Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft
1015:, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986,
910:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag,
460:Systems theory as societal theory
388:Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft
330:, where he met and studied under
5075:20th-century German philosophers
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4201:
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2187:
2175:
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2146:
1063:, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989)
246:
3230:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
1946:"Communicating with Slip Boxes"
1274:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
1204:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
1151:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
1120:(= Aulavorträge 48), St. Gallen
1082:Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft
1070:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
1002:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
885:Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik
856:, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
788:, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
781:, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
774:, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
767:, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
760:, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
654:corporate social responsibility
597:cultural or normative consensus
356:(Social Research Centre of the
5065:Philosophers of social science
4740:Natural Law and Natural Rights
4157:Systems theory in anthropology
1931:, in: André Kieserling (ed.),
1760:Introduction to Systems Theory
1478:"The legacy of Niklas Luhmann"
1385:Journal of Classical Sociology
1362:2006, "System as Difference".
1075:Archimedes und wir: Interviews
1057:Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
921:The Differentiation of Society
863:, 2 volumes, Reinbek: Rowohlt
836:The Differentiation of Society
701:Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen
590:differentiation of the systems
16:German sociologist (1927–1998)
1:
5000:University of Freiburg alumni
4995:Functionalism (social theory)
4162:Systems theory in archaeology
1357:Organisation und Entscheidung
1343:Die Religion der Gesellschaft
1257:The Reality of the Mass Media
1251:Die Realität der Massenmedien
948:Organisation und Entscheidung
560:, and interactive through an
432:, Luhmann is an advocate of "
1658:10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8
1556:A Sociological Theory of Law
1517:A Sociological Theory of Law
1336:Die Politik der Gesellschaft
867:A Sociological Theory of Law
820:Legitimation durch Verfahren
625:Taking Individuals Seriously
4817:Libertarian theories of law
2960:Interpellation (philosophy)
2763:Non-representational theory
2102:. México: Editorial Herder.
2091:Hans-Georg Moeller (2012).
1943:, p. 53–61; translated in:
1902:Noack, Pit (7 April 2019).
1687:Maturana, Humberto (2004).
1644:(4). Elsevier BV: 187–196.
1177:Risk: A Sociological Theory
1089:Erkenntnis als Konstruktion
981:, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1990)
903:, Chichester: Wiley, 1979.)
808:, Chichester: Wiley, 1979.)
756:1963: (with Franz Becker):
5106:
4328:International legal theory
3210:Computational neuroscience
2915:Existence precedes essence
2117:Constructivist Foundations
1286:Die Kunst der Gesellschaft
1223:Das Recht der Gesellschaft
1137:29 (1991), pp. 82–94)
1113:61 (1994), pp. 25–37)
975:Soziologische Aufklärung 4
869:, London: Routledge, 1985)
738:Richard Buckminster Fuller
674:carbon capture and storage
107:Functional differentiation
5050:German systems scientists
5045:Sociologists of education
4914:
4280:
4196:
3794:
3746:
3658:Coupled human–environment
3108:
3050:Hermeneutics of suspicion
2134:10.1163/24055069-00304002
1865:10.1177/14789299231169860
1838:Theory of Society, Vol. 2
1812:Theory of Society, Vol. 1
1799:Theory of Society, Vol. 1
1786:Theory of Society, Vol. 2
1773:Theory of Society, Vol. 1
1721:Theory of Society, Vol. 1
1615:10.1080/03081078208547442
1218:, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller
1202:Beobachtungen der Moderne
1166:61 (1994), pp. 9–23)
1101:1989 (with Peter Fuchs):
646:
552:, in accordance with the
414:and socio-legal studies.
235:
118:
28:
5060:Organizational theorists
5025:Critics of postmodernism
4899:Rational-legal authority
4787:German historical school
4772:Analytical jurisprudence
3383:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
3270:Second-order cybernetics
3030:Transvaluation of values
2836:Apollonian and Dionysian
1935:, Haux, Bielefeld 1992,
1856:Political Studies Review
1515:Luhmann, Niklas (2013).
1142:Essays on Self-Reference
1061:Ecological communication
957:, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta
668:, and of course general
566:second-order cybernetics
463:Communication theory and
5020:Communication theorists
4867:Judicial interpretation
3991:Charles A. S. Hall
3245:Engineering cybernetics
3175:Artificial intelligence
2059:10.4399/978885486611910
1972:Detlef Horster (1997),
1451:Allan, Kenneth (2006).
1197:, Milano: Franco Angeli
562:input and output schema
381:University of Bielefeld
377:University of Frankfurt
375:'s former chair at the
152:University of Bielefeld
5055:German epistemologists
4954:WikiProject Philosophy
4308:Critical legal studies
3911:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3568:Walter Bradford Cannon
3458:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
3313:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
3260:Management cybernetics
3185:Biomedical cybernetics
3180:Biological cybernetics
3100:Philosophy of language
3065:Linguistic determinism
2975:Master–slave dialectic
2950:Historical materialism
2246:Continental philosophy
2192:Quotations related to
2154:Systems science portal
2121:the journal's web site
2078:10.4399/97888548601559
2033:10.4399/97888548661199
2023:10.4399/97888548661198
1560:Law As a Social System
1327:(English translation:
1325:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1292:Art as a Social System
1290:(English translation:
1288:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1255:(English translation:
1229:Law as a Social System
1227:(English translation:
1225:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1209:Universität als Milieu
1175:(English translation:
1171:Soziologie des Risikos
1158:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1127:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1105:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1059:(English translation:
1032:(English translation:
1030:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1011:(English translation:
1009:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
930:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
899:(English translation:
865:(English translation:
804:(English translation:
715:'s work of literature
424:over the potential of
324:University of Freiburg
89:University of Freiburg
4877:Law without the state
4188:Principia Cybernetica
3901:Anthony Stafford Beer
3771:Sociotechnical system
3528:Anthony Stafford Beer
3363:Ernst von Glasersfeld
2980:Master–slave morality
2788:Psychoanalytic theory
1308:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1281:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1179:, Berlin: de Gruyter)
1173:, Berlin: de Gruyter
1098:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
1084:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
995:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
988:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
964:, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
928:Funktion der Religion
662:governance structures
617:"structural coupling"
506:. Social systems are
358:University of Münster
304:Free State of Prussia
93:University of Münster
5015:Mass media theorists
4990:People from Lüneburg
4837:Virtue jurisprudence
4777:Deontological ethics
4051:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
4026:Edward Norton Lorenz
3981:Jay Wright Forrester
3786:World-systems theory
3761:Earth system science
3558:Valentin Braitenberg
3438:Jay Wright Forrester
2184:at Wikimedia Commons
1195:Teoria della società
1050:, Frankfurt: Metzner
880:, Baden-Baden: Nomos
684:Note-taking system (
574:operationally closed
508:operationally closed
498:by Chilean thinkers
298:Luhmann was born in
138:Communication theory
5080:German male writers
5040:Sociologists of art
5035:Sociologists of law
5010:German sociologists
3926:Kenneth E. Boulding
3583:William Grey Walter
3523:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
3483:N. Katherine Hayles
3265:Medical cybernetics
3225:Conversation theory
2800:Speculative realism
2093:The Radical Luhmann
1650:1974BiSys...5..187V
1163:New German Critique
1110:New German Critique
1103:Reden und Schweigen
849:Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
734:Johann Georg Hamann
647:Luhmann's reception
4730:The Concept of Law
4720:Pure Theory of Law
4056:James Grier Miller
4011:Faina M. Kirillova
3971:Heinz von Foerster
3961:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3921:Alexander Bogdanov
3906:Richard E. Bellman
3881:William Ross Ashby
3563:William Ross Ashby
3488:Natalia Bekhtereva
3463:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
3403:Heinz von Foerster
3328:Buckminster Fuller
3255:Information theory
3205:Catastrophe theory
2920:Existential crisis
2851:Binary oppositions
2778:Post-structuralism
2053:, pp. 65–68,
1586:Soziologische Gids
1494:10.1007/BF02717531
1184:Raffaele De Giorgi
941:Edwin Mellen Press
937:Lewiston, New York
897:, Stuttgart: Enke
822:, Neuwied/Berlin:
802:, Stuttgart: Enke
558:operationally open
114:Double contingency
4967:
4966:
4939:Philosophy portal
4700:The Spirit of Law
4338:Philosophy of law
4318:Economic analysis
4303:Constitutionalism
4240:
4239:
4121:Manuela M. Veloso
4036:Humberto Maturana
3976:Stephanie Forrest
3946:C. West Churchman
3871:Russell L. Ackoff
3857:
3856:
3729:Positive feedback
3724:Negative feedback
3591:
3590:
3513:Ranulph Glanville
3428:Jakob von Uexküll
3408:Humberto Maturana
3368:Francis Heylighen
3126:
3125:
3060:Linguistic theory
2965:Intersubjectivity
2200:Sistemas Sociales
2180:Media related to
2115:. Special issue.
2051:978-88-548-6611-9
2015:978-88-548-6611-9
1996:978-88-548-4723-1
1985:978-87-630-0162-5
1588:22 3. pp.154–168.
1526:978-1-135-14255-1
1462:978-1-4129-1410-9
1441:, München, p. 28.
1420:978-3-476-05271-1
1329:Theory of Society
1265:978-0-8047-4077-7
1211:, Bielefeld: Haux
1118:Risiko und Gefahr
1021:978-0-8047-3253-6
971:, München: Olzog
916:978-3-531-61281-2
889:Kohlhammer Verlag
656:, organisational
500:Humberto Maturana
496:cognitive biology
442:complexity theory
419:critical theorist
392:Theory of Society
279:[ˈluːman]
239:
238:
158:Academic advisors
120:Scientific career
66:November 11, 1998
5097:
5085:Luftwaffenhelfer
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4802:Legal positivism
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4343:Sociology of law
4267:
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4204:
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4116:Francisco Varela
3848:Systems thinking
3781:Urban metabolism
3744:
3618:
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3604:
3595:
3578:Warren McCulloch
3553:Valentin Turchin
3503:Pyotr Grigorenko
3448:John N. Warfield
3373:Francisco Varela
3333:Charles François
3303:Alexander Lerner
3280:Sociocybernetics
3200:Neurocybernetics
3153:
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2716:Frankfurt School
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861:Rechtssoziologie
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723:Ulrich Sonnemann
718:Das falsche Buch
666:sociology of law
664:as well as with
564:. Influenced by
528:G. Spencer-Brown
524:Unterscheidungen
504:Francisco Varela
466:Evolution theory
412:sociology of law
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4894:Question of law
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4690:Treatise on Law
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4313:Comparative law
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4086:Anatol Rapoport
4071:Talcott Parsons
4046:Donella Meadows
4021:Allenna Leonard
3941:Mary Cartwright
3936:Kathleen Carley
3896:Gregory Bateson
3891:Béla H. Bánáthy
3853:
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3719:Limiting factor
3714:Leverage points
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3625:Systems science
3622:
3592:
3587:
3543:Talcott Parsons
3533:Stuart Kauffman
3433:Jason Jixuan Hu
3418:Igor Aleksander
3398:Gregory Bateson
3393:Gordon S. Brown
3378:Frederic Vester
3358:Erich von Holst
3318:Allenna Leonard
3308:Alexey Lyapunov
3289:
3235:Decision theory
3163:
3157:
3127:
3122:
3104:
3095:Postcolonialism
3090:Linguistic turn
3020:Totalitarianism
2985:Oedipus complex
2846:Being in itself
2809:
2721:German idealism
2701:Critical theory
2684:
2600:Ortega y Gasset
2248:
2243:
2209:Luhmann archive
2203:
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1967:Further reading
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1091:, Bern: Benteli
1077:, Berlin: Merve
1058:
1031:
1010:
972:
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918:
901:Trust and Power
898:
864:
843:Jürgen Habermas
833:
806:Trust and Power
803:
753:
725:
709:
690:
649:
641:Jürgen Habermas
610:Jürgen Habermas
536:Gregory Bateson
454:
430:Talcott Parsons
422:Jürgen Habermas
400:
362:Helmut Schelsky
349:
332:Talcott Parsons
320:prisoner of war
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203:Rudolf Stichweh
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4141:Anthony Wilden
4138:
4136:Jennifer Wilby
4133:
4131:Norbert Wiener
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Claude Shannon
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Ilya Prigogine
4073:
4068:
4066:Howard T. Odum
4063:
4061:Radhika Nagpal
4058:
4053:
4048:
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4033:
4031:Niklas Luhmann
4028:
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4018:
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4008:
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3998:
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3956:George Dantzig
3953:
3951:Manfred Clynes
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3916:Margaret Boden
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3538:Stuart Umpleby
3535:
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3498:Norbert Wiener
3495:
3493:Niklas Luhmann
3490:
3485:
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3475:
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3468:Manfred Clynes
3465:
3460:
3455:
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3443:Jennifer Wilby
3440:
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3348:Claude Bernard
3345:
3343:Margaret Boden
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3338:Genevieve Bell
3335:
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3325:
3323:Anthony Wilden
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2861:Class struggle
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2826:Always already
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2711:Existentialism
2708:
2706:Deconstruction
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2197:
2194:Niklas Luhmann
2185:
2182:Niklas Luhmann
2172:
2171:
2168:Society portal
2157:
2141:
2140:External links
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1974:Niklas Luhmann
1968:
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452:Systems theory
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426:social systems
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373:Theodor Adorno
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288:systems theory
242:Niklas Luhmann
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4807:Legal realism
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4333:Legal history
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4176:Organizations
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4126:Kevin Warwick
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4041:Margaret Mead
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3548:Ulla Mitzdorf
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3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Connectionism
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Media studies
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Will to power
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Leap of faith
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2805:Structuralism
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Postmodernism
2771:
2769:
2768:Phenomenology
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Merleau-Ponty
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:3-925471-13-8
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:3-89670-448-6
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1301:, Wien: Picus
1300:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:0-19-826238-8
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:Thesis Eleven
1132:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
929:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
896:
892:
890:
887:, Stuttgart:
886:
882:
879:
875:
874:Renate Mayntz
871:
868:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
801:
797:
795:, Köln-Berlin
794:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
754:
750:
748:
746:
741:
739:
735:
729:
724:
721:, along with
720:
719:
714:
707:Miscellaneous
706:
704:
702:
697:
696:
687:
683:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
608:reference to
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:AGIL paradigm
551:
545:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:communication
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
451:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
415:
413:
409:
404:
397:
395:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
353:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
270:
243:
234:
226:
221:
220:Maren Lehmann
218:
216:
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
181:
176:
173:
172:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Social theory
128:
124:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:Oerlinghausen
65:
61:
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
4905:Usul al-Fiqh
4903:
4886:
4882:Legal system
4859:
4852:
4750:Law's Empire
4748:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4515:
4353:Philosophers
4295:Legal theory
4229:
4217:
4205:
4150:Applications
4106:Katia Sycara
4030:
4006:James J. Kay
3996:Mike Jackson
3931:Murray Bowen
3829:Pharmacology
3824:Neuroscience
3573:Walter Pitts
3492:
3478:Marian Mazur
3353:Cliff Joslyn
3195:Biosemiotics
3010:Ressentiment
2895:Death of God
2887:
2881:Postcritique
2841:Authenticity
2731:Hermeneutics
2635:Schopenhauer
2549:
2540:Lévi-Strauss
2253:Philosophers
2204:(in Spanish)
2196:at Wikiquote
2112:
2099:
2092:
1973:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:heise online
1907:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1855:
1845:
1837:
1836:Luhmann, N.
1832:
1824:
1823:Luhmann, N.
1819:
1811:
1810:Luhmann, N.
1806:
1798:
1797:Luhmann, N.
1793:
1785:
1784:Luhmann, N.
1780:
1772:
1771:Luhmann, N.
1767:
1759:
1758:Luhmann, N.
1754:
1746:
1745:Luhmann, N.
1741:
1733:
1732:Luhmann, N.
1728:
1720:
1719:Luhmann, N.
1715:
1688:
1682:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1554:Luhmann, N,
1550:
1516:
1510:
1488:(2): 67–75.
1485:
1481:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1364:Organization
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1012:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
974:
968:
961:
954:
947:
933:
927:
920:
907:
900:
894:
884:
877:
872:1973: (with
866:
860:
853:
846:
835:
829:
819:
812:
805:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
751:Publications
742:
740:and others.
716:
710:
700:
695:Zettelkasten
693:
691:
686:Zettelkasten
685:
678:
650:
628:
624:
620:
616:
614:
606:
602:
593:
587:
546:
541:Laws of Form
539:
523:
517:
513:
507:
488:
483:
469:
455:
446:
434:grand theory
416:
405:
401:
391:
387:
385:
369:habilitation
366:
336:
316:World War II
297:
241:
240:
175:Dirk Baecker
148:Institutions
119:
68:(1998-11-11)
4985:1998 deaths
4980:1927 births
4827:Paternalism
4822:Natural law
4684:(c. 355 BC)
4531:Montesquieu
4323:Legal norms
4096:Peter Senge
4091:John Seddon
4081:Qian Xuesen
4016:George Klir
3819:Engineering
3756:Cybernetics
3738:Theoretical
3688:Recommender
3678:Multi-agent
3673:Information
3508:Qian Xuesen
3388:Gordon Pask
3285:Synergetics
3250:Homeostasis
3190:Biorobotics
3161:cybernetics
3085:Film theory
2995:Ontopoetics
2900:Death drive
2876:Ideological
2795:Romanticism
2726:Hegelianism
2500:Kierkegaard
2360:Castoriadis
2320:de Beauvoir
2305:Baudrillard
2095:, New York.
1910:(in German)
1558:(1985) and
1187: [
1182:1992 (with
1131:Hegel Prize
841:1971 (with
824:Luchterhand
726: [
637:Karl Popper
578:environment
570:autopoietic
532:binary code
492:autopoiesis
480:environment
408:autopoietic
350: [
284:sociologist
223: [
206: [
194: [
191:Peter Fuchs
178: [
4974:Categories
4934:Law portal
4561:Petrażycki
4551:Pashukanis
4546:Olivecrona
4481:Hägerström
4396:Blackstone
4111:Eric Trist
3966:Fred Emery
3863:Scientists
3839:Psychology
3834:Philosophy
3663:Ecological
3648:Biological
3040:Wertkritik
2945:Hauntology
2910:Difference
2905:Différance
2645:Sloterdijk
2515:Kołakowski
1976:, München.
1955:2020-05-31
1914:2020-05-31
1638:Biosystems
1390:(1), 2002.
1371:References
699:the essay
658:legitimacy
360:), led by
44:1927-12-08
4694:(c. 1270)
4576:Pufendorf
4511:Llewellyn
4371:Aristotle
3776:Systemics
3240:Emergence
3168:Subfields
3075:Semiotics
3070:Semantics
3055:Discourse
2935:Genealogy
2925:Facticity
2696:Absurdism
2625:Schelling
2595:Nietzsche
2470:Heidegger
2285:Bachelard
2270:Althusser
2070:2281-9495
2043:2281-9495
2007:2281-9495
1874:258526002
1666:0303-2647
1623:0308-1079
1502:0147-2011
713:Paul Wühr
670:sociology
633:Max Weber
582:recursive
294:Biography
4924:Category
4846:Concepts
4812:Legalism
4764:Theories
4651:Voegelin
4621:Scaevola
4581:Radbruch
4556:Perelman
4541:Nussbaum
4486:Jellinek
4451:Habermas
4446:Gurvitch
4416:Durkheim
4386:Beccaria
4207:Category
3809:Dynamics
3799:Analysis
3702:Concepts
3668:Economic
3113:Category
2955:Ideology
2871:Immanent
2866:Critique
2821:Alterity
2814:Concepts
2689:Theories
2675:Williams
2650:Spengler
2605:Rancière
2535:Lefebvre
2520:Kristeva
2485:Irigaray
2480:Ingarden
2460:Habermas
2450:Guattari
2435:Foucault
2410:Eagleton
2355:Cassirer
2335:Bourdieu
2330:Blanchot
2315:Benjamin
2300:Bataille
1707:59207392
745:Lüneburg
594:a priori
300:Lüneburg
52:Lüneburg
4959:changes
4872:Justice
4626:Schmitt
4616:Savigny
4596:Reinach
4521:Maistre
4516:Luhmann
4491:Jhering
4441:Grotius
4426:Ehrlich
4421:Dworkin
4411:Cardozo
4391:Bentham
4381:Bastiat
4366:Aquinas
4231:Commons
3814:Ecology
3804:Biology
3683:Nervous
3653:Complex
2940:Habitus
2856:Boredom
2746:Freudo-
2741:Western
2736:Marxism
2660:Strauss
2630:Schmitt
2570:Marcuse
2560:Lyotard
2550:Luhmann
2545:Levinas
2495:Jaspers
2490:Jameson
2475:Husserl
2455:Gramsci
2445:Gentile
2440:Gadamer
2400:Dilthey
2395:Derrida
2390:Deleuze
2325:Bergson
2295:Barthes
2265:Agamben
1674:4407425
1646:Bibcode
1482:Society
1133:1988",
520:program
328:Harvard
308:brewery
275:German:
78:Germany
56:Germany
4854:Dharma
4754:(1986)
4744:(1980)
4734:(1961)
4724:(1934)
4714:(1820)
4704:(1748)
4656:Walzer
4636:Suárez
4601:Renner
4566:Posner
4536:Müller
4501:Kelsen
4476:Hobbes
4456:Haller
4436:Fuller
4431:Finnis
4401:Bobbio
4376:Austin
4219:Portal
3844:Theory
3740:fields
3693:Social
3633:System
2889:Dasein
2640:Serres
2620:Sartre
2610:Ricœur
2565:Marcel
2555:Lukács
2530:Latour
2505:Kojève
2430:Fisher
2425:Fichte
2415:Engels
2385:Debord
2380:de Man
2370:Cixous
2365:Cioran
2345:Butler
2310:Bauman
2290:Badiou
2275:Arendt
2260:Adorno
2068:
2049:
2041:
2013:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1939:
1872:
1705:
1695:
1672:
1664:
1621:
1523:
1500:
1459:
1417:
1355:2000:
1348:1998:
1341:1998:
1334:1998:
1321:1997:
1311:1996:
1297:1996:
1284:1995:
1277:1995:
1270:1995:
1263:
1249:1995:
1242:1994:
1235:
1221:1993:
1214:1993:
1200:1992:
1169:1991:
1154:1990:
1147:1990:
1140:1990:
1123:1990:
1116:1990:
1094:1989:
1087:1988:
1080:1988:
1066:1987:
1053:1986:
1046:1986:
1039:1985:
1026:1984:
1019:
1005:1982:
998:1981:
991:1981:
984:1981:
967:1981:
960:1980:
946:1978:
926:1977:
914:
906:1975:
893:1975:
883:1974:
859:1972:
852:1971:
828:1970:
818:1969:
811:1968:
798:1968:
791:1966:
784:1966:
777:1965:
770:1965:
763:1964:
550:action
476:system
343:Speyer
126:Fields
4671:Works
4661:Weber
4646:Unger
4641:Stahl
4631:Shang
4586:Rawls
4571:Pound
4506:Leoni
4471:Hegel
4361:Alexy
4285:Index
3636:types
3118:Index
3025:Trace
3005:Power
3000:Other
2990:Ontic
2831:Angst
2680:Žižek
2665:Weber
2655:Stein
2590:Negri
2585:Nancy
2525:Lacan
2510:Koyré
2465:Hegel
2420:Fanon
2375:Croce
2350:Camus
2340:Buber
1870:S2CID
1191:]
895:Macht
730:]
398:Works
354:]
227:]
210:]
198:]
186:]
4680:Laws
4611:Rumi
4606:Ross
4526:Marx
4496:Kant
4466:Hart
4406:Bork
4183:List
2930:Gaze
2670:Weil
2615:Said
2575:Marx
2280:Aron
2066:ISSN
2047:ISBN
2039:ISSN
2011:ISBN
2003:ISSN
1992:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1703:OCLC
1693:ISBN
1670:PMID
1662:ISSN
1619:ISSN
1521:ISBN
1498:ISSN
1457:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1017:ISBN
912:ISBN
572:and
502:and
484:Sinn
63:Died
38:Born
4591:Raz
4461:Han
3643:Art
2405:Eco
2130:doi
2074:doi
2055:doi
2029:doi
2019:doi
1860:doi
1654:doi
1611:doi
1490:doi
1193:):
876:):
845:):
619:of
314:in
4976::
4888:Li
4861:Fa
2072:,
2045:,
2017:,
2009:,
1948:.
1906:.
1868:.
1858:.
1854:.
1701:.
1668:.
1660:.
1652:.
1640:.
1617:.
1605:.
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1496:.
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1480:.
1189:it
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736:,
732:,
728:de
703:.
660:,
643:.
352:de
302:,
290:.
273:;
263:ɑː
257:uː
225:de
208:de
196:de
184:zh
182:;
180:de
76:,
54:,
4266:e
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3850:)
3846:(
3617:e
3610:t
3603:v
3152:e
3145:t
3138:v
2238:e
2231:t
2224:v
2132::
2076::
2057::
2031::
2021::
1987:.
1958:.
1917:.
1876:.
1862::
1709:.
1676:.
1656::
1648::
1642:5
1625:.
1613::
1607:8
1529:.
1504:.
1492::
1465:.
1423:.
1388:2
1267:)
1239:)
1023:)
943:)
688:)
269:/
266:n
260:m
254:l
251:ˈ
248:/
244:(
46:)
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