194:
413:, local recruiters recommended official candidates. Social status became the most important criterion, and powerful local families secured places in government; this led to the saying: "There are no poor people in the upper ranks and no powerful families in the lower ones." Centralization during the Sui and Tang reduced the power of the local elites, and candidates started to be selected by the
309:, but conflict remained between the right of evaluation between centrally-appointed Controllers and the governors of the regions. Nonetheless, the continued instability and turmoil of the Three Kingdoms period meant that the nine-rank system was not fully or solely implemented; mentions of the old nomination system as the basis for identifying talent remain prevalent in early Cao Wei writings.
36:
302:. The system was ostensibly based on a few criteria: moral probity, administrative ability, and the contributions of the person or his family to the newly created Cao Wei regime. In practice, descent also played an important role; the service grade of a candidate's father had a bearing on their candidacy grade.
324:
and the subsequent peace, the system also became more systematized and formalized. Through the changes, the nine-rank system also became more closely aligned with the interests of the powerful official clans who had come to dominate imperial politics since the Cao Wei period. The expanded powers of
381:
The upper ranks were 1 − the highest — to 3, the middle were 4 to 6, and the lower were 7 to 9. Each rank had two classes − standard and secondary − for 18 steps. From the
Northern Wei to before the Northern Song, classes from ranks 4 to 9 were further divided into upper and lower grades for 30
328:
While the nine-rank system helped powerful clans to dominate official posts in the court, it also helped stimulate private schooling within families as a means of transmitting knowledge that could increase one's standing as someone eligible for evaluation. An example of this intrafamilial
283:
Chen Qun's reform was a way of systematizing the selection of candidates for political appointments in two ways: by creating a common scale of nine ranks to evaluate a person and by appointing
Controllers
366:, ranks four to nine added additional upper and lower ranks to the standard and secondary ranks, giving the nine-rank system a total of 30 ranks (6 in the top 3 ranks; 24 from ranks 4 to 9).
353:, were all famed calligraphers in their own right. The emphasis placed by the nine-rank system on moral attributes such as filial piety also led to the growth of "familial instructions" (
325:
the appointed
Controllers in turn meant that the officials who held the post, many of whom came from these clans, could use their powers to promote the interests of their own scions.
290:) in the court to grade officials on the scale. In practice, not only potential entrants but also existing officials were graded, creating two parallel systems: a "candidacy grade"
682:
226:(萬石), meaning ten thousand bushels, and were paid 350 bushels of grain per month. The lowest ranking petty subofficials were paid in pecks, worth less than 100 bushels per year.
229:
The Nine-rank system was a reorganization of the Han dynasty practice of recommending noteworthy locals for political office. Since 134 BCE, during the reign of
1093:
861:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1118:
312:
The nine-rank system would become more dominant in the later years of the Cao Wei regime under the regency of the Sima clan and into the early years of the
1113:
1067:
675:
1224:
233:, the Han court relied mainly on nomination by local magnates and officials as a way of identifying talent, by nominating them under titles such as
305:
The nine-rank system was originally intended to centralize the power of nominating and selecting appointees to office into the imperial court at
57:
44:
1017:
1002:
989:
954:
752:
668:
218:
Prior to the nine-rank system, official positions were denoted by their salary paid in number of bushels of grain. For example, during the
495:
1022:
911:
1012:
431:
178:
469:
266:, proposed it as a way of organizing the state bureaucracy. It was called the "nine-rank method for recruiting men for office" (
1198:
1160:
1143:
894:
1178:
1108:
1052:
764:
386:
209:) on the chest. Mandarin duck was a symbol of marital fidelity and thus loyalty, a noble quality in a government official.
1098:
856:
320:, the power of Controllers was expanded to include not only evaluation but also the nomination of talent, and with the
350:
937:
745:
426:
406:
Prestige titles were also awarded, normally based on seniority, to confer status among officials of the same rank.
359:), which aimed to transmit moral teachings to children, as a genre of writing in the Jin and subsequent dynasties.
1155:
851:
889:
780:
735:
978:
49:
373:
the nine ranks reverted to the original standard of 18 ranks, with each rank containing only two classes.
193:
997:
899:
821:
785:
321:
313:
198:
1229:
414:
1062:
1047:
841:
385:
Ranks were expressed as class, rank, then grade; for example: Standard class, Rank 4, Upper grade (
334:
342:
1170:
713:
417:
system instead of by recommendations. By the Song, recruitment through examination was the norm.
1234:
1072:
1057:
1007:
816:
725:
708:
317:
230:
501:
1219:
790:
730:
700:
112:
89:
654:
The
Aristocratic Families in Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-Ling Ts'ui Family
1239:
1077:
202:
967:
962:
904:
836:
718:
692:
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151:
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119:
1148:
932:
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346:
338:
219:
17:
660:
1103:
330:
846:
831:
35:
942:
927:
259:
258:
The nine-rank system was created after the end of the Han in 220 AD when
235:
306:
263:
155:
826:
394:
647:, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute
866:
192:
871:
664:
448:
446:
150:, was used to categorize and classify government officials in
29:
280:
it became the "system of Nine ranks and impartial judges."
611:
609:
607:
524:
522:
520:
518:
177:
A similar system was also used in Korea. In Japan, the
166:, and similar ranking systems were also present in the
500:(Thesis). Northwest University (China). Archived from
124:
316:
regime during which it had changed in nature. Under
27:
Ranking system in the
Imperial Chinese civil service
1169:
1136:
1086:
1035:
988:
953:
920:
882:
799:
773:
699:
118:
111:
106:
88:
79:
222:, the highest-ranking officials were classed as
1094:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
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565:
563:
354:
297:
291:
285:
271:
250:
240:
94:
8:
543:
541:
539:
537:
329:transmission of skills is the calligrapher
1083:
950:
683:
669:
661:
587:
585:
103:
1068:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
627:
615:
570:Zhang, Xuhua (1999). "试论西晋九品中正制的弊病及其作用".
528:
463:
461:
452:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
548:Wang, Xiaoyi (2007). "再论曹魏九品中正制的历史真相".
442:
181:was adopted in 603 during the reign of
76:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
262:, a court official from the state of
7:
594:Journal of Huadong Normal University
592:Wu, Ni (1996). "论魏晋九品中正制与私学的关系关".
25:
197:Portrait of a young Qing Dynasty
432:Twelve Level Cap and Rank System
179:Twelve Level Cap and Rank System
34:
1225:Northern and Southern dynasties
572:Journal of Zhengzhou University
48:may be too short to adequately
895:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
470:"Portrait of a young official"
427:Number nine in Chinese culture
399:
390:
337:that was prominent during the
125:
95:
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1109:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
645:Chinese History: A New Manual
656:, Cambridge University Press
643:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012),
148:nine-grade controller system
245:, Filial and Incorrupt) or
1256:
938:Bureau of Military Affairs
862:Territorial administration
746:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
255:, of Outstanding Talent).
154:. Created in the state of
1156:Embroidered Uniform Guard
355:
298:
292:
286:
272:
251:
241:
136:
102:
84:
1119:Administrative divisions
652:Ebrey, Patricia (1978),
162:, it was used until the
979:Secretariat-Chancellery
494:Huang, Liuzhu (1985).
296:and a "service grade"
210:
1053:Imperial Commissioner
998:Ministry of Personnel
900:Three Ducal Ministers
822:Imperial examinations
786:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
322:conquest of Wu by Jin
205:of the seventh rank (
196:
1161:Qing Imperial Guards
1144:Tang Imperial Guards
415:imperial examination
409:From the Han to the
146:, also known as the
126:jiǔpǐn zhōngzhèngzhì
1063:Imperial Clan Court
1048:Remonstrance Bureau
1018:Ministry of Justice
1003:Ministry of Revenue
857:Historical capitals
842:Academies (Shuyuan)
630:, pp. 265–266.
335:Wang clan of Langya
268:Jiǔ pǐn guān rén fǎ
199:government official
455:, p. 265-266.
400:Zheng si pin shang
211:
1207:
1206:
1132:
1131:
1073:Viceroys in China
1058:Grand Secretariat
1031:
1030:
1023:Ministry of Works
1008:Ministry of Rites
955:Three Departments
912:Translated titles
817:Five Directorates
231:Emperor Wu of Han
140:
139:
132:
131:
113:Standard Mandarin
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1247:
1084:
951:
852:Tributary system
807:Nine-rank system
791:Scholar-official
781:Grand Chancellor
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144:nine-rank system
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80:Nine-rank system
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38:
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21:
18:Nine rank system
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1137:Imperial guards
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1078:Mandarin square
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1013:Ministry of War
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921:Middle Imperial
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203:mandarin square
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43:This article's
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11:
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1005:
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994:
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990:Six Ministries
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970:
968:Zhongshu Sheng
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963:Shangshu Sheng
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905:Nine Ministers
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883:Early Imperial
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837:Hanlin Academy
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693:Imperial China
691:Government of
690:
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638:
635:
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628:Wilkinson 2012
620:
618:, p. 266.
616:Wilkinson 2012
603:
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559:
533:
531:, p. 265.
529:Wilkinson 2012
514:
486:
468:Marcin Latka.
457:
453:Wilkinson 2012
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341:, whose sons,
276:). During the
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160:Three Kingdoms
152:Imperial China
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107:Transcriptions
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52:the key points
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3:
2:
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1099:Grand Council
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1043:Three Bureaus
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1036:Late Imperial
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1021:
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742:
741:Son of Heaven
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504:on 2021-04-21
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371:Northern Song
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208:
207:Mandarin duck
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183:Empress Suiko
180:
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66:February 2024
59:
53:
51:
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32:
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19:
1124:Zongli Yamen
973:Menxia Sheng
806:
800:Institutions
653:
644:
637:Bibliography
623:
597:
593:
578:(11): 24–30.
575:
571:
553:
549:
506:. Retrieved
502:the original
496:
489:
477:. Retrieved
473:
408:
405:
398:
384:
380:
377:Organization
368:
364:Northern Wei
361:
351:Wang Xianzhi
343:Wang Ningzhi
327:
311:
304:
282:
278:Song dynasty
267:
257:
246:
234:
228:
223:
217:
176:
172:Qing dynasty
168:Ming dynasty
164:Song dynasty
147:
143:
141:
120:Hanyu Pinyin
63:
47:
45:lead section
1230:Sui dynasty
1149:Shence Army
933:Jimi system
812:Nine Courts
758:Consort kin
600:(1): 13–20.
556:(6): 62–69.
362:During the
347:Wang Huizhi
339:Eastern Jin
220:Han dynasty
158:during the
1214:Categories
1104:Lifan Yuan
508:2020-05-24
438:References
369:After the
331:Wang Xizhi
214:Background
1171:Dynasties
847:Censorate
832:Guozijian
333:, of the
50:summarize
1235:Goguryeo
943:Shumishi
928:Jiedushi
709:Monarchy
701:Nobility
497:两汉孝廉制度考略
421:See also
318:Sima Yan
260:Chen Qun
236:Xiaolian
1220:Cao Wei
774:Offices
753:Empress
731:Emperor
714:Dynasty
479:31 July
474:artinpl
387:Chinese
382:steps.
307:Luoyang
264:Cao Wei
189:History
156:Cao Wei
90:Chinese
1240:Baekje
827:Taixue
726:Titles
397::
395:pinyin
389::
247:Maocai
224:wandan
1114:Ranks
867:Yamen
765:Harem
719:Cycle
273:九品官人法
201:with
96:九品中正制
1199:Qing
1194:Yuan
1189:Liao
1184:Tang
1087:Qing
890:King
872:Tusi
736:List
598:1996
554:2007
481:2019
391:正四品上
349:and
170:and
142:The
1179:Han
550:文史哲
411:Sui
403:).
314:Jin
1216::
606:^
596:.
584:^
576:32
574:.
562:^
552:.
536:^
517:^
472:.
460:^
445:^
393:;
356:家訓
345:,
299:官品
293:資品
287:中正
270:;
252:茂才
242:孝廉
185:.
174:.
981:)
977:(
684:e
677:t
670:v
511:.
483:.
284:(
249:(
239:(
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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