1142:(mostly itinerant herdsmen), reportedly killing 1,500 of them and taking 5,000 animals as booty. These Turcomans were likely relatively new additions to Baibars' army, being integrated in 1268 and given horses, titles, and lands in return for military service after the Turkmen migrations following the Mongol invasions. Muslim sources list one emir as killed and one as wounded during this raid. On top of that, the Muslim commander of the castle was forced to abandon his command. However, Edward did not take the castle itself and retreated before Baibars could respond in kind (he was with his main army in Aleppo at the time, guarding against the Mongol raid).
1208:
1280:
45:
1378:
did not know when there would be another
Crusade, but was eager to get back to the Holy Land, and would inform Abaqa if the Pope declared another. The letter was almost certainly a formality, as Edward made no preparations for another Crusade. In 1276, another envoy was sent to Edward with the same message, with an additional message of apology for not effectively intervening in 1271.
1236:) and his fleet out of Acre, with the objective of conquering the island and leaving Edward and the crusader army isolated in the Holy Land. He disguised 17 war galleys as Christian vessels and attacked Limassol. However, in the ensuing naval campaign the fleet was destroyed off the coast of Limassol and Baibars' armies were forced back.
1170:, an enemy of the Muslims. The embassy was led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, and its mission was to obtain military support from the Mongols. In an answer dated 4 September 1271, Abagha agreed on cooperation and asked on what date the concerted attack on the Mamluks should take place.
1145:
In
December 1271, Edward and his troops saw some action when they repelled an attack by Baibars on the city of Acre. Baibars eventually abandoned his siege of Tripoli, but the exact reason is not known. Contemporary accounts state that Edward's attacks on Baibars' interior lines forced him to abandon
1377:
In 1275, Abaqa sent a messenger to Edward with a letter. Abaqa requested that Edward mobilize for another
Crusade, saying he could offer more help this time. Edward wrote back the same year, thanking Abaqa for his help in the Ninth Crusade while also noting his affection for Christianity. He said he
1266:
leader, the "Old Man of the
Mountains". Edward killed the assassin but received a festering wound from a poisoned dagger, further delaying his departure. In September 1272, Edward departed Acre for Sicily and, while recuperating on the island, he first received news of the death of his son John, and
1223:
In the interim, Baibars came to suspect there would be a combined land-sea attack on Egypt. Feeling his position sufficiently threatened, he endeavoured to head off such a manoeuvre by building a fleet. Having finished construction of the fleet, rather than attack the
Crusader army directly, Baibars
1253:
of Cyprus. In parallel to the mediation, Edward and Hugh began negotiating a truce with
Baibars; a 10-year-10-month-and-10-day agreement was reached in May 1272, at Caesarea. Almost immediately Edmund departed for England, while Edward remained to see if the treaty would hold. The following month,
1200:, and raided southwards, sending the other garrisons fleeing for Hama, and devastating the lands down to Apamea. But the Mongols did not stay, and when the Mamluk leader Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November the Mongols had already retreated beyond the
1393:
occupying the Holy Land. Qalawun died during the siege, leaving Khalil, the sole surviving member of his family, as Mamluk Sultan. With Acre seized, the
Crusader States other than Cyprus ceased to exist. The center of power of the Crusaders was moved northwards to
1330:
Although the crusaders' internecine war was debilitating, it offered the possibility of unified control of the crusade under
Charles. However, this hope was dashed when Venice suggested a crusade be called not against the Mamluks but against
1074:
On 18 November, Charles granted Edward a safe-conduct allowing him to stay in Sicily while contemplating his next steps. Although the other crusaders decided each to return home, Edward opted to continue on his way to the Holy Land to assist
1244:
Following this victory, Edward realized that to create a force capable of retaking
Jerusalem it would be necessary to end the internal unrest within the Christian state, and so he mediated between Hugh and his unenthusiastic
1146:
the siege. Some modern observers reject this interpretation, saying he instead abandoned it to avoid overcommitting himself in one direction due to a lack of intelligence on the
Crusaders' true capabilities.
1083:. On May 9, 1271 Edward finally arrived at Acre with a fleet of eight sailing vessels and thirty galleys. He brought a small but not insignificant contingent of no more than 1,000 men, including 225 knights.
940:, with both achieving limited victories. The Crusaders were ultimately forced to withdraw since Edward had pressing concerns at home and felt unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant
831:
1351:
on 31 March 1282, instigated by Michael VIII, and Charles was forced to return home. This was the last crusader expedition launched against the Byzantines in Europe or the Muslims in the Holy Land.
1271:. In 1273 Edward started his homeward journey via Italy, Gascony and Paris. Edward finally reached England in the middle of 1274, and was crowned King of England on 19 August 1274.
1374:
as the Christian resistance reached fanatical proportions and Qalawun lost his eldest and most able son in the campaign. He waited another two years to regather his strength.
824:
1188:
and auxiliary Seljukid troops. Despite the relatively small force, their arrival still triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campaigns of
1091:
Edward arrived at Acre while it was still under siege. His arrival caused Baibars to change his plans and turn away from Acre. In the meantime, Edward discovered that the
1115:
The forces under Edward's command were much too small to take on the Mamluks in a straight battle, being unable to even stop the Mamluks from seizing the nearby Teutonic
1340:
817:
383:
1978:
527:
1131:
1036:, could not make up his mind whether to join it or not. On the advice of his councilors, he opted to stay in England and the crusaders embarked at
1059:
that ended the crusade had been signed on 30 October. Although Edward had played no role in its negotiation, the treaty obligated its signatories—
968:, Qutuz was assassinated, leaving Baibars to claim the sultanate for himself. As sultan, Baibars proceeded to attack the Christian crusaders at
1071:—to prevent Edward from attacking Tunis. Edward was also excluded from receiving a portion of the indemnity paid to the crusaders for leaving.
1095:
had a flourishing trade with the Mamluks, providing the latter with timber and metal needed for armaments. In addition, they controlled the
1207:
535:
1922:
1366:
gathered a large army and invested the remnants of the county of Tripoli. He ultimately laid siege to the capital and took it after a
413:
376:
1958:
1527:
702:
1134:, emboldened Edward. He launched a larger raid with the support of the Templar, Hospitaller, and Teutonic Knights on the town of
1032:
prepared an expedition to join Louis at Tunis, but it was delayed several times in the summer of 1270 because their father, King
505:
885:
1254:
an attempt to assassinate Edward was made, of uncertain origin. According to different versions, the assassin was sent by the
996:. As the Crusader fortress cities fell one by one, the Christians sought help from Europe, but assistance was slow in coming.
1963:
1055:, where he waited a month before crossing to Tunis, where he arrived on 10 November, too late for the fighting. In fact, the
841:
1385:. Qalawun demanded they pay an extraordinary amount in compensation. When no reply came, the Sultan used it as a pretext to
1130:
Later, the arrival of additional forces from England and Hugh III of Cyprus, under the command of Edward's younger brother
369:
1381:
In 1291, a group of pilgrims from Acre came under attack and in retaliation killed nineteen Muslim merchants in a Syrian
1674:
1484:
1478:
792:
782:
605:
944:. It also foreshadowed the imminent collapse of the last remaining crusader strongholds along the Mediterranean coast.
1415:
1403:
1051:, the same port from which Louis had embarked, in late September (a month later than expected). He went from there to
880:
714:
707:
610:
156:
1096:
1489:
1107:
ports to Egypt. However, he could not prevent such businesses, as they had licenses from the High Court at Acre.
1968:
219:
184:
1004:
1000:
742:
259:
171:
117:
1173:
At the end of October 1271, a Mongol army arrived in Syria. However Abagha, occupied by other conflicts in
1973:
1367:
1296:
1155:
1127:
but accomplished little other than burning some houses and crops, on top of losing a few men to the heat.
1068:
747:
675:
269:
1468:
1324:
875:
680:
670:
254:
1897:"The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time", Jonathan Howard, 2011
973:
777:
1386:
1382:
1316:
1268:
1080:
1060:
1033:
860:
166:
151:
1904:
1463:
1300:
1182:
1139:
1064:
957:
914:
855:
787:
772:
722:
580:
550:
244:
198:
1299:
in 1274, but nothing came of this. Meanwhile, new fissures arose within the Christian states when
1681:
In May, 1271, he captured Nazareth, and the same year gained several victories over the Saracens.
1304:
1229:
1092:
1041:
1012:
870:
697:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
600:
595:
568:
545:
418:
408:
264:
146:
1343:
and driven out the Venetians. Pope Gregory would not have supported such an attack, but in 1281
490:
1749:, p. 461) explaining that Edward contacted the Mongols "por querre secors" ("To ask for help").
1358:, including tribute, as well as increased persecution of pilgrims, all in contravention of the
1015:
organized a large crusader army with the intent of attacking Egypt, but diverted it instead to
1918:
1427:
1233:
1100:
1029:
1008:
993:
890:
732:
649:
540:
445:
249:
175:
161:
1880:
1348:
1311:, and the Venetians to bring the remaining Christian state under his control. Having bought
933:
764:
727:
692:
687:
585:
555:
520:
450:
423:
121:
1312:
1308:
1287:, an Irish tomb effigy believed to depict a knight who fought in the Lord Edward's crusade
1116:
1079:, Prince of Antioch and Count of Tripoli, against the Mamluk threat to the remnant of the
1056:
941:
737:
662:
563:
500:
495:
470:
455:
440:
193:
1212:
1390:
1344:
1332:
1292:
1021:
918:
757:
657:
510:
475:
460:
203:
1279:
1952:
1473:
1451:
1284:
1250:
1159:
1048:
865:
485:
480:
465:
435:
227:
1616:
1509:
1938:
Simon Lloyd, "The Lord Edward's Crusade, 1270–2: Its Setting and Significance," in
1439:
1336:
1124:
926:
752:
573:
1399:
1263:
1076:
798:
590:
1915:
A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1731:"Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen", Sara Cockerill, Amberley, Dec 19, 2015.
44:
1884:
274:
1797:"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311", Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff. p. 616.
17:
1447:
1431:
1411:
1320:
1201:
1174:
1163:
1104:
910:
211:
91:
1040:
on 20 August. Unusual for the time, they were accompanied by Edward's wife
1940:
War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich
1011:. With royal and papal approval, Edward "took the cross" on 24 June 1268.
1443:
1185:
1120:
1052:
989:
922:
393:
342:
36:
1007:, securing the Mamluk northern front and threatening the small Crusader
1745:
1423:
1395:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1259:
1189:
1178:
965:
953:
937:
917:(later king as Edward I) in 1271–1272. In practice an extension of the
287:
279:
1942:, ed. John Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Cambridge: Boydell Press, 1984).
1871:
Hamilton, B. (1995). "Eleanor of Castile and the Crusading Movement".
809:
1359:
1246:
1225:
1197:
1167:
1370:. The attack on Tripoli however was particularly devastating to the
1894:"Edward I", Michael Prestwich, University of California Press, 1988
1154:
As soon as Edward arrived in Acre, he made some attempts to form a
1435:
1419:
1278:
1206:
1193:
1135:
1037:
1016:
985:
981:
977:
969:
961:
352:
1398:
and eventually offshore to Cyprus. In 1299, a Mongol army led by
929:
in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there.
1743:, René Grousset, p. 653. Grousset quotes a contemporary source (
1407:
1255:
1119:. They settled for launching a series of raids. After capturing
1019:. Louis himself died there in 1270. He had loaned Edward 70,000
813:
365:
1354:
The remaining nine years saw an increase in demands from the
1291:
Edward had been accompanied by Theobald Visconti, who became
1402:
led a series of successful raids against the Mamluks in an
1103:, in which they carried Turkish and Tartar slaves from the
361:
1414:. He finally withdrew from Syria in 1300. The Mongols and
1262:. Some legends also say that the assassin was sent by the
1196:. The Mongols defeated the Turcoman troops that protected
1267:
then a few months later news of the death of his father,
1679:. Vol. 1. Paisley: Alexander Gardner. p. ii.
1676:
Itinerary of King Edward the First throughout his reign
1864:
Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy
1347:
assented to it; the ensuing fiasco helped lead to the
1211:
Edward I kills his attempted assassin. Engraving by
1047:Edward traveled slowly through France, arriving in
1545:The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History
1909:"Mongols and Mamluks", Reuven Amitai-Preiss, 2005
1295:in 1271. Gregory called for a new crusade at the
1450:was over, 208 years after the beginning of the
29:
1946:European crusade to the Holy Land in 1271–1272
1177:could only send 10,000 horsemen under general
127:Ten-year truce between Egyptians and Crusaders
1003:, thereby destroying the last remnant of the
825:
377:
8:
1430:in 1303. The last remaining foothold on the
1181:, a force made up of the occupation army in
1891:"Histoire des Croisades III", René Grousset
1138:. The Crusaders surprised a large force of
1569:
1567:
1565:
1555:
1553:
832:
818:
810:
384:
370:
362:
43:
26:
1481:, joined Edward of England on his crusade
1901:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
1691:
1689:
1660:
1617:"Crusade of the Lord Edward (1270-1272)"
1582:
1510:"Crusade of the Lord Edward (1270–1272)"
111:Jerusalem remains under Egyptian control
1827:
1806:
1547:(Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 76.
1532:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1501:
189:
49:Operations during Lord Edward's crusade
1602:
1600:
1528:Lord Edward's crusade (act. 1270–1274)
952:Following the Mamluk victory over the
932:The crusade saw Edward clash with the
1673:Gough, Henry (1900). "Introduction".
1651:Lower 2018, p. 179, says 300 knights.
7:
1979:13th century in the Mamluk Sultanate
1389:and finish off the last independent
1303:took advantage of a dispute between
909:, was a military expedition to the
1418:led another campaign to recapture
1323:within the rump kingdom. In 1277,
1319:, he attacked Hugh III, causing a
925:to reach the Holy Land before the
430:In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
414:Military order (religious society)
25:
1422:, but were soon defeated by the
1339:had recently re-established the
1873:Mediterranean Historical Review
1855:Pope Gregory X and the Crusades
311:1,000 in Edward's initial party
1917:. Cambridge University Press.
1853:Baldwin, Philip Bruce (2014).
536:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
1:
1485:List of wars involving Egypt
1479:Henry V, Count of Luxembourg
1158:, sending an embassy to the
1442:by 1303. The period of the
1416:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1327:captured Acre for Charles.
1087:Operations in the Holy Land
157:Kingdom of Cilician Armenia
1995:
1768:Histoire des Croisades III
1741:Histoire des Croisades III
1913:Runciman, Steven (1987).
1885:10.1080/09518969508569686
1526:Henry Summerson (2005). "
1490:Military of ancient Egypt
1219:Naval campaign off Cyprus
921:, it was the last of the
851:
404:Ideology and institutions
401:
351:1,500 soldiers killed in
324:
293:
235:
137:
74:
42:
34:
1770:, René Grousset, p. 653.
1228:in 1271, hoping to draw
348:17 war galleys destroyed
1862:Collins, Roger (2009).
1633:Lower 2018, pp. 179–82.
1594:Lower 2018, pp. 134–35.
1573:Lower 2018, pp. 174–76.
1028:Edward and his brother
1005:Principality of Antioch
915:Edward, Duke of Gascony
905:, sometimes called the
245:Edward, Duke of Gascony
1288:
1215:
1156:Franco-Mongol alliance
1069:Theobald II of Navarre
270:Bohemond VI of Antioch
236:Commanders and leaders
1964:13th-century crusades
1959:Lord Edward's crusade
1779:Runciman, pp. 336–337
1469:Egyptian Armed Forces
1325:Roger of San Severino
1282:
1224:attempted to land on
1210:
1125:St Georges-de-Lebeyne
913:under the command of
903:Lord Edward's Crusade
325:Casualties and losses
255:Henry V of Luxembourg
30:Lord Edward's Crusade
1857:. The Boydell Press.
1317:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1269:Henry III of England
1204:, laden with booty.
1081:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1061:Philip III of France
1034:Henry III of England
942:Outremer territories
167:Kingdom of Jerusalem
152:County of Luxembourg
1905:Christopher Tyerman
1559:Lower 2018, p. 104.
1464:Alexandrian Crusade
1410:to as far south as
1065:Charles I of Sicily
958:Battle of Ain Jalut
843:Mamluk–Ilkhanid War
788:Crusade of the Poor
199:Knights Hospitaller
1362:. In 1289, Sultan
1289:
1240:End of the Crusade
1230:Hugh III of Cyprus
1216:
1192:) as far south as
1042:Eleanor of Castile
1013:Louis IX of France
948:From Dover to Acre
715:Against Christians
419:Crusade indulgence
409:Crusading movement
265:Hugh III of Cyprus
147:Kingdom of England
114:Treaty of Caesarea
1585:, pp. 94–95.
1428:Battle of Shaqhab
1315:'s claims to the
1234:king of Jerusalem
1025:for his crusade.
1009:County of Tripoli
999:In 1268, Baibars
899:
898:
881:Wadi al-Khazandar
807:
806:
793:Shepherds' (1320)
783:Shepherds' (1251)
767:(1096–1320)
717:(1209–1588)
652:(1147–1410)
530:(1291–1717)
360:
359:
260:Leo II of Armenia
250:Edmund Crouchback
162:Kingdom of Cyprus
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
1986:
1928:
1888:
1867:
1858:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1818:Prestwich, p. 78
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1713:Prestwich, p. 77
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:Prestwich, p. 71
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:Prestwich, p. 75
1604:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1349:Sicilian Vespers
1341:Byzantine Empire
1301:Charles of Anjou
1297:Council of Lyons
1258:of Ramlah or by
1123:, Edward raided
1001:captured Antioch
964:and his general
846:
844:
834:
827:
820:
811:
521:Fall of Outremer
424:Papal income tax
396:
386:
379:
372:
363:
317:: 10,000 cavalry
76:
75:
70:
68:
63:
61:
57:
55:
47:
27:
21:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1969:1270s conflicts
1949:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1933:Further reading
1925:
1912:
1879:(1–2): 92–103.
1870:
1861:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:Tyerman, p. 813
1694:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1543:Michael Lower,
1542:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1460:
1313:Mary of Antioch
1309:Knights Templar
1277:
1242:
1221:
1152:
1117:Montfort Castle
1113:
1099:along with the
1089:
1057:Treaty of Tunis
1022:livres tournois
956:in 1260 at the
950:
934:Egyptian Mamluk
900:
895:
847:
842:
840:
838:
808:
803:
773:People's (1096)
397:
392:
390:
345:garrison killed
339:
308:
284:
224:
210:
194:Knights Templar
188:
187:
185:Military orders
180:
108:
94:
82:1271 – May 1272
66:
65:
62: Crusaders
59:
58:
53:
52:
50:
48:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:978-0521347723
1923:
1910:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1868:
1866:. Basic Books.
1859:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:Preiss, p. 101
1832:
1830:, p. 265.
1820:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1760:
1751:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1665:
1663:, p. 336.
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1608:
1596:
1587:
1575:
1561:
1549:
1536:
1519:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1391:Crusader state
1368:bloody assault
1345:Pope Martin IV
1333:Constantinople
1293:Pope Gregory X
1276:
1273:
1241:
1238:
1220:
1217:
1151:
1148:
1112:
1111:Crusader raids
1109:
1088:
1085:
949:
946:
919:Eighth Crusade
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
886:Marj al-Saffar
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
849:
848:
839:
837:
836:
829:
822:
814:
805:
804:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
761:
760:
758:Spanish Armada
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
665:
660:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
588:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
528:Later Crusades
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
402:
399:
398:
391:
389:
388:
381:
374:
366:
358:
357:
356:
355:
349:
346:
338:
337:
333:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
313:
312:
307:
306:
299:
296:
295:
291:
290:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
238:
237:
233:
232:
231:
230:
223:
222:
216:
214:
209:
208:
207:
206:
204:Teutonic Order
201:
196:
183:
182:
181:
179:
178:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
125:
115:
112:
107:
106:
102:
100:
96:
95:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
72:
71:
40:
39:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:1270s in Asia
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1809:, p. 43.
1808:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:Preiss, p. 98
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1704:Preiss, p. 70
1701:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:Runciman 1987
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:Hamilton 1995
1579:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Egyptian Army
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1452:First Crusade
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:northeast of
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1285:Cantwell Fada
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1251:Ibelin family
1248:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1232:(the nominal
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Aigues-Mortes
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Ninth Crusade
904:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:Ninth Crusade
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
850:
845:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
815:
812:
802:
800:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
651:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:
529:
522:
519:
517:
516:Lord Edward's
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
367:
364:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:Unknown total
335:
334:
332:
329:
328:
323:
319:
316:
310:
309:
304:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
289:
286:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
239:
234:
229:
226:
225:
221:
218:
217:
215:
213:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
186:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
103:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69: Mongols
64:
56: Mamluks
46:
41:
38:
33:
28:
19:
18:Ninth Crusade
1939:
1914:
1900:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1835:
1828:Collins 2009
1823:
1814:
1807:Baldwin 2014
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1590:
1578:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1387:besiege Acre
1380:
1376:
1353:
1337:Michael VIII
1329:
1290:
1243:
1222:
1213:Gustave Doré
1172:
1153:
1150:Mongol raids
1144:
1129:
1114:
1090:
1073:
1046:
1044:throughout.
1027:
1020:
998:
951:
931:
927:fall of Acre
906:
902:
901:
797:
763:
762:
713:
712:
648:
647:
591:Holy Leagues
526:
525:
515:
429:
428:
403:
314:
302:
220:Mamluk Egypt
138:Belligerents
105:Inconclusive
51:
35:Part of the
1788:Howard, p.?
1436:Ruad Island
1400:Ghazan Khan
1264:Hashshashin
1097:slave-trade
1077:Bohemund VI
799:Reconquista
748:Despenser's
723:Albigensian
551:Alexandrian
1953:Categories
1847:References
1722:Howard, p.
1621:erenow.org
1514:erenow.org
801:(722–1492)
778:Children's
698:Lithuanian
303:Crusaders:
275:Abaqa Khan
1448:Holy Land
1432:Holy Land
1321:civil war
1275:Aftermath
1249:from the
1202:Euphrates
1175:Turkestan
1162:ruler of
1140:Turcomans
1105:Black Sea
1093:Venetians
911:Holy Land
856:Ain Jalut
733:Stedinger
581:Nicopolis
546:Smyrniote
541:Aragonese
446:Norwegian
315:Ilkhanate
212:Ilkhanate
92:Near East
1458:See also
1444:Crusades
1335:, where
1305:Hugh III
1186:Anatolia
1121:Nazareth
1053:Sardinia
994:Caesarea
923:Crusades
891:Al-Rahba
876:2nd Homs
871:Elbistan
861:1st Homs
743:Bohemian
728:Drenther
693:Prussian
688:Livonian
667:Swedish
650:Northern
560:Barbary
556:Savoyard
451:Venetian
394:Crusades
343:Nazareth
294:Strength
87:Location
37:Crusades
1746:Eracles
1446:to the
1426:at the
1424:Mamluks
1396:Tortosa
1383:caravan
1372:Mamluks
1364:Qalawun
1356:Mamluks
1260:Baibars
1247:knights
1190:Kitbuqa
1179:Samagar
1101:Genoese
990:Ascalon
966:Baibars
954:Mongols
938:Baibars
936:sultan
765:Popular
753:Hussite
738:Bosnian
703:Russian
663:Wendish
506:Catalan
496:Seventh
491:Barons'
330:Unknown
320:Unknown
305:Unknown
288:Baibars
280:Samagar
176:Tripoli
172:Antioch
122:Tripoli
1921:
1438:, was
1307:, the
1226:Cyprus
1198:Aleppo
1183:Seljuk
1168:Abagha
1164:Persia
1160:Mongol
1132:Edmund
1030:Edmund
992:, and
658:Kalmar
511:Eighth
476:Fourth
461:Second
228:Bahris
124:lifted
99:Result
67:
60:
54:
1496:Notes
1420:Syria
1360:truce
1194:Cairo
1136:Qaqun
1038:Dover
1017:Tunis
986:Jaffa
982:Safad
978:Haifa
974:Atlit
970:Arsuf
962:Qutuz
708:Tatar
586:Varna
486:Sixth
481:Fifth
466:Third
436:First
353:Qaqun
118:Siege
1919:ISBN
1440:lost
1412:Gaza
1408:Homs
1404:area
1283:The
1256:emir
1067:and
681:1293
676:1249
671:1150
641:1717
636:1684
631:1594
626:1571
621:1538
616:1535
611:1526
606:1511
601:1495
596:1332
574:1399
569:1398
564:1390
501:1267
471:1197
456:1129
441:1101
79:Date
1881:doi
1530:".
960:by
120:of
1955::
1903:,
1877:10
1875:.
1688:^
1619:.
1599:^
1564:^
1552:^
1512:.
1454:.
1434:,
1166:,
1063:,
988:,
984:,
980:,
976:,
972:,
1927:.
1887:.
1883::
1623:.
1534:.
1516:.
833:e
826:t
819:v
385:e
378:t
371:v
174:-
20:)
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