Baybars - Knowledge (XXG)

1158: 1062:. Baybars himself went with a few troops to deal with the Mongol right flank that was pounding his left wing. Baybars ordered a force from the army from Hama to reinforce his left. The large Mamluk numbers were able to overwhelm the Mongol force, who instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able to escape and took up positions on the hills. Once they became surrounded they once again dismounted, and fought to the death. During the celebration of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy? Before I had thought that I and my servants would defeat the Mongols, but my left wing was beaten by them. Only Allah helped us". 3629: 60: 885:, the Khan of Golden Horde. He particularly was recorded to receive the first two hundred soldiers from Golden Horde to visit warmly, where Baybars persuade them to convert to Islam while also observing the growing enmity between the Golden Horde Khan with Hulagu. Baybars, who at that time has just defeated Hulagu, immediately sent envoy to Berke to inform the latter about this. Then, As soon as Berke converted to Islam, he sent envoy to Egypt to give news about this matter, and later, Baybars brought more peoples from Golden Horde to be sent into Egypt, where they also converted into Islam. 1080: 596:, persuading him to break the accord and invade Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of the danger of these Mamluks who took refuge in Syria, and agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the coast, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused to expel them and instead returned to them the domains which Aybak had granted. In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent new forces to the Egyptian border, this time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, and Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. In 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks left Damascus to 3622: 747: 976: 908:, who unlike Mengu Timur was very cooperative with Baybars. It is theorized that this intimacy was not only due to the religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur. However, Baybars was pragmatic in his approach and did not want to become involved in complicated intrigue inside the Golden Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur and Noqai. 516: 372: 961:, who arrived in Acre in May 1271 and attempted to ally himself with the Mongols against Baybars. So Baybars declared a truce with Tripoli, as well as with Edward, who was never able to capture any territory from Baybars anyway. According to some reports, Baybars tried to have Edward assassinated with poison, but Edward survived the attempt and returned home in 1272. 732:, until 1517. Like his unfortunate predecessor, al-Hakim I also received the formal oath of allegiance of Baybars and provided him with legitimation. While most of the Muslim world did not take these caliphs seriously, as they were mere instruments of the sultans, they still lent a certain legitimation as well as a decorative element to their rule. 539:, where he employed an ingenious strategy in ordering the opening of a gate to let the crusader knights enter the town; the crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town population, and suffered heavy losses. 678:. Al-Kurani is said originated from Nishapur. Al-Kurani and his follower are recorded to have attacked the weapon stores and stables of Cairo during a night raid. Baybars, however, manage to suppress the rebellion quickly as he surrounded and arrested them all. Al- Kurani and another rebel leaders were executed (crucified) in 438:'s dating of his birth, since he says it took place in 625 AH (12 December 1227 – 29 November 1228) and also that Baybars was about 24 years old in 1247, which would put his birth closer to 1223. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According to a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled the armies of the 1941:الظاهر بيبرس: ركن الدين أبو الفتوح بيبرس التركي البندقداري ثم الصالحي صاحب مصر والشام ولد في حدود العشرين وستمائة كان رجلاً شجاعاً فارساً مقداماً مجاهداً عظيم الهيبة يضرب بشجاعته المثل، وله في الإسلام أيام بيض وفتوحات مشهورة. أجازه الشيخ محيي الدين ابن عربي برواية جميع مؤلفاته توفي 676 هـ، ذكره الشعراني ضمن تلاميذ ابن عربي. 1038:'; they were also allowed to continue being governed by a king from the native royal family, although this king was chosen personally by Baybars, namely a Makurian noble named Shakanda. In practice this was reducing Makuria to a vassal kingdom, effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent kingdom. 1010:

affairs. A punitive Mamluk expedition was sent in response, but did not pass beyond the second cataract. Three years later the Makurians attacked and destroyed Aswan, but this time, Baybars responded with a well-equipped army setting off from Cairo in early 1276, accompanied by a cousin of king David

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By origin he was a Kipchak Turk from the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea. When the Mongols conquered this region about 1241, Baybars's people fled across the Black Sea and sought refuge with a Turcoman chieftain in Anatolia, who proved treacherous, and turned on the fugitives with fire

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One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji. Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun. She was the daughter of Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian amir.

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The story of the involvement of Baybars in the assassination was told by different historians in different ways. In one account the assassins killed Qutuz while he was giving a hand to Baybars (Al-Maqrizi and Ibn-Taghri). In another, from an Ayyubid source, Qutuz was giving a hand to someone when

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Baybars I, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn ak-Din Baybars al-Salihi, was born around the year 1223 in what is now southern Russia. A member of the tribe of Kipchak Turks living on the north shores of the Black Sea, Barbars was a victim of the Mongol invasion of his native region in the late 1230's. By the

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sent a letter to Baybars asking him to delay his departure. Baybars chastised him for not aiding him during the Battle of Elbistan. Baybars told him he was leaving for Sivas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols as to his true destination. Baybars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to raid the

938:, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, 1118:

Sultan Baybars married a noble lady from Tripoli (modern-day Lebanon) named Aisha al Bushnatiya, a prominent Arab family. Aisha was a warrior who fought the Crusaders along with her brother lieutenant Hassan. She met Sultan Baybars after he camped in Tripoli during his siege. They had a short

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by giving control of Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of his son and became a monk, but he died a year later. Leo was left in the awkward situation of keeping Cilicia as a subject of the Mongol Empire, while at the same time paying tribute to the

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Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes. He was probably born about 625/1227–8 in the southern Russian steppes as a member of a Qipçāq-Turkish group. At the age of fourteen he became a slave. The amīr Aydakīn

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in 1188 but returned to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1240. Baybars promised the knights safe passage to the Christian town of Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, the knights agreed. Upon surrender, Baybars broke his promise and massacred the entire Templar garrison. On

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Baybars struck his back with a sword (Abu-Al-Fida). A third account mentioned that Baybars tried to help Qutuz against the assassins (O. Hassan). According to Al-Maqrizi, the Emirs who struck Qutuz were Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Ons, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1)

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from 21 March to 30 April. After breaking into the town he offered free passage to the defending Knights Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. The Knights accepted Baybars' offer but were enslaved anyway. Baybars razed the castle to the ground. He next attacked

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and duly received investiture as sultan from him. Unfortunately, al-Mustansir II was killed by the Mongols during an ill-advised expedition to recapture Baghdad from the Mongols later in the same year. In 1262, another Abbasid, allegedly the great-great-great-grandson of the Caliph

671:, which lifted the Mongol threat for a while. On 17 January 1261, Baybars's forces were able to rout the troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the attack to the city, where the citizens were loyal to Sinjar and resisted Baybars, although their resistance was soon crushed. 1824:

Baybars was born around 1220 CE among the Qipchaq Turks, who lived in the steppe region north of the Black Sea. Fleeing from the Mongol invasions in the area in 1241–1242, Baybars and his family moved to Anatolia. There, Baybars was captured and ended up in the slave market of

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Rage and sorrow are seated in my heart...so firmly that I scarce dare to stay alive. It seems that God wishes to support the Turks to our loss...ah, lord God...alas, the realm of the East has lost so much that it will never be able to rise up again. They will make a

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in 1260, when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baybars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of

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The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced Baybars to return to Syria, since he was far away from his bases and supply line. As the Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to the Mongols.

1157: 711:, a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office to endow distant Muslim rulers with legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the last Abbasid caliph 942:, which granted permission for them to surrender. The garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a 344:, which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire. 2426:

A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith Sir Thomas Walker Arnold. men , observing the growing enmity between ... Baybars , who persuaded them to embrace Islam.1 Baybars himself was at war with Hūlāgū , whom he had recently

854:, capturing the city on 18 May. Baybars had promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but he broke his promise and had the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after the surrender. prompting the fall of the 865:, which belonged to Guy, the son of John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to Baybars on 7 March after twelve hours of fighting; most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baybars allowed the garrison to go unharmed. After this he conquered 659:. Also, the threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to be considered as a threat to Baybars' authority. However, Baybars first chose to deal with Sinjar, and marched on Damascus. At the same time the princes of 807:

capturing Safed, Baybars did not raze the fortress to the ground but fortified and repaired it instead, as it was strategically situated and well constructed. He installed a new governor in Safed, with the rank of

466:, including the regions where the Cuman refugees recently settled. Both Baybars, who witnessed his parents being massacred, and Baysari were among the captives during the invasion and were sold into slavery in the 3450: 858:. The massacre of men, women, and children at Antioch "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era." Priests had their throats slit inside their churches, and women were sold into slavery. 1019:

in the south, which, previously being Alodia's northernmost province, had by this period become a kingdom of its own. The king of al-Abwab, however, handed David over to Baybars, who had him executed.

850:. After successfully conquering Cilicila, Baybars in 1267 settled his unfinished business with Acre, and continued the extermination of remaining crusader garrisons in the following years. In 1268, he 3628: 2125: 1728:

and sword. Baybars was among the captives. He was then about fourteen years of age, and his journey southwards can be traced through the slave-markets of Sivas, Aleppo, Damascus and Hamah.

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and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of

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In 1265 a Mamluk army allegedly raided Makuria as far south as Dongola while also expanding southwards along the African Red Sea coast, thus threatening the Nubians. In 1272 king

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of Holy Mary's convent, and since the theft pleases her Son, who should weep at this, we are forced to comply as well...Anyone who wishes to fight the Turks is mad, for

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He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from

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importance. In order to support his military campaigns, Baybars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. He was also arguably the first to employ explosive

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Adventuring in the Englishes: Language and Literature in a Postcolonial Globalized World, Ikram Ahmed Elsherif, Piers Michael Smith. 2014. Part I; Chapter 2, pg 18.

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on 1 July 1277, when he was 53 years old. His demise has been the subject of some academic speculation. Many sources agree that he died from drinking poisoned

762:, which had become a vassal state of the Mongols and had participated in attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baybars laid siege to 3985: 3305: 2330: 1741: 3330:

Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography".

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does not fight them any more. They have conquered, they will conquer. For every day they drive us down, knowing that God, who was awake, sleeps now, and

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Thorau, Peter (2010). "Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

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relationship and after that they got married. There are conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Egypt or was martyred in Tripoli.

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that was intended for someone else. Other accounts suggest that he may have died from a wound while campaigning, or from illness. He was buried in the

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Baybars then turned his attention to Tripoli, but he interrupted his siege there to call a truce in May 1271. The fall of Antioch had led to the brief

696:, who had earlier staved off the Mongol threat, were permitted to continue their rule in exchange for their recognizing Baybars' authority as Sultan. 1006:. The Nubian army destroyed the town, causing “a blow to the very heart of Islam”. This initiated several decades of intervention by the Mamluks in 3980: 930:. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baybars arrived, he began erecting 3043: 563:. Shortly after the victory over the Crusaders, Baybars and a group of Mamluk soldiers assassinated Turanshah, leading to as-Salih Ayyub's widow 3405: 3990: 463: 3564: 2988: 2963: 2938: 1875: 1817: 1784: 1720: 1693: 1648: 1594: 2826: 4020: 1180:

in 1260, repelling Mongol forces from Syria. Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in the

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for his military success, but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give him the post. Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.

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Dimitri Korobeinikov (2008), "A Broken Mirror: The Kıpçak World in the Thirteenth Century", in Florin Curta; Roman Kovalev (eds.),

3283:"La frontière entre le bilād al-islām et le bilād al-Nūba : enjeux et ambiguïtés d'une frontière immobile (VIIe-XIIe siècle)" 3200:

Gazda, M (2005). "Mameluke invasions on Nubia in the 13th Century. Some Thoughts on Political Interrelations in the Middle East".

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which essentially ended the Seventh Crusade and led to the capture of Louis IX. Egyptian forces in that battle were led by Sultan

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in four days. He built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improved the harbours, and built mosques. He was a patron of

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is still regarded as such, Baybars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his successful campaigns against the

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named Mashkouda or Shekanda. The Mamluks defeated the Nubians in three battles at Gebel Adda, Meinarti and finally at the

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Soon after Baybars had ascended to the Sultanate, his authority was confirmed without any serious resistance, except from

3396: 4040: 2440: 1176:, Baybars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society, where he commanded Mamluk forces in the decisive 689: 65: 2899: 1922: 917: 3162: 2257: 2700: 2659: 1638: 1448: 3874: 3094: 1393: 1297: 1079: 1047: 2374: 2272: 2231: 904:. Baybars continued to conduct warm correspondence with the Golden Horde, particularly with Mengu Timur's general 3952: 3063: 2334: 2155: 1976:

According to Matthew Paris, only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one 'contemptible person' escaped. Matthew Paris,

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The image of an Ottoman city: imperial architecture and urban experience in Aleppo in the 16th and 17th centuries

1322: 1293: 1238:. The arrival of the Mongol's Golden Horde to Egypt resulted in a significant number of Mongols accepting Islam. 552: 540: 536: 3041:

Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

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time he was fourteen, Baybars had become a prisoner of war; he was sold in the slave market in Sivas, Anatolia.

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Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana. The Włodzimierz Godlewski Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday

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Baybars was a popular ruler in the Muslim world who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and the

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The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 192

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tribute, and in return they were allowed to keep their religion, being protected under Islamic law as '

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and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the

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Gold coin minted under Baybars, with an Arabic inscription and an image of a panther or lion below it

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his return to Egypt, which was eagerly accepted. He was still a commander under sultan Qutuz at the

3934: 3735: 3167: 2124:. ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. Shāhanshāh b. Ayyūb b. Shādī b. Marwān, Ismāʿīl Abulfeda. 1449:"Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008)" 1251: 1177: 1152: 1127:. She died in 1284–85. Another wife was the daughter Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir. He had three sons 1016: 975: 958: 927: 787:, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels. 631: 614: 318: 1613:

Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources

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Kingship and Ideology in the Islamic and Mongol Worlds Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization

379:, with an inscription from 1273 glorifying the sultan and depicting his emblem, the lion/panther 64:

A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars: enthroned ruler and attendants in the

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State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E

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Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1956). Ziada (al-Ziyādah), Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (ed.).

1926: 1871: 1813: 1805: 1780: 1772: 1747: 1716: 1689: 1644: 1617: 1611: 1590: 1563: 1557: 1536: 1530: 1023: 870: 700: 162: 105: 95: 3391: 1908: 1710: 1584: 600:, where they deposed its governor Kütük and plundered its markets, then they did the same in 3892: 3681: 3669: 3459: 3416: 3290: 3262: 3176: 2933:. The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400–1500. Brill. p. 391. 2869: 2188: 1463: 1255: 991: 980: 815: 467: 353: 288: 383:

Possibly based on the Turkic meaning of his name, Baybars used the panther as his heraldic

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The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974, p.773/vol.2

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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures

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A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

1655:"He was described as being a tall man with a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes. 712: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3783: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3250: 3036: 2983:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Brill. p. 33. 1388: 1305: 1279: 1193: 835: 823: 589: 564: 560: 500: 494: 406:. He had broad shoulders, slim legs, and a powerful voice. It was observed that he had 295: 3382: 674:

There was also a brief rebellion in Cairo led by a leading figure of the Shiite named

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Concise History of Humanity(المختصر في أخبار Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar)

2065: 1373: 1169: 1148: 954: 923: 862: 775: 721: 520: 504: 439: 395:) plays with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baybars' Crusader enemies. 322: 309:. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the 302: 224: 147: 3350:

The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile

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On 30 March 1271, after Baybars captured the smaller castles in the area, including

822:, had submitted to the Mongol Empire. After defeating the forces of Hethum I in the 519:

The Mamluks under Baybars (yellow) fought off the Franks and the Mongols during the

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As sultan, Baybars engaged in a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in

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quoting Magrisi Sultans, I, i, p. 116; Abu al Fida pp. 145–50; Bar Hebraeus p. 439

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Muhyi al-Din ibn 'Arabi and his jurisprudential opinions in al-Futuhāt al-Makkiyya

728:, inaugurating the line of Abbasid caliphs of Cairo that continued as long as the 3231: 2411: 1868:

The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror

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Armenian town of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.

623:. The combined forces tried in vain to invade Egypt during the reign of Aybak. 584:, the leader of the Bahri Mamluks. Some of his Mamluks, among them Baybars and 3916: 3699: 3446:"The works of Sultan Bibars al-Bunduqdârî in Egypt [avec 31 planches]" 3180: 3073: 3069: 2873: 2562:

The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time

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instead. He used siege engines to defeat the Crusaders in battles such as the

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After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar, Baybars then managed to deal with the

399: 371: 356:, Baybars' name means "great panther" or "lord panther" (see also Wiktionary: 89: 3332:

Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future

3306:"La liste des conquêtes nubiennes de Baybars selon Ibn Šadd ād (1217 – 1285)" 3213: 2881: 2331:"Hudson Institute > American Outlook > American Outlook Article Detail" 2079: 2077: 2075: 1262:

in war, at the Battle of Ain Jalut. His military campaign also extended into

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and Khizir. He had seven daughters; one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.

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Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche

2907: 1181: 1051: 1027: 758:, in part because the Christians had aided the Mongols. He started with the 601: 597: 451: 427: 403: 364: 3315:(in French). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. pp. 553–577. 328:

The reign of Baybars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the

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has a wealth of manuscripts in various branches of knowledge to this day.

387:, and placed it on both coins and buildings. The lion/panther used on the 358: 3657: 3295: 3282: 1352: 1289: 1214: 1132: 1099: 1092: 934:, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to 931: 866: 827: 819: 771: 656: 419: 407: 298: 175: 143: 1893:

The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans

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The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517

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The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith

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al-Madidi, Khasd; Abdul Muhammad, Sawadi; Abdul Qadir an-Nuri, Duraid.

1918: 1378: 1338: 1247: 1173: 1059: 970: 892:, Baybars wrote condolences and congratulations to the new Khan of the 803: 795: 685: 585: 341: 219: 209: 17: 846:

This isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince

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in Iraq was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they conquered and

462:, where they had arrived to Bulgaria about 1242. In the meantime, the 3814: 3802: 3373: 2158:

A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

1616:. Seminar Studies (first ed.). Routledge. p. 121, Plate 8. 1467: 1206: 995: 947: 943: 708: 636: 605: 459: 455: 423: 384: 337: 3266: 1559:

Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide; New Revised Edition

888:

In some time around October to November 1267, or about 666 Safar of

3687: 3610: 3598: 2855:"Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme" 1368: 1342: 1330: 1325:

recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in

1285: 1267: 1263: 1235: 1227: 1156: 1103: 1031: 1007: 1003: 974: 882: 831: 791: 784: 755: 745: 688:, while quietly eliminating the prince of Kerak. Ayyubids such as 627: 620: 593: 577: 514: 490: 471: 370: 306: 234: 1226:

Baybars also played an important role in bringing the Mongols to

715:, arrived in Cairo in 1261, Baybars had him proclaimed caliph as 3233:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260

1309: 999: 664: 660: 652: 626:

Baybars then sent 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to discuss with

604:. Later on, they fought against the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at 475: 200:

al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-Futuh

3553: 1516:

The history of the Mongol conquests, By J. J. Saunders, pg. 115

551:. Only five Templar Knights escaped alive. The second was the 493:. In 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and the sultan of Egypt, 392: 376: 3261:, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 177–210, 3208:. Gdansk Archaeological MuseumGdansk Archaeological Museum. 2827:"Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars" 1759:

al-Bunduqdār bought him in Ḥamāt (Hama) a short while later.

1022:

Baybars then completed his conquest of Nubia, including the

2416:. A. Constable and Company; Harvard University. p. 192 321:

in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the

2868:(43). The Journal of International Social Research: 557. 2260:. CUP Archive. 11 November 1907 – via Google Books. 1234:

and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to

814:

Later, in 1266, Baybars invaded the Christian country of

3236:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2900:"Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo" 2527: 2525: 790:

In the same year, Baybars laid siege to the fortress of

3145:

Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281

3004:

100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present

2931:

The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society

2274:

The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society

1993:, Cambridge University Press, London, 1951, pp. 272–273 1562:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 185. 317:. He also led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the 2542: 2540: 1296:, such as his support for the medical research of his 826:, Baybars managed to ravage the three great cities of 3060:

Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East

1312:, providing the cats of Cairo with food and shelter. 1910:محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية 1015:. David fled upstream the Nile, eventually entering 3793: 3636: 3591: 1423:

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī

1304:. As a testament of a special relationship between 1230:. He developed strong ties with the Mongols of the 926:, he besieged the Krak des Chevaliers, held by the 881:Baybars actively pursued a close relationship with 325:army and is considered a turning point in history. 243:

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari

230: 218: 208: 194: 161: 153: 137: 125: 121: 111: 101: 88: 80: 73: 41: 2794: 2271:Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (3 April 2018). 2113:(in Arabic). Vol. 2. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta'līf. 770:, although the siege was abandoned when he sacked 2958:. Mamluk Studies. V&R Unipress. p. 105. 2743: 2741: 2492: 1775:. In Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (eds.). 1351:is the school built adjacent to his Mausoleum in 1839:"Baybars I | Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt & Syria" 1524: 1522: 2149: 2147: 1202: 1161:Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the 489:, an Egyptian of high rank, who brought him to 3392:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya and Baybars Mausoleum 3163:"The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271" 2379:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1969. p. 557. 2220:Rodney Stark, 'God's Battalions', 2009, p. 230 1810:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 1777:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages 1640:The Fall of Christendom: The Road to Acre 1291 253:; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as 3565: 2777: 1054:Mongols. He defeated a Ilkhanate army at the 655:who was popular and powerful enough to claim 576:In 1254, a power shift occurred in Egypt, as 497:, confiscated his slaves, including Baybars. 8: 3311:. In A. Łajtar; A. Obłuski; I. Zych (eds.). 2684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2464: 2462: 1965:Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade 266: 994:marched east and attacked the port town of 272: 27:Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277 3572: 3558: 3550: 3478: 2732: 2445:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. 2087:History of the Arab world and the Crusades 1861: 1859: 1589:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. 1308:, Baybars left a cat garden in Cairo as a 971:Makuria § Decline (12th century–1365) 58: 38: 3294: 2597: 2585: 2111:Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk 2038: 2026: 2014: 2002: 667:proved able to defeat the Mongols in the 547:were both killed, along with most of the 398:Baybars was described as a tall man with 2893: 2891: 2862:Journal of International Social Research 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2661:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 2658:El Hareir, Mbaye, Idris, Ravane (2011). 2318:A Concise History of the Armenian People 1321:("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular 1078: 535:in two major battles. The first was the 527:In 1250, he supported the defeat of the 3085:Albert Z. Iskandar, "Ibn al-Nafis", in 3015: 2233:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 1666:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE — Brill" 1436: 1415: 434:at the time. There is a discrepancy in 251:الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري 4026:One Thousand and One Nights characters 4006:Generals of the medieval Islamic world 2954:Clifford, W.W.; Conermann, S. (2013). 2677: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2531: 2504: 2064:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993. 191: 2546: 2516: 692:and the Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama 559:, the young son of recently deceased 7: 2853:Akkuş Yiğit, Fatma (20 April 2016). 2480: 2468: 1686:Sultan Baybars der Erste von Ägypten 1529:Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh (2004). 1442: 1440: 912:Continued campaign against Crusaders 766:, the capital of the remnant of the 375:Bridge built by Baybars near modern 3406:Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars 2349:The Concise History of the Crusades 1637:Bartlett, W. B. (15 October 2021). 267: 250: 1917:] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). 1870:. Simon and Schuster. p. 64. 1254:which many scholars deem of great 1042:Further campaign against Ilkhanate 608:, then fled to join the forces of 543:, who took refuge in a house, and 25: 3419:; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000), 2929:Winter, M.; Levanoni, A. (2004). 2906:. pp. 20, 21. Archived from 1895:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 379–412 1163:Egyptian National Military Museum 3986:Muslims of Lord Edward's crusade 3700:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir 3627: 3620: 1952:Lord of Joinville, 110, part II. 503:(d. 973/1565) counted him among 480:'Alā' al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī 2493:Folda, French & Coupel 1982 2062:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 1643:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 3981:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade 3730:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il 3536:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277 3421:The History of Islam in Africa 3230:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977), 3147:, Cambridge University Press, 3143:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004), 2565:. Cambridge University Press. 1670:referenceworks.brillonline.com 1123:She was the mother of his son 736:Campaign against the Crusaders 1: 3991:Medieval history of Palestine 3161:King, D. J. Cathcart (1949), 2767:Mamluk Ilkhanid war 1260–1281 2699:Hopkins.Peter (3 June 2014). 2439:F. Broadbridge, Anne (2008). 2376:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 2230:Lock, Peter (15 April 2013). 2090:. Mosul University Press 1981 1743:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 1315:His memoirs were recorded in 1046:In 1277, Baybars invaded the 545:William Longespée the Younger 474:. Afterwards, he was sold in 442:, arranging to settle in the 84:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277 3115:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). 2898:Karam, Amina (22 May 2019). 2747:Ibn Taghri, Al-Zahir Baibars 2163:. CUP Archive. p. 316. 1083:Mausoleum chamber of sultan 950:were added to the interior. 707:, the Muslim world lacked a 690:Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs 649:Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi 4021:13th-century Mamluk sultans 3334:. Indiana University Press. 2258:"The Crusaders in the East" 1837:Rabie, Hassanein Muhammad. 1808:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). 1168:As the first Sultan of the 979:Possible depiction of king 918:Fall of Krak des Chevaliers 4057: 3875:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf 3378:Encyclopedia of the Orient 3095:Kluwer Academic Publishers 1907:Nader Jamil Jum'a (2020). 1812:. Routledge. p. 101. 1806:"Baybars I, Mamluk Sultan" 1779:. Routledge. p. 124. 1556:Caroline Williams (2008). 1394:Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars 1277: 1142: 998:, located on an important 968: 915: 877:Alliance with Golden Horde 739: 422:thought to be born in the 29: 3618: 3538: 3532:Sultan of Egypt and Syria 3529: 3521: 3516: 3481: 3387:Concise Britannica online 3304:Seignobos, Robin (2016). 3281:Seignobos, Robin (2010). 3225:, New York: Marboro Books 3221:Howarth, Stephen (1982), 3181:10.1017/S0003598X0002007X 2874:10.17719/jisr.20164317631 2722:– via Google Books. 2559:Howard, Jonathan (2011). 2294:– via Google Books. 2246:– via Google Books. 2210:– via Google Books. 2154:Runciman, Steven (1987). 1715:. Routledge. p. 90. 1058:and captured the city of 1050:, then controlled by the 292:sultan of Egypt and Syria 199: 190: 66:Baptistère de Saint Louis 57: 46: 3863:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad 3046:26 February 2008 at the 3006:. Paul K. Davis, pg. 141 2702:Kenana Handbook of Sudan 1923:Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya 1866:Ranulph Fiennes (2019). 1447:Fuess, Albrecht (2018). 1404:Sayyidah Zainab District 1349:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya 965:Campaign against Makuria 959:Prince Edward of England 464:Mongols invaded Bulgaria 141:1 July 1277 (aged 50/55) 32:Baybars (disambiguation) 4036:Supporters of Ibn Arabi 3464:10.3406/bifao.1926.1832 3339:Werner, Roland (2013). 3119:. Infobase Publishing. 2756:Al-Maqrizi, p. 99/vol.2 2664:. UNESCO. p. 300. 2507:, p. 117, note 16. 2193:. Penguin Books India. 1804:Amitai, Reuven (2006). 1771:Fry, C. George (1998). 1688:. Longman. p. 28. 1610:Niall Christie (2014). 1583:Petry, Carl F. (2022). 1048:Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm 983:on a wallpainting from 900:, to urge him to fight 856:Principality of Antioch 760:Principality of Antioch 742:Siege of Antioch (1268) 470:at the slave market in 444:Second Bulgarian Empire 389:bridge built by Baybars 362:"rich person, noble" + 48:Sultan Misr wa al-Sham 3905:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam 3827:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz 3352:. The British Museum. 3348:Welsby, Derek (2002). 3202:Gdansk African Reports 2600:, p. 554, note 2. 2351:(3rd ed. 2014), p. 168 1684:Thorau, Peter (1992). 1535:. Brill. p. 198. 1399:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars 1318:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars 1224: 1165: 1095: 987: 751: 524: 446:(named in the sources 391:near al-Ludd (today's 380: 368:"leopard, panther"). 4031:13th-century Kipchaks 3766:Salah al-Din Muhammad 3706:Nasir al-Din Muhammad 3694:Nasir al-Din Muhammad 3676:Nasir al-Din Muhammad 3425:Ohio University Press 3401:Columbia Encyclopedia 3255:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 3117:Encyclopedia of Islam 2765:Reuven Amitai Press, 1709:Holt, P. M. (2014) . 1462:(2): 76, 84, Fig. 5. 1456:Mamlūk Studies Review 1278:Further information: 1160: 1143:Further information: 1082: 978: 969:Further information: 916:Further information: 861:Then he continued to 749: 740:Further information: 694:Al-Mansur Muhammad II 537:Battle of Al Mansurah 518: 374: 330:Eastern Mediterranean 3947:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay 3923:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay 3712:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr 3682:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha 3658:Badr al-Din Salamish 3652:Nasir al-Din Barakah 3493:Cadet branch of the 3296:10.4000/afriques.800 2408:Thomas Walker Arnold 1586:The Mamluk Sultanate 1357:Az-Zahiriyah Library 1108:Az-Zahiriyah Library 1089:Al-Zahiriyah Library 1024:Medieval lower Nubia 768:Kingdom of Jerusalem 669:First Battle of Homs 450:). They crossed the 426:region north of the 129:19 July 1223 or 1228 30:For other uses, see 4041:13th-century slaves 3899:Shihab al-Din Ahmad 3887:Fakhr al-Din Uthman 3869:Sayf al-Din Barsbay 3772:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban 3736:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban 3724:Shihab al-Din Ahmad 3670:Salah al-Din Khalil 3664:Sayf al-Din Qalawun 3646:Rukn al-Din Baybars 3195:on 23 December 2012 2910:on 18 December 2021 2648:, pp. 122–123. 2624:, pp. 120–122. 2337:on 29 January 2006. 1497:. 15 February 2024. 1274:Culture and science 1252:Battle of Ain Jalut 1178:Battle of Ain Jalut 1153:Battle of Ain Jalut 1026:which was ruled by 798:knights, which had 632:Battle of Ain Jalut 348:Name and appearance 319:Battle of Ain Jalut 282:Father of Conquests 3941:Al-Ashraf Janbalat 3911:Sayf al-Din Bilbay 3881:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq 3845:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 3839:Al-Musta'in Billah 3833:Nasir al-Din Faraj 3821:Nasir al-Din Faraj 3815:Sayf al-Din Barquq 3803:Sayf al-Din Barquq 3784:Salah al-Din Hajji 3754:Salah al-Din Salih 3718:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk 3688:Husam al-Din Lajin 2979:Papas, A. (2020). 2833:on 8 January 2009. 2801:. Dutton. p. 2778:Amitai-Preiss 2004 2347:Thomas F. Madden, 2185:Dalrymple, William 2060:MacHenry, Robert. 1989:Runciman, Steven, 1978:Louis IX's Crusade 1196:who fought in the 1166: 1096: 1056:Battle of Elbistan 1036:People of the Book 988: 818:which, under King 752: 582:Faris ad-Din Aktai 553:Battle of Fariskur 533:Louis IX of France 525: 381: 315:Louis IX of France 287:), was the fourth 50:Al-Malik al-Zahir 3968: 3967: 3929:An-Nasir Muhammad 3857:Sayf al-Din Tatar 3851:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad 3760:Badr al-Din Hasan 3748:Badr al-Din Hasan 3742:Sayf al-Din Hajji 3611:Sayf al-Din Qutuz 3548: 3547: 3539:Succeeded by 3525:Saif ad-Din Qutuz 3417:Levtzion, Nehemia 2990:978-90-04-39260-1 2981:Sufi Institutions 2965:978-3-8470-0091-4 2940:978-90-04-13286-3 1877:978-1-4711-5664-9 1819:978-0-415-96690-0 1786:978-1-57958-041-4 1722:978-1-317-87152-1 1695:978-0-582-06823-0 1650:978-1-4456-8418-5 1596:978-1-108-47104-6 1013:Battle of Dongola 701:Abbasid caliphate 651:, another Mamluk 240: 239: 204: 203: 183:Tidhkarbay Khatun 106:Saif ad-Din Qutuz 16:(Redirected from 4048: 3953:Qansuh al-Ghawri 3935:Abu Sa'id Qansuh 3893:Sayf al-Din Inal 3778:Ala'a al-Din Ali 3631: 3624: 3599:Izz al-Din Aybak 3574: 3567: 3560: 3551: 3522:Preceded by 3512: 3505: 3496:Mamluk Sultanate 3479: 3475: 3442:Creswell, K.A.C. 3437: 3363: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3277: 3246: 3226: 3217: 3196: 3191:, archived from 3157: 3131: 3130: 3112: 3106: 3083: 3077: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2859: 2850: 2835: 2834: 2829:. Archived from 2823: 2817: 2816: 2800: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2675: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2471:, pp. 88–92 2466: 2457: 2456: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2333:. Archived from 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2187:(3 April 1989). 2181: 2175: 2174: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2081: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1980:, p. 14/ Vol. 5. 1974: 1968: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1904: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1468:10.6082/M100007Z 1453: 1444: 1425: 1420: 1329:, as well as in 1256:macro-historical 1222: 1098:Baybars died in 981:David of Makuria 852:besieged Antioch 816:Cilician Armenia 730:Mamluk sultanate 618: 541:Robert of Artois 488: 468:Sultanate of Rum 336:presence in the 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 270: 269: 252: 192: 157:Iltutmish Khatun 148:Mamluk Sultanate 62: 39: 21: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4045: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3789: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3587: 3578: 3544: 3542:Al-Said Barakah 3535: 3527: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3484: 3440: 3435: 3415: 3411:Brief biography 3374:Baibars article 3370: 3360: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3323: 3308: 3303: 3280: 3267:10.2307/1291467 3251:Folda, Jaroslav 3249: 3244: 3229: 3223:Knights Templar 3220: 3199: 3160: 3155: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3084: 3080: 3064:History Channel 3058: 3057: 3053: 3048:Wayback Machine 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2733:Kastritsis 2013 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2676: 2672: 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