2268:
2295:, and other products. The Haber process requires high pressures (around 200 atm) and high temperatures (at least 400 °C), which are routine conditions for industrial catalysis. This process uses natural gas as a hydrogen source and air as a nitrogen source. The ammonia product has resulted in an intensification of nitrogen fertilizer globally and is credited with supporting the expansion of the human population from around 2 billion in the early 20th century to roughly 8 billion people now.
1596:
2363:
1493:
1136:
588:
328:
1311:) that correspond with the metal found in the active site of the protein (Molybdenum, Iron, and Vanadium respectively). Marine metal abundances over Earth’s geologic timeline are thought to have driven the relative abundance of which form of nitrogenase was most common. Currently, there is no conclusive agreement on which form of nitrogenase arose first.
1223:
complex is genetically regulated, and the activity of the protein complex is dependent on ambient oxygen concentrations, and intra- and extracellular concentrations of ammonia and oxidized nitrogen species (nitrate and nitrite). Additionally, the combined concentrations of both ammonium and nitrate
1436:
is thought to fix nitrogen on such a scale that it accounts for almost half of the nitrogen fixation in marine systems globally. Marine surface lichens and non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging in
Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes fixate significant atmospheric nitrogen. Species of nitrogen fixing
2309:
Much research has been conducted on the discovery of catalysts for nitrogen fixation, often with the goal of lowering energy requirements. However, such research has thus far failed to approach the efficiency and ease of the Haber process. Many compounds react with atmospheric nitrogen to give
1180:
Atmospheric nitrogen is inaccessible to most organisms, because its triple covalent bond is very strong. Most take up fixed nitrogen from various sources. For every 100 atoms of carbon, roughly 2 to 20 atoms of nitrogen are assimilated. The atomic ratio of carbon (C) : nitrogen (N) :
1248:-only, with all three nitrogenase protein variations containing an iron protein component. Molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase is the most commonly present nitrogenase. The different types of nitrogenase can be determined by the specific iron protein component. Nitrogenase is highly conserved.
387:"Experiments by Bossingault in 1855 and Pugh, Gilbert & Lawes in 1887 had shown that nitrogen did not enter the plant directly. The discovery of the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria by Herman Hellriegel and Herman Wilfarth in 1886-1888 would open a new era of
5821:
Digital
Collections (Photographs depicting numerous stages of the nitrogen fixation process and the various equipment and apparatus used in the production of atmospheric nitrogen, including generators, compressors, filters, thermostats, and vacuum and blast
1429:
eon. Nitrogen fixation not only naturally occurs in soils but also aquatic systems, including both freshwater and marine. Indeed, the amount of nitrogen fixed in the ocean is at least as much as that on land. The colonial marine cyanobacterium
547:
For example, decomposing wood, which generally has a low nitrogen content, has been shown to host a diazotrophic community. The bacteria enrich the wood substrate with nitrogen through fixation, thus enabling deadwood decomposition by fungi.
5749:
3990:
Schüddekopf K, Hennecke S, Liese U, Kutsche M, Klipp W (May 1993). "Characterization of anf genes specific for the alternative nitrogenase and identification of nif genes required for both nitrogenases in
Rhodobacter capsulatus".
1299:
Nitrogenase is thought to have evolved sometime between 1.5-2.2 billion years ago (Ga), although some isotopic support showing nitrogenase evolution as early as around 3.2 Ga. Nitrogenase appears to have evolved from
1558:, producing nitrogen compounds that help the plant to grow and compete with other plants. When the plant dies, the fixed nitrogen is released, making it available to other plants; this helps to fertilize the
1235:
Nitrogenase consist of two proteins, a catalytic iron-dependent protein, commonly referred to as MoFe protein and a reducing iron-only protein (Fe protein). There are three different iron dependent proteins,
1181:
phosphorus (P) observed on average in planktonic biomass was originally described by Alfred
Redfield, who determined the stoichiometric relationship between C:N:P atoms, The Redfield Ratio, to be 106:16:1.
3916:"Role of Nitrogenase and Ferredoxin in the Mechanism of Bioelectrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation by the Cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis SA-1 Mutant Immobilized on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Electrodes"
5139:
Op den Camp R, Streng A, De Mita S, Cao Q, Polone E, Liu W, et al. (February 2011). "LysM-type mycorrhizal receptor recruited for rhizobium symbiosis in nonlegume
Parasponia".
1167:
5836:
551:
Nitrogenases are rapidly degraded by oxygen. For this reason, many bacteria cease production of the enzyme in the presence of oxygen. Many nitrogen-fixing organisms exist only in
5082:
3026:
Lee CC, Ribbe MW, Hu Y (2014). Kroneck PM, Sosa Torres ME (eds.). "Chapter 7. Cleaving the N,N Triple Bond: The
Transformation of Dinitrogen to Ammonia by Nitrogenases".
1232:(2-OG) exceed a critical threshold. The specialized heterocyst cell is necessary for the performance of nitrogenase as a result of its sensitivity to ambient oxygen.
2720:
3881:
Schneider K, Müller A (2004). "Iron-Only
Nitrogenase: Exceptional Catalytic, Structural and Spectroscopic Features". In Smith BE, Richards RL, Newton WE (eds.).
2319:
683:
676:
1425:. Several cyanobacteria strains are also capable of diazotrophic growth, an ability that may have been present in their last common ancestor in the
4369:
5400:
1652:
genera, only four fix nitrogen. Fabales were the first lineage to branch off this nitrogen-fixing clade; thus, the ability to fix nitrogen may be
2610:
2462:
between the nitrogen atoms. Lightning produces enough energy and heat to break this bond allowing nitrogen atoms to react with oxygen, forming
5782:
5123:
3898:
3830:
3404:
1153:
4816:
2908:[Chemical investigations into vegetation, undertaken with the goal of examining whether plants take up nitrogen in the atmosphere].
2283:
also known as the Haber-Bosch process. Fertilizer production is now the largest source of human-produced fixed nitrogen in the terrestrial
1119:
150:. Looser non-symbiotic relationships between diazotrophs and plants are often referred to as associative, as seen in nitrogen fixation on
2229:
as starting material, the first commercial process became available in the 1860s, developed by
Margueritte and Sourdeval. The resulting
1587:
and air and soil conditions. For example, nitrogen fixation by red clover can range from 50 to 200 lb/acre (56 to 224 kg/ha).
1263:
is used to identify the presence of molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase, followed by closely related nitrogenase reductases (component II)
644:
2267:
1095:
715:
5794:
5512:
Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W (October 2008). "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world".
5089:
5803:"Travis P. Hignett Collection of Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory Photographs // Science History Institute Digital Collections"
2905:
4445:"A CRISPRi-dCas9 System for Archaea and Its Use To Examine Gene Function during Nitrogen Fixation by Methanosarcina acetivorans"
1397:, commonly known as blue-green algae, inhabit nearly all illuminated environments on Earth and play key roles in the carbon and
1160:
3774:"An increase in the level of 2-oxoglutarate promotes heterocyst development in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120"
752:
5308:
2906:"Recherches chimiques sur la vegetation, entreprises dans le but d'examiner si les plantes prennent de l'azote à l'atmosphere"
1256:
can distinguish which protein complex is present in the microorganism and potentially being expressed. Most frequently, the
2919:
2708:
2304:
1140:
72:
5775:
798:
5438:
Smil, V. 2004. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the
Transformation of World Food Production, MIT Press.
820:
812:
725:
3885:. Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 281–307.
3562:"High recovery of nitrogenase activity and of Fe-labeled nitrogenase in heterocysts isolated from Anabaena variabilis"
1665:
2535:
2211:
1271:
H representing vanadium-dependent and iron-only nitrogenase, respectively. In studying the ecology and evolution of
3513:"Biological nitrogen fixation in theory, practice, and reality: A perspective on the molybdenum nitrogenase system"
2165:
1656:
and subsequently lost in most descendants of the original nitrogen-fixing plant; however, it may be that the basic
1380:
340:
3269:
Tláskal V, Brabcová V, Větrovský T, Jomura M, López-Mondéjar R, Oliveira
Monteiro LM, et al. (January 2021).
5861:
5818:
4036:"Reconstructing the evolutionary history of nitrogenases: Evidence for ancestral molybdenum-cofactor utilization"
2580:
5725:
5700:
2889:
2864:
2552:
1444:
888:
883:
639:
5326:
Eyde S (1909). "The Manufacture of Nitrates from the Atmosphere by the Electric Arc—Birkeland-Eyde Process".
5851:
5190:
5110:. Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress. Vol. 6. Springer. pp. 199–234.
2142:
1042:
396:
205:
4840:"Nitrogen fixation and abundance of the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon sp. in the Baltic Proper"
2242:
992:
4386:
Mus F, Crook MB, Garcia K, Garcia Costas A, Geddes BA, Kouri ED, et al. (July 2016). Kelly RM (ed.).
3155:"Accumulation rates and sources of external nitrogen in decaying wood in a Norway spruce dominated forest"
1746:
1350:
466:
5866:
5258:"Nitrogen fixation in a landrace of maize is supported by a mucilage-associated diazotrophic microbiota"
3946:
3915:
3014:
2176:
1405:. In general, cyanobacteria can use various inorganic and organic sources of combined nitrogen, such as
1346:
735:
232:
5355:
4598:
Pierella Karlusich JJ, Pelletier E, Lombard F, Carsique M, Dvorak E, Colin S, et al. (July 2021).
4100:
1595:
384:
and others, and culminated in the discovery of symbiotic fixation by Hellriegel and Wilfarth in 1887."
2474:. These compounds cannot be used by plants, but as this molecule cools, it reacts with oxygen to form
351:
5712:
5665:
5521:
5468:
5148:
4888:
4879:
Carmichael WW (12 October 2001). "Health Effects of Toxin-Producing Cyanobacteria: "The CyanoHABs"".
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4513:
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3166:
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904:
656:
649:
579:
537:
381:
5256:
Van Deynze A, Zamora P, Delaux PM, Heitmann C, Jayaraman D, Rajasekar S, et al. (August 2018).
2210:
in 1784 using electric arcs reacting nitrogen and oxygen in air. This method was implemented in the
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5830:
2575:
2315:
1849:
1492:
1063:
873:
764:
369:
362:
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5335:
5172:
5049:
4912:
4808:
4741:
4688:
4016:
3703:
3678:
Gallon JR (1 March 2001). "N2 fixation in phototrophs: adaptation to a specialized way of life".
3444:
3369:
3192:
2951:
2849:
2744:"Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate"
2311:
1604:
1002:
552:
426:
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a
368:"The protracted investigations of the relation of plants to the acquisition of nitrogen begun by
347:
296:
1648:. The ability to fix nitrogen is not universally present in these families. For example, of 122
1291:
H and vnfH that also encode for the nitrogenase reductase component of the nitrogenase complex.
3813:
Wolk CP, Ernst A, Elhai J (1994). "Heterocyst Metabolism and Development". In Bryant DA (ed.).
3621:"The role of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacterial bloom toxicity in a temperate, eutrophic lake"
2218:
5730:
5681:
5633:
5537:
5486:
5289:
5238:
5164:
5119:
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4191:
4183:
4136:
4128:
4081:
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3972:
3894:
3863:
3826:
3795:
3754:
3695:
3660:
3601:
3542:
3493:
3436:
3400:
3387:
Delwiche CC (1983). "Cycling of Elements in the Biosphere". In Läuchli A, Bieleski RL (eds.).
3361:
3300:
3251:
3184:
3135:
3092:
3043:
3006:
2972:
2824:
2773:
2689:
2654:
2362:
2246:
2217:
The possibility that atmospheric nitrogen reacts with certain chemicals was first observed by
1920:
1780:
1229:
1032:
878:
666:
411:
377:
236:
221:
189:
76:
4761:"Trichodesmium--a widespread marine cyanobacterium with unusual nitrogen fixation properties"
3271:"Complementary Roles of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi and Bacteria Facilitate Deadwood Decomposition"
3212:"Network analysis reveals ecological links between N-fixing bacteria and wood-decaying fungi"
5720:
5673:
5623:
5615:
5568:
5529:
5476:
5448:
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5279:
5269:
5228:
5156:
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5031:
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4859:
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4772:
4723:
4715:
4672:
4627:
4619:
4570:
4529:
4521:
4502:"Methanogens Are Major Contributors to Nitrogen Fixation in Soils of the Florida Everglades"
4472:
4464:
4415:
4407:
4334:
4279:
4238:
4222:
4175:
4120:
4071:
4055:
4000:
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3927:
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3855:
3818:
3785:
3744:
3734:
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3650:
3640:
3591:
3581:
3532:
3524:
3483:
3475:
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3353:
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3282:
3241:
3231:
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3035:
2884:
2814:
2804:
2763:
2755:
2681:
2646:
2370:
2226:
2214:
of 1903. The fixation of nitrogen by lightning is a very similar natural occurring process.
1844:
1504:
1354:
1049:
1037:
747:
610:
36:
5837:
A global ocean snapshot of nitrogen fixers by matching sequences to cells in the Tara Ocean
5802:
4156:"Isotopic evidence for biological nitrogen fixation by molybdenum-nitrogenase from 3.2 Gyr"
1576:
through various types of crops, which usually include one consisting mainly or entirely of
5452:
2592:
2546:
2541:
2443:
2207:
1775:
1622:
1249:
1027:
982:
846:
829:
4981:"Scientists discover first algae that can fix nitrogen — thanks to a tiny cell structure"
4600:"Global distribution patterns of marine nitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods"
4370:"Nitrogen Inputs in the Ancient Ocean: Underappreciated Bacteria Step Into the Spotlight"
356:
5716:
5669:
5525:
5481:
5472:
5456:
5152:
5014:
Kuypers MM, Marchant HK, Kartal B (May 2018). "The microbial nitrogen-cycling network".
4892:
4855:
4706:
Kuypers MM, Marchant HK, Kartal B (May 2018). "The microbial nitrogen-cycling network".
4668:
4615:
4517:
4460:
4403:
4330:
4211:"Reconstruction of Nitrogenase Predecessors Suggests Origin from Maturase-Like Proteins"
4171:
4116:
4051:
3636:
3577:
3537:
3512:
3349:
3227:
3170:
3123:
2880:
2843:
2685:
5628:
5587:
5284:
5257:
4956:
4931:
4839:
4809:"Large-scale study indicates novel, abundant nitrogen-fixing microbes in surface ocean"
4785:
4760:
4632:
4599:
4534:
4501:
4477:
4444:
4420:
4387:
4243:
4210:
4076:
4035:
4004:
3749:
3722:
3655:
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3463:
3295:
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3246:
3211:
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2792:
2569:
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1398:
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997:
952:
942:
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851:
834:
710:
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415:
332:
304:
217:
213:
4314:
3596:
3561:
3462:
Seefeldt LC, Yang ZY, Lukoyanov DA, Harris DF, Dean DR, Raugei S, et al. (2020).
5845:
5498:
5396:
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5036:
4980:
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4728:
4692:
4124:
3336:
Streicher SL, Gurney EG, Valentine RC (October 1972). "The nitrogen fixation genes".
3131:
2768:
2743:
2563:
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2262:
2250:
2082:
2030:
1983:
1939:
1798:
1790:
1764:
1673:
1661:
1653:
1573:
1568:
1439:
1432:
1394:
1335:
1330:
1304:-like proteins, although the function of the preceding protein is currently unknown.
1208:
987:
977:
932:
927:
917:
865:
788:
720:
560:
494:
373:
240:
17:
5549:
5176:
4916:
4575:
4558:
4020:
3931:
3707:
3391:. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 212–238.
3196:
5053:
4745:
4676:
3739:
3373:
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2386:
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1879:
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1625:
962:
947:
793:
759:
742:
634:
626:
388:
284:
251:
209:
185:
141:
343:
in 1838. Later, in 1880, the process by which it happens was discovered by German
5826:
5656:
Tuck AF (October 1976). "Production of nitrogen oxides by lightning discharges".
5423:
5274:
3890:
3822:
3817:. Advances in Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 769–823.
3645:
3236:
2977:
Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene
5619:
5115:
3479:
3396:
3039:
2586:
2515:
2459:
2024:
2018:
1859:
1808:
1756:
1685:, is unusually able to interact with rhizobia and form nitrogen-fixing nodules.
1682:
1551:
1482:
1370:
1368:
Several obligately anaerobic bacteria fix nitrogen including many (but not all)
1220:
1190:
922:
839:
671:
661:
605:
597:
513:
510:
506:
427:
402:
288:
268:
258:
225:
197:
193:
92:
27:
Conversion of molecular nitrogen into biologically accessible nitrogen compounds
4992:
4623:
4388:"Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and the Challenges to Its Extension to Nonlegumes"
3566:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2960:] (in German). Berlin, Germany: Buchdruckerei der "Post" Kayssler & Co.
2637:
Howard JB, Rees DC (1996). "Structural Basis of Biological Nitrogen Fixation".
1391:, are significant contributors to nitrogen fixation in oxygen-deficient soils.
587:
555:
conditions, respiring to draw down oxygen levels, or binding the oxygen with a
544:
required for nitrogen fixation are widely distributed in diverse environments.
4155:
3691:
3286:
2791:
Sapountzis P, de Verges J, Rousk K, Cilliers M, Vorster BJ, Poulsen M (2016).
2558:
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1007:
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780:
529:
502:
462:
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300:
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228:
114:
40:
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5541:
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4187:
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4067:
3699:
3440:
3210:
Hoppe B, Kahl T, Karasch P, Wubet T, Bauhus J, Buscot F, et al. (2014).
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Ash C (13 August 2021). Ash C, Smith J (eds.). "Some light on diazotrophs".
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Burgess BK, Lowe DJ (November 1996). "Mechanism of Molybdenum Nitrogenase".
3586:
3528:
3179:
3154:
2406:
2366:
2292:
2284:
2272:
2225:
oxides and carbon react with nitrogen at high temperatures. With the use of
2132:
2128:
2124:
Some symbiotic relationships involving agriculturally-important plants are:
2112:
2076:
1993:
1988:
1968:
1947:
1893:
1887:
1803:
1544:
1462:
1402:
1280:
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533:
327:
316:
265:
247:
170:
125:
5677:
5637:
5293:
5242:
5168:
5045:
5027:
5000:
4965:
4900:
4794:
4737:
4719:
4641:
4584:
4543:
4486:
4429:
4354:
4299:
4252:
4195:
4140:
4085:
3976:
3867:
3799:
3758:
3664:
3605:
3546:
3497:
3304:
3255:
3139:
3096:
3047:
2828:
2777:
2658:
5563:
Allen AD, Senoff CV (1965). "Nitrogenopentammineruthenium(II) complexes".
4947:
4226:
4012:
3790:
3773:
3365:
5572:
4525:
4468:
4411:
4099:
Boyd ES, Anbar AD, Miller S, Hamilton TL, Lavin M, Peters JW (May 2011).
3153:
Rinne KT, Rajala T, Peltoniemi K, Chen J, Smolander A, Mäkipää R (2017).
2793:"Potential for Nitrogen Fixation in the Fungus-Growing Termite Symbiosis"
2153:
2118:
2010:
1978:
1973:
1833:
1735:
1657:
1649:
1612:
1547:
1508:
1414:
1358:
1326:
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1257:
1241:
541:
344:
118:
96:
84:
5339:
4179:
3448:
3424:
1668:
of all these plants, but only evolved to full function in some of them.
1583:
Fixation efficiency in soil is dependent on many factors, including the
400:
was able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This was the first species of the
4864:
2953:
Untersuchungen über die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen
2519:
2100:
2070:
2035:
1867:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1375:
1363:
556:
308:
295:. It is also indirectly relevant to the manufacture of all nitrogenous
292:
280:
201:
155:
106:
56:
5790:
4283:
4209:
Garcia AK, Kolaczkowski B, Kaçar B (2 March 2022). Archibald J (ed.).
4059:
3859:
3078:
2650:
3357:
2107:
2087:
2060:
1998:
1926:
1584:
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1563:
1536:
1520:
1501:
1212:
498:
276:
272:
159:
146:
133:
88:
5533:
5309:"Indigenous Maize: Who Owns the Rights to Mexico's 'Wonder' Plant?"
4557:
Latysheva N, Junker VL, Palmer WJ, Codd GA, Barker D (March 2012).
4315:"Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: A Bioinorganic Bridge?"
2672:
Burris RH, Wilson PW (June 1945). "Biological Nitrogen Fixation".
2361:
2266:
2182:
2171:
2094:
1713:
1608:
1594:
1532:
1516:
1491:
1470:
1449:(previously Anabaena). Such species have specialized cells called
1109:
326:
244:
181:
129:
2572:: the flow and transformation of nitrogen through the environment
1562:. The great majority of legumes have this association, but a few
1500:
Plants that contribute to nitrogen fixation include those of the
3723:"The cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation paradox in natural waters"
2160:
1559:
1555:
1512:
1453:, in which nitrogen fixation occurs via the nitrogenase enzyme.
1418:
1388:
1245:
1114:
261:
184:
because fixed inorganic nitrogen compounds are required for the
177:
151:
137:
110:
5776:"A Brief History of the Discovery of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms"
4759:
Bergman B, Sandh G, Lin S, Larsson J, Carpenter EJ (May 2013).
4101:"A late methanogen origin for molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase"
3425:"The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment"
3061:
Hoffman BM, Lukoyanov D, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC (February 2013).
1465:
can turn nitrogen gas into a biologically available form. This
5604:) Conversion by Well-Defined Molecular Coordination Complexes"
4268:"Structure−Function Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases"
312:
163:
5375:+ C in the temperature range from 500 to 1,000 °C].
3772:
Li JH, Laurent S, Konde V, Bédu S, Zhang CC (November 2003).
4932:"Nitrogen fixation and hydrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria"
2279:
The dominant industrial method for producing ammonia is the
1572:) do not. In many traditional farming practices, fields are
469:
and is accompanied by the co-formation of one equivalent of
2958:
Studies on the nitrogen intake of Gramineae and Leguminosae
2583:
for quantitative measurement of nitrogen fixation by plants
5726:
10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0179:ANFBL>2.0.CO;2
2890:
10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0179:ANFBL>2.0.CO;2
5827:
Proposed Process for the Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen
4930:
Bothe H, Schmitz O, Yates MG, Newton WE (December 2010).
4034:
Garcia AK, McShea H, Kolaczkowski B, Kaçar B (May 2020).
3418:
3416:
3619:
Beversdorf LJ, Miller TR, McMahon KD (6 February 2013).
2354:. Some soluble complexes do catalyze nitrogen fixation.
1664:
requirements were present in an incipient state in the
4500:
Bae HS, Morrison E, Chanton JP, Ogram A (April 2018).
4154:
Stüeken EE, Buick R, Guy BM, Koehler MC (April 2015).
3325:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2206:
A method for nitrogen fixation was first described by
1228:, specifically when intracellular concentrations of 2-
5658:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
5191:"Cycad biology, Article 1: Corraloid roots of cycads"
5083:"Nitrogen Fixation and Inoculation of Forage Legumes"
4559:"The evolution of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria"
4443:
Dhamad AE, Lessner DJ (October 2020). Atomi H (ed.).
2458:
molecule is highly stable and nonreactive due to the
1603:
The ability to fix nitrogen in nodules is present in
5750:"Tropospheric Sources of NOx: Lightning And Biology"
5106:
Dawson JO (2008). "Ecology of Actinorhizal Plants".
532:, nitrogenase-generated ammonia is assimilated into
5457:"The Haber Bosch–harmful algal bloom (HB–HAB) link"
1195:The protein complex nitrogenase is responsible for
406:genus, so-named by him. It is also the first known
5354:
2518:). When these acids seep into the soil, they make
1215:system is housed in a specialized cell called the
5364:+ C im Temperaturgebiet von 500 bis 1000 °C"
3914:Knoche KL, Aoyama E, Hasan K, Minteer SD (2017).
505:cofactor. The mechanism proceeds via a series of
361:and was fully described by Dutch microbiologist
5586:Chalkley MJ, Drover MW, Peters JC (June 2020).
339:Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by
4838:Rolff C, Almesjö L, Elmgren R (5 March 2007).
2369:heats the air around it in a high-temperature
2271:Equipment for a study of nitrogen fixation by
2185:landrace 'Sierra Mixe' / 'olotón' and various
2595:: a chemical process for making nitric acid (
2538:: an industrial fertilizer production process
2486:, which in turn reacts with water to produce
2233:reacts with steam, yielding ammonia. In 1898
2054:Some other plants live in association with a
1621:bacteria. They are found in 25 genera in the
1161:
335:. Abiotic nitrogen fixation has been omitted.
162:. It occurs naturally in the air by means of
154:roots. Nitrogen fixation occurs between some
8:
5701:"Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation by Lightning"
5651:
5649:
5647:
2865:"Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation by Lightning"
95:. These enzyme complexes are encoded by the
4381:
4379:
3316:
3314:
2589:: enzymes used by organisms to fix nitrogen
1496:Nodules are visible on this broad bean root
540:/glutamate synthase pathway. The microbial
239:. Nitrogen fixation is thus crucial to the
4936:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3951:"The natural history of nitrogen fixation"
2748:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2275:(Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926)
1168:
1154:
570:
5724:
5627:
5480:
5455:, Sobota DJ, Bouwman L (1 October 2014).
5283:
5273:
5232:
5035:
4955:
4863:
4784:
4727:
4631:
4574:
4533:
4476:
4419:
4242:
4075:
3966:
3789:
3748:
3738:
3654:
3644:
3595:
3585:
3536:
3487:
3464:"Reduction of Substrates by Nitrogenases"
3294:
3245:
3235:
3178:
3086:
2888:
2848:. New York, NY: The Century Co. pp.
2818:
2808:
2767:
1325:Diazotrophs are widespread within domain
430:enzyme. The overall reaction for BNF is:
2975:[On oligonitrophilic microbes].
2939:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2549:: an organic process of nitrogen release
2436:
1687:
455:
451:
447:
439:
435:
2626:
1437:cyanobacteria in fresh waters include:
1307:Nitrogenase has three different forms (
578:
509:and reduction steps wherein the FeMoco
5108:Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Symbioses
4506:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4449:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4392:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3815:The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria
3560:Peterson RB, Wolk CP (December 1978).
2863:Hill RD, Rinker RG, Wilson HD (1979).
2723:from the original on 13 September 2018
2632:
2630:
2611:Electrification of catalytic processes
2221:in 1828. He observed that mixtures of
5791:"Marine Nitrogen Fixation laboratory"
5783:University of California, Los Angeles
4313:Anbar AD, Knoll AH (16 August 2002).
3011:The Emergence of Agricultural Science
2287:. Ammonia is a required precursor to
1384:also fix nitrogen, and several other
113:, often with a second metal (usually
7:
5328:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
4881:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
71:). It occurs both biologically and
5705:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
5403:from the original on 20 August 2016
5367:[The conversion reaction Ba(CN)
3945:Raymond J, Siefert JL, Staples CR,
2686:10.1146/annurev.bi.14.070145.003345
2566:: biological production of nitrogen
2038:/Cowania (bitterbrushes/cliffroses)
1076:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
414:nitrogen as a step in the complete
124:Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have
79:. Biological nitrogen fixation or
4005:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01611.x
2249:. The process was eclipsed by the
1681:), a tropical genus in the family
1599:A sectioned alder tree root nodule
176:Nitrogen fixation is essential to
25:
5795:University of Southern California
5377:Z. Elektrochem. Angew. Phys. Chem
2950:Hellriegel H, Wilfarth H (1888).
5356:"Die Umwandlungsgleichung Ba(CN)
5234:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00720.x
5217:"Cyanobacterium-plant symbioses"
4819:from the original on 8 June 2019
4777:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00352.x
4125:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00278.x
3132:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02488.x
3063:"Nitrogenase: a draft mechanism"
2995:A Short History of Plant Science
2910:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2754:(4): 968–89, table of contents.
2613:: electrochemical reduction of N
2253:, which was discovered in 1909.
1689:Non-legumious nodulating plants
1199:the reduction of nitrogen gas (N
1135:
1134:
586:
394:In 1901, Beijerinck showed that
331:Schematic representation of the
3955:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3932:10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.148
3883:Catalysts for Nitrogen Fixation
2973:"Über oligonitrophile Mikroben"
2245:to fix nitrogen in the form of
2241:developed what is known as the
2064:) which fix nitrogen for them:
501:, an abbreviation for the iron-
5461:Environmental Research Letters
5353:Heinrich H, Nevbner R (1934).
5071:. Scientific American Library.
4844:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4677:10.1126/science.373.6556.755-g
4368:Institute MP (6 August 2021).
3740:10.12688/f1000research.10603.1
2997:, page 230, Chronic Publishing
2760:10.1128/MMBR.63.4.968-989.1999
2709:"Biological Nitrogen Fixation"
461:The process is coupled to the
1:
5482:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105001
4576:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts008
3067:Accounts of Chemical Research
2674:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2526:, which is of use to plants.
2305:Abiological nitrogen fixation
1333:(e.g. the highly significant
235:of those ecosystems rely for
5565:J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
5275:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006352
5195:www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de
5016:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
4708:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
4215:Genome Biology and Evolution
3891:10.1007/978-1-4020-3611-8_11
3823:10.1007/978-94-011-0227-8_27
3646:10.1371/journal.pone.0056103
3511:Threatt SD, Rees DC (2023).
3237:10.1371/journal.pone.0088141
2385:, starting the formation of
1666:most recent common ancestors
821:Marine biogeochemical cycles
5829:", historical perspective,
5620:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00638
5307:Pskowski M (16 July 2019).
5116:10.1007/978-1-4020-3547-0_8
3480:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00556
3397:10.1007/978-3-642-68885-0_8
3040:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_7
3028:Metal Ions in Life Sciences
2742:Zahran HH (December 1999).
188:of all nitrogen-containing
5883:
5833:, 13 July 1878, p. 21
5807:digital.sciencehistory.org
4993:10.1038/d41586-024-01046-z
4624:10.1038/s41467-021-24299-y
4266:Eady RR (1 January 1996).
3112:Environmental Microbiology
2912:. 2nd series (in French).
2713:Nature Education Knowledge
2302:
2260:
2166:Herbaspirillum seropedicae
1636:, which together with the
1480:
1381:Methanosarcina acetivorans
1318:
1188:
528:substrate. In free-living
341:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
5819:Science History Institute
5037:21.11116/0000-0003-B828-1
4765:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
4729:21.11116/0000-0003-B828-1
3389:Inorganic Plant Nutrition
3287:10.1128/mSystems.01078-20
2797:Frontiers in Microbiology
2581:Nitrogen fixation package
2433:) in the atmosphere into
2409:converting nitrogen gas (
2405:Nitrogen can be fixed by
493:into ammonia occurs at a
5389:10.1002/bbpc.19340401005
4979:Wong C (11 April 2024).
3721:Paerl H (9 March 2017).
2810:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01993
2553:George Washington Carver
2373:, breaking the bonds of
1295:Evolution of Nitrogenase
1287:H has two similar genes
1273:nitrogen-fixing bacteria
1224:are thought to inhibit N
1219:. The production of the
889:Arctic methane emissions
884:clathrate gun hypothesis
799:Carbonate–silicate cycle
206:nucleoside triphosphates
5699:Hill RD (August 1979).
5161:10.1126/science.1198181
4339:10.1126/science.1069651
3692:10.1023/A:1004640219659
3587:10.1073/pnas.75.12.6271
3529:10.1002/1873-3468.14534
3180:10.1111/1365-2435.12734
2314:. The first dinitrogen
2143:Azospirillum brasilense
2058:(cyanobacteria such as
1043:environmental chemistry
397:Azotobacter chroococcum
5678:10.1002/qj.49710243404
5028:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
4901:10.1080/20018091095087
4720:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
3993:Molecular Microbiology
2993:Howard S. Reed (1942)
2971:Beijerinck MW (1901).
2555:: an American botanist
2536:Birkeland–Eyde process
2402:
2276:
2212:Birkeland–Eyde process
1747:Phacelia tanacetifolia
1600:
1497:
1351:purple sulfur bacteria
567:Importance of nitrogen
336:
216:, it is essential for
4948:10.1128/MMBR.00033-10
4604:Nature Communications
3968:10.1093/molbev/msh047
3791:10.1099/mic.0.26462-0
3015:Yale University Press
2904:Boussingault (1838).
2365:
2299:Homogeneous catalysis
2270:
2177:Klebsiella pneumoniae
2068:Some lichens such as
2050:Other plant symbionts
2021:(mountain mahoganies)
1642:nitrogen-fixing clade
1598:
1495:
1477:Root nodule symbioses
1347:green sulfur bacteria
580:Biogeochemical cycles
465:of 16 equivalents of
330:
18:Nitrogen-fixing trees
5573:10.1039/C19650000621
4526:10.1128/AEM.02222-17
4469:10.1128/AEM.01402-20
4412:10.1128/AEM.01055-16
3784:(Pt 11): 3257–3263.
3423:Redfield AC (1958).
3034:. Springer: 147–76.
2312:dinitrogen complexes
2197:Industrial processes
1722:Most or all species
726:nitrogen and lichens
538:glutamine synthetase
481:. The conversion of
55:) is converted into
5831:Scientific American
5717:1980JAtS...37..179H
5670:1976QJRMS.102..749T
5526:2008NatGe...1..636E
5473:2014ERL.....9j5001G
5153:2011Sci...331..909O
5095:on 2 December 2016.
4893:2001HERA....7.1393C
4856:2007MEPS..332..107R
4669:2021Sci...373..755A
4663:(6556): 755.7–756.
4616:2021NatCo..12.4160P
4518:2018ApEnM..84E2222B
4461:2020ApEnM..86E1402D
4404:2016ApEnM..82.3698M
4331:2002Sci...297.1137A
4325:(5584): 1137–1142.
4227:10.1093/gbe/evac031
4180:10.1038/nature14180
4172:2015Natur.520..666S
4117:2011Gbio....9..221B
4052:2020Gbio...18..394G
3920:Electrochimica Acta
3637:2013PLoSO...856103B
3578:1978PNAS...75.6271P
3350:1972Natur.239..495S
3321:Postgate J (1998).
3228:2014PLoSO...988141H
3171:2017FuEco..31..530R
3124:2011EnvMi..13.1790G
2937:Enriching the Earth
2881:1980JAtS...37..179H
2576:Nitrogen deficiency
2318:to be reported was
2027:(mountain miseries)
1850:Coriaria myrtifolia
1690:
1615:, with the help of
1605:actinorhizal plants
1064:Ocean acidification
874:Atmospheric methane
574:Part of a series on
410:, species that use
363:Martinus Beijerinck
297:industrial products
128:relationships with
77:chemical industries
39:by which molecular
5774:Hirsch AM (2009).
5422:Curtis HA (1932).
4865:10.3354/meps332107
3429:American Scientist
3159:Functional Ecology
2845:Creative Chemistry
2842:Slosson E (1919).
2707:Wagner SC (2011).
2421:) and oxygen gas (
2403:
2277:
2243:Frank–Caro process
1765:Trema (Parasponia)
1688:
1601:
1498:
1469:was discovered in
1283:most widely used.
348:Hermann Hellriegel
337:
220:and the growth of
5748:Levin JS (1984).
5614:(12): 5582–5636.
5514:Nature Geoscience
5334:(2949): 568–576.
5125:978-1-4020-3540-1
4455:(21): e01402–20.
4398:(13): 3698–3710.
4284:10.1021/cr950057h
4166:(7549): 666–669.
4060:10.1111/gbi.12381
3900:978-1-4020-3611-8
3860:10.1021/cr950055x
3832:978-94-011-0227-8
3572:(12): 6271–6275.
3474:(12): 5082–5106.
3406:978-3-642-68885-0
3323:Nitrogen Fixation
3079:10.1021/ar300267m
3007:Margaret Rossiter
2651:10.1021/cr9500545
2247:calcium cyanamide
2047:
2046:
1781:Trema lamarckiana
1309:Nif, Anf, and Vnf
1178:
1177:
1033:geochemical cycle
879:Methane clathrate
677:mycorrhizal fungi
667:deep carbon cycle
231:, upon which all
212:. As part of the
190:organic compounds
33:Nitrogen fixation
16:(Redirected from
5874:
5862:Plant physiology
5817:
5815:
5813:
5798:
5786:
5780:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5664:(434): 749–755.
5653:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5608:Chemical Reviews
5583:
5577:
5576:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5484:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5366:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5147:(6019): 909–12.
5136:
5130:
5129:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5088:. Archived from
5087:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5039:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4887:(5): 1393–1407.
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4731:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4512:(7): e02222–17.
4497:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4278:(7): 3013–3030.
4272:Chemical Reviews
4263:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3854:(7): 2983–3012.
3848:Chemical Reviews
3843:
3837:
3836:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3742:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3468:Chemical Reviews
3459:
3453:
3452:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3358:10.1038/239495a0
3333:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3182:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3023:
3017:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2645:(7): 2965–2982.
2639:Chemical Reviews
2634:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2227:barium carbonate
1902:(buffaloberries)
1896:(sea-buckthorns)
1845:Coriaria arborea
1691:
1550:bacteria within
1355:Azotobacteraceae
1244:-dependent, and
1203:) to ammonia (NH
1170:
1163:
1156:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1050:Biosequestration
1038:chemical cycling
748:Phosphorus cycle
611:deep water cycle
590:
571:
527:
526:
525:
492:
491:
490:
480:
479:
478:
458:
443:
360:
352:Hermann Wilfarth
299:, which include
117:, but sometimes
70:
69:
68:
54:
53:
52:
37:chemical process
21:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5842:
5841:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5789:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5655:
5654:
5645:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5567:(24): 621–622.
5562:
5561:
5557:
5534:10.1038/ngeo325
5520:(10): 636–639.
5511:
5510:
5506:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5383:(10): 693–698.
5374:
5370:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5268:(8): e2006352.
5255:
5254:
5250:
5221:New Phytologist
5215:Rai AN (2000).
5214:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:Smil V (2000).
5066:
5065:
5061:
5013:
5012:
5008:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4033:
4032:
4028:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3435:(3): 230A–221.
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3344:(5374): 495–9.
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:Smil V (2001).
2934:
2933:
2929:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2593:Ostwald process
2547:Denitrification
2542:Carbon fixation
2532:
2523:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:nitrogen oxides
2440:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2301:
2265:
2259:
2208:Henry Cavendish
2204:
2199:
2157:sp. strain BH72
2052:
2041:
2003:
1953:
1932:
1905:
1890:(silverberries)
1872:
1854:
1838:
1818:
1785:
1776:Trema orientale
1769:
1751:
1740:
1719:
1593:
1543:. They contain
1490:
1485:
1479:
1459:
1323:
1317:
1297:
1250:Gene expression
1227:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1174:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1105:
1090:
1089:Research groups
1082:
1081:
1080:
1059:
1028:Biogeochemistry
1022:
1014:
1013:
1012:
907:
897:
896:
895:
868:
858:
857:
856:
847:Calcareous ooze
830:Biological pump
825:
815:
805:
804:
803:
783:
773:
772:
771:
700:
690:
689:
688:
629:
619:
618:
617:
600:
569:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
477:
474:
473:
472:
470:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
424:
354:
325:
305:pharmaceuticals
167:
67:
64:
63:
62:
60:
51:
48:
47:
46:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5880:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Nitrogen cycle
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5823:
5799:
5787:
5769:
5768:External links
5766:
5763:
5762:
5740:
5691:
5643:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5578:
5555:
5504:
5467:(10): 105001.
5440:
5431:
5425:Fixed nitrogen
5414:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5357:
5345:
5318:
5299:
5248:
5227:(3): 449–481.
5207:
5182:
5131:
5124:
5098:
5074:
5069:Cycles of Life
5059:
5022:(5): 263–276.
5006:
4971:
4942:(4): 529–551.
4922:
4871:
4830:
4800:
4771:(3): 286–302.
4751:
4714:(5): 263–276.
4698:
4647:
4590:
4569:(5): 603–606.
4563:Bioinformatics
4549:
4492:
4435:
4375:
4360:
4305:
4258:
4201:
4146:
4111:(3): 221–232.
4091:
4046:(3): 394–411.
4026:
3999:(4): 673–684.
3982:
3961:(3): 541–554.
3949:(March 2004).
3947:Blankenship RE
3937:
3906:
3899:
3873:
3838:
3831:
3805:
3764:
3713:
3680:Plant and Soil
3670:
3611:
3552:
3503:
3454:
3412:
3405:
3379:
3328:
3310:
3261:
3202:
3165:(2): 530–541.
3145:
3102:
3053:
3018:
2999:
2986:
2983:(16): 561–582.
2963:
2942:
2927:
2896:
2875:(1): 179–192.
2855:
2834:
2783:
2734:
2699:
2680:(1): 685–708.
2664:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2570:Nitrogen cycle
2567:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2508:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2452:
2427:
2415:
2395:
2379:
2359:
2356:
2346:
2334:
2325:
2303:Main article:
2300:
2297:
2261:Main article:
2258:
2255:
2231:barium cyanide
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:Pseudomonadota
2180:
2169:
2158:
2146:
2138:Foxtail millet
2135:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1592:
1591:Non-leguminous
1589:
1489:
1486:
1481:Main article:
1478:
1475:
1458:
1455:
1446:Dolichospermum
1399:nitrogen cycle
1319:Main article:
1316:
1315:Microorganisms
1313:
1296:
1293:
1254:DNA sequencing
1225:
1204:
1200:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1055:Deep biosphere
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1021:Related topics
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
909:
908:
903:
902:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
891:
886:
876:
870:
869:
864:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
852:Siliceous ooze
849:
844:
843:
842:
837:
835:microbial loop
826:
824:
823:
817:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
802:
801:
796:
791:
785:
784:
779:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
768:
767:
757:
756:
755:
745:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
711:Nitrogen cycle
708:
706:Hydrogen cycle
702:
701:
698:Nutrient cycle
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:
686:
684:Boreal forests
681:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
631:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
616:
615:
614:
613:
602:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
583:
582:
576:
575:
568:
565:
522:
487:
475:
423:
420:
416:nitrogen cycle
333:nitrogen cycle
324:
321:
250:in sustaining
218:soil fertility
214:nitrogen cycle
169:production by
165:
109:) and contain
65:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5879:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5751:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5418:
5415:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5365:
5349:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5070:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:(in Korean).
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:F1000Research
3724:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:(2): e56103.
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:(2): e88141.
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:(7): 1790–9.
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:(2): 587–95.
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2979:(in German).
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:J. Atmos. Sci
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2609:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:Nitrification
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2501:
2461:
2445:
2439:
2408:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Haber process
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:Haber process
2257:Haber process
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:Haber process
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:Mosquito fern
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Kentrothamnus
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:Posidoniaceae
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:(babyberries)
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Allocasuarina
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1791:Casuarinaceae
1789:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:In addition,
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:physiological
1659:
1655:
1654:plesiomorphic
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:Styphnolobium
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1488:Legume family
1487:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:Aphanizomenon
1435:
1434:
1433:Trichodesmium
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Cyanobacteria
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:Trichodesmium
1332:
1331:cyanobacteria
1328:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:cyanobacteria
1198:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
901:
900:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:Methane cycle
862:
861:
853:
850:
848:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
819:
818:
814:
809:
808:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Calcium cycle
787:
786:
782:
777:
776:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:nitrification
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
694:
693:
685:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:Sequestration
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
623:
622:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
589:
585:
584:
581:
577:
573:
572:
566:
564:
562:
561:leghemoglobin
558:
554:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:metal cluster
468:
464:
459:
454:+ 16ADP + 16P
438:+ 16ATP + 16H
431:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
398:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
358:
353:
349:
346:
342:
334:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
260:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
241:food security
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:nucleic acids
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
143:
142:aquatic ferns
139:
135:
132:, especially
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:abiologically
58:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
5867:Soil biology
5810:. Retrieved
5806:
5753:. Retrieved
5743:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5661:
5657:
5611:
5607:
5588:"Catalytic N
5581:
5564:
5558:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5464:
5460:
5443:
5434:
5424:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5380:
5376:
5348:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5312:
5302:
5265:
5262:PLOS Biology
5261:
5251:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5194:
5185:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5107:
5101:
5090:the original
5077:
5068:
5062:
5019:
5015:
5009:
4984:
4974:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4813:ScienceDaily
4812:
4803:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4395:
4391:
4363:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4043:
4039:
4029:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3958:
3954:
3940:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3882:
3876:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3814:
3808:
3781:
3778:Microbiology
3777:
3767:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3686:(1): 39–48.
3683:
3679:
3673:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3523:(1): 45–58.
3520:
3517:FEBS Letters
3516:
3506:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3432:
3428:
3388:
3382:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3322:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3013:, page 146,
3010:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2844:
2837:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2712:
2702:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2642:
2638:
2500:nitrous acid
2437:
2404:
2387:nitrous acid
2308:
2278:
2223:alkali metal
2216:
2205:
2187:Bacteroidota
2175:
2164:
2152:
2149:Kallar grass
2141:
2131:and unclear
2123:
2106:
2099:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
1880:Elaeagnaceae
1826:Coriariaceae
1728:Boraginaceae
1678:
1672:
1670:
1641:
1626:Cucurbitales
1616:
1602:
1582:
1567:
1556:root systems
1499:
1461:One type of
1460:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1393:
1386:methanogenic
1379:
1369:
1362:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1288:
1284:
1279:gene is the
1276:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1240:-dependent,
1234:
1230:oxoglutarate
1194:
1179:
993:ozone–oxygen
905:Other cycles
813:Marine cycle
794:Silica cycle
765:assimilation
760:Sulfur cycle
753:assimilation
743:Oxygen cycle
736:assimilation
730:
716:human impact
627:Carbon cycle
550:
546:
536:through the
514:hydrogenates
460:
432:
425:
401:
395:
393:
389:soil science
386:
367:
338:
257:(especially
252:agricultural
198:polypeptides
186:biosynthesis
175:
145:
123:
103:
97:
93:nitrogenases
80:
32:
31:
29:
5755:29 November
5711:: 179–192.
4850:: 107–118.
4610:(1): 4160.
3926:: 396–403.
2587:Nitrogenase
2516:nitric acid
2460:triple bond
2289:fertilizers
2025:Chamaebatia
2019:Cercocarpus
1923:(sweetfern)
1860:Datiscaceae
1809:Ceuthostoma
1757:Cannabaceae
1683:Cannabaceae
1483:Root nodule
1451:heterocytes
1423:amino acids
1371:Clostridium
1221:nitrogenase
1191:Nitrogenase
1185:Nitrogenase
840:viral shunt
672:soil carbon
662:carbon sink
645:terrestrial
640:atmospheric
606:Water cycle
598:Water cycle
530:diazotrophs
511:active site
507:protonation
442:O + 8e + 8H
428:nitrogenase
403:azotobacter
370:de Saussure
355: [
301:fertilizers
229:vegetations
226:semiaquatic
222:terrestrial
194:amino acids
81:diazotrophy
5857:Metabolism
5846:Categories
5822:furnaces).
5453:Maranger R
5449:Glibert PM
5200:14 October
4105:Geobiology
4040:Geobiology
2727:29 January
2719:(10): 15.
2621:References
2559:Heterocyst
2293:explosives
2273:alpha rays
2202:Historical
2133:endophytes
2056:cyanobiont
1961:Rhamnaceae
1950:(seagrass)
1913:Myricaceae
1900:Shepherdia
1814:Gymnostoma
1706:Betulaceae
1679:Parasponia
1467:nitroplast
1421:, or some
1374:spp. Some
1342:Cyanothece
1329:including
1321:Diazotroph
1238:molybdenum
1217:heterocyst
1197:catalyzing
781:Rock cycle
503:molybdenum
463:hydrolysis
422:Biological
408:diazotroph
345:agronomist
317:explosives
115:molybdenum
41:dinitrogen
5812:16 August
5735:1520-0469
5686:0035-9009
5542:1752-0908
5499:154724892
5491:1748-9326
5397:179115181
5313:Yale E360
4909:1080-7039
4693:238709371
4685:0036-8075
4347:0036-8075
4292:0009-2665
4235:1759-6653
4188:0028-0836
4133:1472-4677
4068:1472-4677
3700:1573-5036
3441:0003-0996
3189:1365-2435
2923:: 353–367
2694:0066-4154
2524:(nitrate)
2407:lightning
2367:Lightning
2358:Lightning
2285:ecosystem
2219:Desfosses
2129:Sugarcane
2119:Hornworts
2113:liverwort
2077:Peltigera
1994:Talguenea
1989:Retanilla
1969:Ceanothus
1948:Posidonia
1921:Comptonia
1894:Hippophae
1888:Elaeagnus
1804:Casuarina
1554:in their
1545:symbiotic
1463:organelle
1403:biosphere
1281:biomarker
1101:GEOTRACES
1069:acid rain
983:manganese
553:anaerobic
542:nif genes
534:glutamate
266:livestock
248:societies
233:consumers
171:lightning
126:symbiotic
85:catalyzed
5638:32352271
5550:94880859
5407:8 August
5401:Archived
5340:41338647
5294:30086128
5243:33862930
5177:20501765
5169:21205637
5046:29398704
5001:38605201
4966:21119016
4917:83939897
4817:Archived
4795:22928644
4738:29398704
4642:34230473
4585:22238262
4544:29374038
4487:32826220
4430:27084023
4355:12183619
4300:11848850
4253:35179578
4196:25686600
4141:21504537
4086:32065506
4021:42057860
3977:14694078
3868:11848849
3800:14600238
3759:28357051
3708:22893775
3665:23405255
3625:PLOS ONE
3606:16592599
3547:36344435
3538:10100503
3498:32176472
3449:27827150
3305:33436515
3275:mSystems
3256:24505405
3216:PLOS ONE
3197:88551895
3140:21535343
3097:23289741
3048:25416394
2829:28018322
2803:: 1993.
2778:10585971
2721:Archived
2659:11848848
2530:See also
2154:Azoarcus
2091:species)
2011:Rosaceae
1979:Discaria
1974:Colletia
1834:Coriaria
1736:Phacelia
1716:(alders)
1700:Species
1650:Rosaceae
1646:eurosids
1613:bayberry
1607:such as
1548:rhizobia
1515:such as
1509:Fabaceae
1415:ammonium
1378:such as
1359:rhizobia
1327:Bacteria
1302:maturase
1252:through
1242:vanadium
1141:Category
1003:vanadium
998:selenium
953:fluorine
943:chromium
938:chlorine
913:aluminum
731:fixation
559:such as
412:diatomic
309:textiles
293:harvests
202:proteins
192:such as
156:termites
144:such as
119:vanadium
107:homologs
5713:Bibcode
5666:Bibcode
5629:7493999
5522:Bibcode
5469:Bibcode
5285:6080747
5149:Bibcode
5141:Science
5054:3948918
4957:3008169
4889:Bibcode
4852:Bibcode
4786:3655545
4746:3948918
4665:Bibcode
4657:Science
4633:8260585
4612:Bibcode
4535:5861825
4514:Bibcode
4478:7580536
4457:Bibcode
4421:4907175
4400:Bibcode
4327:Bibcode
4319:Science
4244:8890362
4168:Bibcode
4113:Bibcode
4077:7216921
4048:Bibcode
4013:8332060
3750:5345769
3733:: 244.
3656:3566065
3633:Bibcode
3574:Bibcode
3489:7703680
3374:4225250
3366:4563018
3346:Bibcode
3296:7901482
3247:3914916
3224:Bibcode
3167:Bibcode
3120:Bibcode
3088:3578145
3009:(1975)
2916:: 5–54.
2877:Bibcode
2820:5156715
2446:). The
2316:complex
2101:Gunnera
2071:Lobaria
2036:Purshia
1868:Datisca
1697:Genera
1694:Family
1658:genetic
1640:form a
1638:Fabales
1634:Rosales
1630:Fagales
1618:Frankia
1574:rotated
1566:(e.g.,
1552:nodules
1541:rooibos
1529:alfalfa
1525:soybean
1511:— with
1427:Archean
1411:nitrite
1407:nitrate
1401:of the
1376:archaea
1364:Frankia
1211:, this
988:mercury
978:lithium
933:cadmium
928:bromine
918:arsenic
650:oceanic
557:protein
497:called
382:Gilbert
323:History
281:fishery
237:biomass
134:legumes
91:called
89:enzymes
57:ammonia
5733:
5684:
5636:
5626:
5596:(or -N
5592:-to-NH
5548:
5540:
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