20:
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1963:
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huge increase in production and sales in emerging markets like India and China. The data suggest that 95% of this impact is from China alone. In 2012 the data from the
European Chemical Industry Council shows that five European countries account for 71% of the EU's chemicals sales. These are Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands.
1007:, adhesives and sealants as well as coatings, industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals, and catalysts. In 2012, excluding fine chemicals, the $ 546 billion global specialty chemical market was 33% Paints, Coating and Surface Treatments, 27% Advanced Polymer, 14% Adhesives and Sealants, 13% additives, and 13% pigments and inks.
979:, and research and development spending at 15 to 25% of sales. Life science products are usually produced with high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration. Pesticides, also called "crop protection chemicals", are about 10% of this category and include
2493:
In 2012, the chemical sector accounted for 12% of the EU manufacturing industry's added value. Europe remains the world's biggest chemical trading region with 43% of the world's exports and 37% of the world's imports, although the latest data shows that Asia is catching up with 34% of the exports and
1096:
tabulates the US production volume of the top 100 chemicals. In 2000, the aggregate production volume of the top 100 chemicals totaled 502 million tons, up from 397 million tons in 1990. Inorganic chemicals tend to be the largest volume but much smaller in dollar revenue due to their low prices. The
2485:
In the U.S. there are 170 major chemical companies. They operate internationally with more than 2,800 facilities outside the U.S. and 1,700 foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating. The U.S. chemical output is $ 750 billion a year. The U.S. industry records large trade surpluses and employs more
2505:
Just as companies emerge as the main producers of the chemical industry, we can also look on a more global scale at how industrialized countries rank, with regard to the billions of dollars worth of production a country or region could export. Though the business of chemistry is worldwide in scope,
1002:
are a category of relatively high-valued, rapidly growing chemicals with diverse end product markets. Typical growth rates are one to three times GDP with prices over a dollar per pound. They are generally characterized by their innovative aspects. Products are sold for what they can do rather than
2497:
Over the 20 years between 1991 and 2011, the
European Chemical industry saw its sales increase from 295 billion Euros to 539 billion Euros, a picture of constant growth. Despite this, the European industry's share of the world chemical market has fallen from 36% to 20%. This has resulted from the
1040:
Consumers rarely come into contact with basic chemicals. Polymers and specialty chemicals are materials that they encounter everywhere daily. Examples are plastics, cleaning materials, cosmetics, paints & coatings, electronics, automobiles and the materials used in home construction. These
2406:
The petrochemical and commodity chemical manufacturing units are on the whole single product continuous processing plants. Not all petrochemical or commodity chemical materials are made in one single location, but groups of related materials often are to induce industrial symbiosis as well as
1966:
This is a process diagram of a turbine generator. Engineers working to produce a sustainable process for use in the chemical industry need to know how to design a sustainable process in which the system can withstand or manipulate process-halting conditions such as heat, friction, pressure,
2489:
In Europe, the chemical, plastics, and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors. Together they generate about 3.2 million jobs in more than 60,000 companies. Since 2000 the chemical sector alone has represented 2/3 of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU.
1155:
The largest chemical producers today are global companies with international operations and plants in numerous countries. Below is a list of the top 25 chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015. (Note: Chemical sales represent only a portion of total sales for some companies.)
671:
comprise about 80% of the industry's output worldwide. Chemicals are used in many different consumer goods, and are also used in many different sectors. This includes agriculture manufacturing, construction, and service industries. Major industrial customers include rubber and
2501:
The chemical industry has seen growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, South East Asia, Nigeria and Brazil. The growth is driven by changes in feedstock availability and price, labor and energy costs, differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures.
2494:
37% of imports. Even so, Europe still has a trading surplus with all regions of the world except Japan and China where in 2011 there was a chemical trade balance. Europe's trade surplus with the rest of the world today amounts to 41.7 billion Euros.
535:
into a crude mixture which, when extracted with alcohol, produced a substance with an intense purple colour. He also developed the first synthetic perfumes. German industry quickly began to dominate the field of synthetic dyes. The three major firms
2018:-industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber (elastomers), oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), explosives, fragrances and flavors. Examples of these products are shown in the Table below.
8118:
397:, England. Mond was instrumental in making the Solvay process a commercial success. He made several refinements between 1873 and 1880 that removed byproducts that could inhibit the production of sodium carbonate in the process.
2461:
Specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacturing are mostly made in discrete batch processes. These manufacturers are often found in similar locations but in many cases, they are to be found in multi-sector business parks.
687:
Sales of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35% - 37% of dollar output), life sciences (30%), specialty chemicals (20% - 25%) and consumer products (about 10%).
8133:
2506:
the bulk of the world's $ 3.7 trillion chemical output is accounted for by only a handful of industrialized nations. The United States alone produced $ 689 billion, 18.6 percent of the total world chemical output in 2008.
2366:
standards. The products are packaged and delivered by many methods, including pipelines, tank-cars, and tank-trucks (for both solids and liquids), cylinders, drums, bottles, and boxes. Chemical companies often have a
171:
developed a process for its production that involved heating sulfur with saltpeter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. It was the first practical production of sulphuric acid on a large scale.
591:
treated with a variety of solvents. This material, exhibited at the 1862 London
International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics. The industrial production of
357:
to be passed in 1863. This provided for close inspection of the factories and imposed heavy fines on those exceeding the limits on pollution. Methods were devised to make useful byproducts from the alkali.
150:
Although chemicals were made and used throughout history, the birth of the heavy chemical industry (production of chemicals in large quantities for a variety of uses) coincided with the beginnings of the
471:
The late 19th century saw an explosion in both the quantity of production and the variety of chemicals that were manufactured. Large chemical industries arose in
Germany and later in the United States.
548:
produced several hundred different dyes. By 1913, German industries produced almost 90% of the world's supply of dyestuffs and sold approximately 80% of their production abroad. In the United States,
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laboratory for developing and testing products and processes. These facilities may include pilot plants and such research facilities may be located at a site separate from the production plant(s).
2312:
to form new substances in various types of reaction vessels. In many cases, the reactions take place in special corrosion-resistant equipment at elevated temperatures and pressures with the use of
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than a million people in the United States alone. The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $ 5 billion annually on pollution abatement.
2450:, and road and rail terminals. To demonstrate the clustering and integration mentioned above, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the
748:(PVC), another large-volume product, is principally used to make piping for construction markets as well as siding and, to a much smaller extent, transportation and packaging materials.
331:
became the largest chemical production centres anywhere. By the 1870s, the
British soda output of 200,000 tons annually exceeded that of all other nations in the world combined.
712:
Basic chemicals, or "commodity chemicals" are a broad chemical category including polymers, bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, other derivatives and basic industrials,
4521:
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4771:. chapters 3-6 deal with DuPont, Dow Chemicals, Monsanto, American Cyanamid, Union Carbide, and Allied in US; and European chemical producers, Bayer, Farben, and ICI.
975:. While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to have high prices - over ten dollars per pound - growth rates of 1.5 to 6 times
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19:
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684:, and primary metals. Chemicals are nearly a $ 5 trillion global enterprise, and the EU and U.S. chemical companies are the world's largest producers.
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2442:. The large-scale manufacturing locations often have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large-scale infrastructure such as
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for long periods of time, which created a severe bottleneck in production. Sulfuric acid began to be used as a more efficient agent as well as
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matured. Originally, large quantities of alkaline waste were vented into the environment from the production of soda, provoking one of the
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Life sciences (about 30% of the dollar output of the chemistry business) include differentiated chemical and biological substances,
381:, France. The new process proved more economical and less polluting than the Leblanc method, and its use spread. In the same year,
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754:(PP), similar in volume to PVC, is used in markets ranging from packaging, appliances, and containers to clothing and carpeting.
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The processes and products or products are usually tested during and after manufacture by dedicated instruments and on-site
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4757:
Shaping the
Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries
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Those chemicals made on the largest of scales are made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in
7250:
6071:
2362:. More organizations within the industry are implementing chemical compliance software to maintain quality products and
1444:
632:
142:
Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians.
319:
on salt production until 1824. When these tariffs were repealed, the
British soda industry was able to rapidly expand.
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760:(PS), another large-volume plastic, is used principally for appliances and packaging as well as toys and recreation.
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that spurred the creation of the first great chemical industrial enterprise. His powder was made by reacting
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methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Most of these products serve to
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4231:"Electrolytic Production of Bromine - National Historic Chemical Landmark - American Chemical Society"
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4445:"C&EN's Global Top 50 | July 25, 2016 Issue - Vol. 94 Issue 30 | Chemical & Engineering News"
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742:(PE), is used mainly in packaging films and other markets such as milk bottles, containers, and pipe.
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specialty products are marketed by chemical companies to the downstream manufacturing industries as
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1089:, and textile chemicals. Chemical companies rarely supply these products directly to the consumer.
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Principal raw materials for polymers are bulk petrochemicals like ethylene, propylene and benzene.
713:
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76:
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are sold as effect or performance chemicals. Sometimes they are mixtures of formulations, unlike "
895:(about 12% of the revenue output) make up the oldest of the chemical categories. Products include
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734:, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, transportation, toys, and games.
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100:
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779:, with applications including apparel, home furnishings, and other industrial and consumer use.
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2015:
1976:
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887:, and rubber products and contribute about 20 percent of the basic chemicals' external sales.
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McCoy, Micheal; et al. (July 10, 2006). "Facts & Figures of the
Chemical Industry".
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238:, and production went from just 52 tons in 1799 to almost 10,000 tons just five years later.
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One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial processes was
272:. By the 18th century, this source was becoming uneconomical due to deforestation, and the
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Ronalds, B.F. (2019). "Bonnington
Chemical Works (1822-1878): Pioneer Coal Tar Company".
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and other more complex organic chemicals particularly those that are made for use in the
841:. These basic or commodity chemicals are the starting materials used to manufacture many
2316:. The products of these reactions are separated using a variety of techniques including
194:'s St. Rollox Chemical Works in 1831, then the biggest chemical enterprise in the world.
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184:, in 1749, which used leaden condensing chambers for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
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From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of
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4643:"Facts and Figures 2012:The European chemicals industry in a worldwide perspective"
4611:"Facts and Figures 2012:The European chemicals industry in a worldwide perspective"
4547:"Facts and Figures 2012:The European chemicals industry in a worldwide perspective"
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The scale of chemical manufacturing tends to be organized from largest in volume (
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was a commercial success that helped to promote the country's chemical industry.
39:
and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other
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based on a modern chemical process invented by
William Hough Watson that used
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These huge factories began to produce a greater diversity of chemicals as the
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Industry (branch), which is engaged in the manufacturing of chemical products
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to ensure safe operation and to assure that the product will meet required
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Contains many tables and maps on the worldwide chemical industry in 1950.
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for what chemicals they contain. Products include electronic chemicals,
198:
In the early 18th century, cloth was bleached by treating it with stale
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in 1861. In 1864, Solvay and his brother Alfred constructed a plant in
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235:
88:
72:
36:
8295:
7681:
7564:
7404:
7213:
7156:
7066:
7046:
6681:
6523:
6506:
6135:
5794:
5784:
5747:
5737:
5717:
5636:
5574:
5554:
5529:
5522:
5512:
5452:
5385:
5380:
5335:
5140:
4903:
4898:
4181:
International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
2474:
2345:
2257:
2092:
2071:
1887:
1804:
1795:
1775:
1766:
1579:
1554:
1545:
1473:
1429:
1347:
1322:
1313:
1289:
1110:
948:
636:
528:
504:
316:
261:
108:
1025:
Consumer products include direct product sales of chemicals such as
639:
became a major chemicals firm in the early 20th century in America.
385:
visited Solvay to acquire the rights to use his process, and he and
4821:
4096:
A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900
523:
in England in the 1840s. The first synthetic dye was discovered by
8215:
8188:
7742:
7513:
7376:
7240:
7148:
7051:
6754:
6371:
5298:
5268:
5000:
4990:
4955:
4945:
4469:"Chemical and Agrochemical Enterprise Quality Management Software"
2469:
2415:
2378:
2282:
2278:
1961:
1930:
1891:
1882:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1709:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1550:
1521:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1413:
1380:
1332:
1274:
1264:
1255:
876:
772:
695:
553:
474:
333:
257:
245:
199:
186:
68:
64:
18:
2513:
Global Chemical Shipments by Country/Region (billions of dollars)
1987:
other items, although a smaller number go directly to consumers.
563:
industry can be traced back to the oil works of Scottish chemist
7894:
7711:
7399:
7302:
7255:
6674:
6385:
5752:
5742:
5517:
5417:
5315:
5278:
5084:
5059:
4940:
4272:"Unilever: Providing Enjoyable and Meaningful Life to Customers"
2478:
2447:
2189:
2079:
1800:
1186:
1026:
896:
593:
537:
480:
341:, patented an improved industrial method for the manufacture of
265:
253:
104:
8079:
7864:
7134:
5597:
4864:
4825:
726:
are the largest revenue segment and includes all categories of
230:
and proved to be a cheap and successful product. He opened the
7056:
6375:
6297:
6006:
5145:
4980:
2286:
1996:
976:
864:
60:
1061:, specialty coatings, printing inks, water-soluble polymers,
4332:"Chemicals Market Size, Trends and Global Forecast To 2032"
730:
and human-made fibers. The major markets for plastics are
214:
by the middle of the century, but it was the discovery of
2308:
Chemical processes such as chemical reactions operate in
939:
are the smallest category (about 6 percent) and include
503:
facility. In the 1840s he established large works near
377:
Belgium. In 1874, they expanded into a larger plant in
315:
in 1816, but it remained on a small scale due to large
2007:
provide a few examples of products used by consumers.
1017:," which are almost always single-molecule products.
619:
By the 1920s, chemical firms consolidated into large
180:
were the first to establish a large-scale factory in
4094:
Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor I. (1993).
8281:
8164:
8090:
8034:
7984:
7877:
7727:
7667:
7624:
7494:
7385:
7325:
7229:
7147:
6995:
6886:
6792:
6449:
6217:
6017:
5617:
5610:
5400:
5221:
5107:
4884:
4877:
4799:
World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks
789:and intermediate chemicals are primarily made from
2407:material, energy and utility efficiency and other
1159:Top chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015.
1037:. Typical growth rates are 0.8 to 1.0 times GDP.
552:use of electrochemistry to produce chemicals from
244:was used since ancient times in the production of
4788:Shreve, R. Norris; Brink, Joseph A. Jr. (1977).
4704:A History of the International Chemical Industry
303:In Britain, the Leblanc process became popular.
4585:. Chemical News. pp. 18–20. Archived from
1053:, construction chemicals, Industrial Cleaners,
296:. He was denied his prize money because of the
4418:(Report). MarketLine. May 2012. Archived from
4386:(Report). Marketline. May 2012. Archived from
404:began at scale in the early 19th century. The
280:for a method to produce alkali from sea salt (
4837:
4310:. PHI Learning Private Limited. p. 132.
4074:Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster
2452:Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster
1247:(China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation)
307:built the first soda works in Britain at the
8:
4734:Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century
4301:
4299:
4162:
4160:
4797:Woytinsky, W. S.; Woytinsky, E. S. (1953).
4278:. Archived from the original on 2013-12-15.
8087:
8076:
7874:
7861:
7144:
7131:
5614:
5607:
5594:
4881:
4874:
4861:
4844:
4830:
4822:
1069:, oil field chemicals, plastic adhesives,
400:The manufacture of chemical products from
4270:Jeannifer Filly Sumayku (22 March 2010).
1097:top 11 of the 100 chemicals in 2000 were
801:fractions. Large volume products include
355:first pieces of environmental legislation
4217:
4213:
4166:
4151:
2508:
2020:
1161:
4580:"European Chemicals Industry: A review"
4086:
2010:The industry includes manufacturers of
4792:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
4281:
4259:. UK Patent office. 1857. p. 255.
4111:"Sulfuric Acid: Pumping Up the Volume"
487:Production of artificial manufactured
463:were later added to the product line.
4672:
4670:
4471:. Sparta Systems, Inc. Archived from
4353:
4351:
420:began to be processed in 1822 at the
7:
8451:
4706:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
738:The largest-volume polymer product,
571:. The first plastic was invented by
4736:. Michigan State University Press.
4522:"Our contribution to EU27 industry"
4306:Singh, Kirpal (July 2012). "17.2".
4132:"The Chemical Industries In The UK"
700:New polypropylene plant PP3 in the
596:from vegetable oils was started by
327:and Charles Tennant's complex near
4648:. CEFIC. p. 7. Archived from
4616:. CEFIC. p. 6. Archived from
4336:www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com
1151:List of largest chemical producers
292:who then built a Leblanc plant at
14:
479:The factories of the German firm
27:- an example of chemical industry
8462:
8450:
8439:
8438:
1939:
1910:
1881:
1852:
1823:
1794:
1765:
1732:
1703:
1674:
1645:
1616:
1588:
1573:
1544:
1515:
1482:
1453:
1423:
1403:
1370:
1341:
1312:
1283:
1254:
1224:
1195:
8463:
5998:Outdoors & sports equipment
4790:The Chemical Process Industries
4777:Chemical & Engineering News
2424:Gulf Coast of the United States
680:, apparel, petroleum refining,
127:; and other categories such as
4678:"Global Business of Chemistry"
4359:"Sectors of Chemical Industry"
855:and basic industrials include
647:Polymers and plastics such as
393:, and built a Solvay plant at
1:
6002:Personal protective equipment
4813:Chemical refinery resources:
4193:10.1080/17581206.2020.1787807
83:. It includes industries for
4759:. Harvard University Press.
4755:Chandler, Alfred D. (2005).
4578:Higgins, Stan (April 2013).
4494:SINGH, KIRPAL (2012-07-07).
3604:Asia-Pacific excluding Japan
1967:emissions, and contaminants.
1304:Formosa Plastics Corporation
633:Imperial Chemical Industries
79:for industrial and consumer
4413:Global Speciality Chemicals
4134:. American Chemical Society
4113:. American Chemical Society
4064:Prices of chemical elements
2273:Related industries include
8518:
4381:Global Specialty Chemicals
1148:
1094:American Chemistry Council
1083:water management chemicals
661:polyethylene terephthalate
432:, pitch oil (later called
274:French Academy of Sciences
8433:
8086:
8075:
7873:
7860:
7143:
7130:
5606:
5593:
4873:
4860:
4500:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
4288:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4235:American Chemical Society
4109:Kiefer, David M. (2001).
2375:World chemical production
519:in the United States and
422:Bonnington Chemical Works
8311:Mergers and acquisitions
8052:Research and development
6417:Chemical & hormonal
6072:Communications equipment
3501:Africa & Middle East
2552:United States of America
2466:Continents and countries
2369:research-and-development
1049:, electronic chemicals,
531:. He partly transformed
467:Expansion and maturation
288:was patented in 1791 by
276:offered a prize of 2400
260:, and the source of the
232:St Rollox Chemical Works
43:. Central to the modern
7102:Painting and decorating
6126:Medical imaging systems
6059:Parts & peripherals
4702:Aftalion, Fred (1991).
4552:. CEFIC. Archived from
4497:CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE
4308:Chemistry in Daily Life
4054:Pharmaceutical industry
2322:fractional distillation
791:liquefied petroleum gas
579:. In 1856, he patented
513:vulcanization of rubber
507:for the manufacture of
391:Brunner, Mond & Co.
264:had traditionally been
8502:Industries (economics)
8415:State-owned enterprise
8395:Nonprofit organization
8306:Horizontal integration
6119:Scientific instruments
6082:Network infrastructure
4732:Brandt, E. N. (1997).
4256:Patents for inventions
3435:Central/Eastern Europe
2482:
2384:
1968:
965:animal health products
827:vinyl chloride monomer
709:
509:superphosphate of lime
484:
346:
195:
113:agricultural chemicals
28:
7758:Private investigation
4801:. pp. 1176–1205.
3975:Total world shipments
2477:'s chemical plant in
2473:
2382:
1965:
1171:2015 Chemical Sales (
1139:diammonium phosphates
775:, polypropylene, and
699:
499:at his purpose-built
495:was pioneered by Sir
478:
365:was developed by the
351:Industrial Revolution
337:
323:'s chemical works in
309:Losh, Wilson and Bell
190:
182:Prestonpans, Scotland
167:. In 1736 pharmacist
159:Industrial Revolution
153:Industrial Revolution
22:
8497:Industrial processes
8326:Vertical integration
6332:Speciality chemicals
6172:Electrical equipment
6089:Consumer electronics
4443:Tullo, Alexander H.
4044:Chemical engineering
2399:, and the smallest,
2383:Distillation columns
1216:Dow Chemical Company
1011:Speciality chemicals
569:Abraham Pineo Gesner
525:William Henry Perkin
511:. Processes for the
444:) and sal ammoniac (
133:speciality chemicals
8410:Sole proprietorship
8385:Joint-stock company
7659:Veterinary medicine
7484:Property management
7278:Passenger transport
6305:Commodity chemicals
6131:Optical instruments
6099:Video game consoles
5992:Musical instruments
5833:Media reproduction
4393:on 15 November 2012
2397:specialty chemicals
2393:commodity chemicals
1873:Reliance Industries
1637:PTT Global Chemical
1445:Mitsubishi Chemical
1101:(44 million tons),
1000:Specialty chemicals
995:Specialty chemicals
892:Inorganic chemicals
847:specialty chemicals
714:inorganic chemicals
550:Herbert Henry Dow's
501:Rothamsted Research
369:industrial chemist
206:and exposing it to
101:inorganic chemicals
77:commodity chemicals
8358:Putting-out system
7867:Information sector
7788:Personal services
7395:Financial services
6867:offshore platforms
6716:advanced materials
6697:Ready-mix concrete
6150:Laser construction
6110:Clocks and watches
5944:Injection moulding
5915:Other fabrication
5868:household hardware
4725:2011-06-04 at the
4276:The President Post
4098:. New York: Dover.
3870:Other Asia/Pacific
2483:
2409:economies of scale
2385:
1977:chemical reactions
1973:chemical processes
1969:
1786:Yara International
1079:cosmetic chemicals
1047:specialty polymers
746:Polyvinyl chloride
710:
657:polyvinyl chloride
485:
347:
196:
29:
8492:Chemical industry
8479:
8478:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8256:Natural resources
8101:Production-based
8071:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8009:Vocational school
7856:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7087:Electrical wiring
7073:Specialty trades
7027:Civil engineering
6882:
6881:
6556:Vulcanized rubber
6352:Cleaning products
6192:Electric lighting
5909:Surface finishing
5899:Powder metallurgy
5854:Metal fabrication
5600:Industrial sector
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5488:Rare-earth metals
5396:
5395:
4713:978-0-8122-1297-6
4507:978-81-203-4617-8
4475:on 7 October 2015
4317:978-81-203-4617-8
4035:
4034:
2271:
2270:
1955:
1954:
1844:Sumitomo Chemical
1695:Evonik Industries
1231:Midland, Michigan
1021:Consumer products
929:hydrogen peroxide
911:, acids (such as
853:Other derivatives
765:human-made fibers
515:were patented by
450:Ammonium sulphate
446:ammonium chloride
410:ammoniacal liquor
298:French Revolution
33:chemical industry
8509:
8466:
8465:
8454:
8453:
8442:
8441:
8338:Enforced breakup
8333:Decentralization
8261:Physical capital
8088:
8077:
7875:
7862:
7738:Customer service
7654:Residential care
7602:Public relations
7410:Financial advice
7387:Asset management
7182:Department store
7145:
7132:
7112:Site preparation
6960:Telecom networks
6928:Waste management
6904:Gas distribution
6588:Synthetic fibers
6315:Industrial gases
6054:Computer systems
5988:Medical supplies
5615:
5608:
5595:
5025:Animal husbandry
4996:Medicinal plants
4882:
4875:
4862:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4770:
4747:
4717:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4680:. Archived from
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4227:
4221:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4176:
4170:
4169:, pp. 14–16
4164:
4155:
4154:, pp. 11–13
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4069:Responsible Care
4049:Chemical leasing
2509:
2249:industrial gases
2214:ammonium nitrate
2047:sodium hydroxide
2021:
1944:
1943:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1885:
1857:
1856:
1828:
1827:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1769:
1737:
1736:
1708:
1707:
1679:
1678:
1666:Toray Industries
1650:
1649:
1621:
1620:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1519:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1457:
1428:
1427:
1408:
1407:
1375:
1374:
1362:ExxonMobil Corp.
1346:
1345:
1317:
1316:
1288:
1287:
1259:
1258:
1229:
1228:
1200:
1199:
1162:
1005:industrial gases
925:titanium dioxide
857:synthetic rubber
600:and his brother
573:Alexander Parkes
517:Charles Goodyear
416:manufacture for
216:bleaching powder
129:industrial gases
97:synthetic fibers
23:Oil refinery in
8517:
8516:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8482:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8474:
8421:
8390:Nationalization
8277:
8247:Primary inputs
8168:
8160:
8093:
8092:Classification
8082:
8063:
8030:
7980:
7964:Social networks
7881:
7869:
7848:
7832:Business travel
7734:Administrative
7723:
7707:Amusement parks
7671:
7663:
7637:Dentist offices
7620:
7490:
7457:Pension funding
7430:Risk management
7415:Holding company
7381:
7321:
7233:
7225:
7197:Specialty store
7192:Online shopping
7139:
7118:
6991:
6878:
6788:
6445:
6403:Pharmaceuticals
6347:Aroma compounds
6283:Petroleum jelly
6213:
6202:Home appliances
6197:Electric motors
6145:spotting scopes
6106:Instrumentation
6019:
6013:
5995:Office supplies
5602:
5581:
5565:Dimension stone
5499:Other minerals
5444:Mining of ores
5392:
5217:
5103:
5050:Other livestock
4936:Permanent crops
4869:
4856:
4850:
4810:
4796:
4787:
4774:
4767:
4754:
4744:
4731:
4727:Wayback Machine
4714:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4655:on 4 March 2016
4652:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4623:on 4 March 2016
4620:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4559:on 4 March 2016
4556:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4216:, p. 104,
4212:
4208:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4040:
2468:
2448:port facilities
2377:
2353:quality control
2330:crystallization
2310:chemical plants
2303:food processing
2299:pharmaceuticals
2234:benzyl benzoate
2005:portland cement
1960:
1938:
1909:
1880:
1851:
1822:
1793:
1764:
1731:
1702:
1673:
1644:
1615:
1587:
1572:
1565:The Linde Group
1543:
1514:
1481:
1452:
1422:
1402:
1369:
1340:
1311:
1282:
1253:
1223:
1194:
1153:
1147:
1135:phosphoric acid
1067:paper chemicals
1023:
997:
963:, diagnostics,
961:pharmaceuticals
957:
917:phosphoric acid
694:
645:
567:, and Canadian
469:
459:, coke oil and
290:Nicolas Leblanc
286:Leblanc process
282:sodium chloride
220:Charles Tennant
192:Charles Tennant
161:
148:
137:pharmaceuticals
17:
12:
11:
5:
8515:
8513:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8484:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8460:
8448:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8368:Temporary work
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8291:Centralization
8287:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8245:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8175:
8173:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8107:
8098:
8096:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8057:Basic research
8049:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8001:
7996:
7990:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7888:
7886:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7678:
7676:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7630:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7589:
7587:Legal services
7584:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7558:system testing
7547:
7542:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:Money transfer
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7391:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7331:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7293:Passenger rail
7290:
7285:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7261:Moving company
7258:
7253:
7248:
7237:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7167:Consumer goods
7164:
7162:Car dealership
7153:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7137:Service sector
7135:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6860:
6855:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6798:
6796:
6794:Heavy industry
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6733:Metal refining
6730:
6729:
6728:
6726:Synthetic gems
6723:
6718:
6709:
6703:Other mineral
6701:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6593:Thermoplastics
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6473:
6468:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6419:contraceptives
6415:
6413:Blood products
6410:
6400:
6398:Fine chemicals
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Petrochemicals
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6056:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6042:Semiconductors
6039:
6037:Circuit boards
6034:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5904:Prefabrication
5901:
5896:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Cassette tapes
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5673:Vegetable oils
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5647:
5646:Dairy products
5644:
5639:
5634:
5623:
5621:
5619:Light industry
5612:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5201:Wild mushrooms
5198:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5178:
5176:Natural rubber
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Tropical fruit
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4894:Arable farming
4890:
4888:
4879:
4871:
4870:
4867:Natural sector
4865:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4808:External links
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4785:
4772:
4765:
4752:
4742:
4729:
4720:online version
4712:
4696:
4695:
4666:
4634:
4602:
4570:
4538:
4513:
4506:
4486:
4460:
4435:
4404:
4372:
4347:
4323:
4316:
4295:
4262:
4246:
4222:
4206:
4187:(1–2): 73–91.
4171:
4156:
4144:
4123:
4101:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Industrial gas
4056:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Western Europe
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:United Kingdom
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2467:
2464:
2444:power stations
2432:United Kingdom
2401:fine chemicals
2389:petrochemicals
2376:
2373:
2360:specifications
2269:
2268:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2218:nitrocellulose
2207:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2103:
2101:petrochemicals
2097:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2076:ethylene oxide
2065:
2058:
2057:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2025:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1729:
1726:
1724:PPG Industries
1721:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:United Kingdom
1400:
1397:
1395:LyondellBasell
1392:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:United Kingdom
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1319:Kaohsiung City
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1149:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1063:food additives
1022:
1019:
1015:fine chemicals
996:
993:
956:
953:
839:ethylene oxide
787:Petrochemicals
781:
780:
761:
755:
749:
743:
704:oil refinery (
693:
690:
682:pulp and paper
644:
641:
631:in France and
614:vegetable oils
589:nitrocellulose
521:Thomas Hancock
468:
465:
457:road surfacing
363:Solvay process
321:James Muspratt
270:Western Europe
178:Samuel Garbett
160:
157:
147:
144:
85:petrochemicals
47:, it converts
35:comprises the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8514:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8471:
8470:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8437:
8436:
8432:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8405:Privatization
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8331:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8179:Externalities
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:Market-based
8139:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8089:
8085:
8078:
8074:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:Audio-visual
7910:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7670:
7669:Entertainment
7666:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7425:Payment cards
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:Food delivery
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7340:Drink service
7338:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:& Storage
7232:
7228:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Grocery store
7175:
7173:
7172:General store
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7129:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6858:Rail vehicles
6856:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6831:wind turbines
6828:
6825:
6823:
6822:Machine tools
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6712:Carbon fibers
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:Illegal drugs
6427:
6425:
6424:Generic drugs
6422:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Agrochemicals
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6325:Pure elements
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Synthetic oil
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:Lens grinding
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Mobile phones
6075:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6065:storage media
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:& optical
6016:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5847:Optical discs
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:Bottled water
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:Manufacturing
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Sea cucumbers
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Dairy farming
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:Apples et al.
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4816:ccc-group.com
4812:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:0-674-01720-X
4762:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4750:online review
4745:
4743:0-87013-426-4
4739:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4684:on 2010-10-19
4683:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4592:on 2015-07-23
4588:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4425:on 2012-11-15
4421:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4220:, p. 475
4219:
4218:Chandler 2005
4215:
4214:Aftalion 1991
4210:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4167:Aftalion 1991
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:Aftalion 1991
4148:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3744:
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3404:
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3336:
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3331:
3329:
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3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
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3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
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2897:
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2879:
2876:
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2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Latin America
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:North America
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
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2480:
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2472:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2364:manufacturing
2361:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:precipitation
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2266:nitrous oxide
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:nitroglycerin
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:oleochemicals
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:agrochemicals
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:acrylonitrile
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:sulfuric acid
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:United States
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:United States
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:United States
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1418:United States
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:United States
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:United States
1232:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:Headquarters
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:sulfuric acid
1095:
1092:Annually the
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:Life sciences
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
921:sulfuric acid
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:Polypropylene
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
719:
715:
707:
703:
698:
691:
689:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
669:polycarbonate
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:polypropylene
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:Rhône-Poulenc
626:
622:
621:conglomerates
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:William Lever
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:, an English
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:petrochemical
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:, lampblack (
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Ernest Solvay
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
344:
340:
339:Ernest Solvay
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:works on the
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
165:sulfuric acid
158:
156:
154:
145:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:raw materials
46:
45:world economy
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
8468:
8456:
8444:
8363:Spinning-off
8348:Homesteading
8301:Conglomerate
8283:Organization
8236:Raw material
8231:Intermediate
8110:
8109:
7932:Broadcasting
7837:Cruise lines
7807:Maid service
7797:Dry cleaning
7768:Maintenance
7531:Architecture
7496:Professional
7315:Self storage
7219:Distribution
6997:Construction
6842:Other heavy
6767:Formed metal
6721:Mineral wool
6643:Safety glass
6614:Fused quartz
6609:Borosilicate
6273:Paraffin wax
6228:oil refining
6218:
6207:Transformers
5973:Other goods
5959:Stonemasonry
5939:Glassblowing
5924:Blow molding
5883:Locksmithing
5859:Boilermaking
5408:Fossil fuels
5206:Fungiculture
5161:Gutta-percha
5151:Frankincense
5146:Tree tapping
5117:Silviculture
5097:Fur trapping
5008:Horticulture
4956:Stone fruits
4815:
4798:
4789:
4783:(28): 35–72.
4780:
4776:
4756:
4733:
4703:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:the original
4657:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4637:
4625:. Retrieved
4618:the original
4605:
4594:. Retrieved
4587:the original
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4554:the original
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4525:
4516:
4496:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:the original
4463:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:
4438:
4427:. Retrieved
4420:the original
4407:
4397:16 September
4395:. Retrieved
4388:the original
4375:
4365:16 September
4363:. Retrieved
4361:. Technofunc
4339:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4307:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4249:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4209:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4147:
4136:. Retrieved
4126:
4115:. Retrieved
4104:
4095:
4089:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3909:Asia/Pacific
3908:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2460:
2413:
2405:
2386:
2356:laboratories
2350:
2318:distillation
2307:
2272:
2198:stearic acid
2178:polyurethane
2170:polyisoprene
2150:polyethylene
2134:insecticides
2095:brick, frit
2024:Product Type
2009:
2001:washing soda
1970:
1743:Pennsylvania
1421:
1294:Saudi Arabia
1202:Ludwigshafen
1175:in billions)
1158:
1154:
1127:polyethylene
1091:
1039:
1024:
1009:
998:
985:insecticides
958:
934:
933:
905:caustic soda
890:
889:
881:carbon black
852:
851:
785:
782:
763:The leading
740:polyethylene
723:
722:
711:
686:
649:polyethylene
646:
635:in Britain.
627:in Germany,
618:
577:metallurgist
558:
486:
470:
452:fertiliser,
442:carbon black
418:gas lighting
412:residues of
402:fossil fuels
399:
387:John Brunner
360:
348:
305:William Losh
302:
240:
197:
174:John Roebuck
162:
149:
141:
32:
30:
8400:Partnership
8380:Cooperative
8353:Outsourcing
8343:Freelancing
8221:Commodities
7925:Video games
7900:Periodicals
7777:Landscaping
7712:Fairgrounds
7614:Advertising
7535:engineering
7519:Bookkeeping
7474:Real estate
7467:Reinsurance
7365:Restaurants
7335:Foodservice
7327:Hospitality
7310:Warehousing
7298:Ridesharing
7288:Car rentals
7020:Residential
6955:Remediation
6838:Automobiles
6660:Earthenware
6629:Glass fiber
6624:Float glass
6434:Supplements
6408:Antibiotics
6310:Fertilizers
6268:Mineral oil
6243:Diesel fuel
6226:Coal &
6186:fiber optic
6160:Microscopes
6114:GPS devices
6094:Televisions
6027:Electronics
6018:Electrical
5964:Woodworking
5919:3D printing
5878:Gunsmithing
5842:Phonographs
5827:Typesetting
5807:Bookbinding
5770:Dressmaking
5765:Accessories
5697:Soft drinks
5632:Animal feed
5423:Natural gas
5311:Aquaculture
5294:Sea urchins
5166:Maple syrup
5040:Fur farming
5030:Beef cattle
4966:Viticulture
4914:Fiber crops
4886:Agriculture
4688:26 February
4449:cen.acs.org
3140:Switzerland
3064:Netherlands
2440:Netherlands
2342:sublimation
2320:especially
2194:soybean oil
2130:fertilizers
2064:industrial
2055:nitric acid
2035:industrial
1985:manufacture
1627:Netherlands
1536:Air Liquide
1526:South Korea
1051:surfactants
951:chemicals.
936:Fertilizers
913:nitric acid
861:surfactants
795:natural gas
758:Polystyrene
718:fertilizers
708:, Slovakia)
665:polystyrene
604:in 1885 in
565:James Young
493:agriculture
383:Ludwig Mond
294:Saint-Denis
234:, north of
228:slaked lime
169:Joshua Ward
117:fertilizers
57:natural gas
8486:Categories
8273:Technology
8243:Innovation
8204:Well-being
8014:University
7947:Television
7884:Mass media
7879:Publishing
7717:Nightclubs
7626:Healthcare
7597:Consulting
7592:Management
7540:Inspection
7524:Tax advice
7504:Accounting
7435:Securities
7251:Intermodal
7187:Mail order
7082:Demolition
7015:Industrial
7010:Commercial
6933:Collection
6784:Cast metal
6670:Refractory
6638:fiberglass
6634:Glass wool
6597:thermosets
6573:Engineered
6502:Engineered
6497:Sawmilling
6391:Toiletries
6362:Explosives
6182:Electrical
6165:Telescopes
6032:Components
5790:Shoemaking
5508:Phosphorus
5401:Geological
5351:Microalgae
5194:Pine resin
5181:Palm sugar
5156:Gum arabic
5070:Beekeeping
4909:Vegetables
4854:industries
4596:2013-08-05
4531:28 October
4454:2016-10-10
4429:2012-09-16
4341:2023-08-04
4240:2016-10-10
4138:2013-04-21
4117:2008-04-21
4081:References
2434:), and in
2422:along the
2338:filtration
2334:adsorption
2225:fragrances
2205:explosives
2165:elastomers
2138:herbicides
1993:pesticides
1958:Technology
1946:Leverkusen
1830:Leverkusen
1739:Pittsburgh
1608:Akzo Nobel
1595:New Jersey
1489:Wilmington
1059:fragrances
1043:pesticides
1031:detergents
989:fungicides
981:herbicides
973:pesticides
941:phosphates
885:explosives
873:turpentine
849:category.
706:Bratislava
676:products,
606:Lancashire
497:John Lawes
489:fertilizer
483:, in 1866.
395:Winnington
313:River Tyne
125:herbicides
121:pesticides
8375:Ownership
8321:Monopsony
8199:Pollution
8184:Community
8094:standards
7999:Secondary
7986:Education
7969:Streaming
7642:Hospitals
7633:Medicine
7609:Marketing
7545:Surveying
7509:Assurance
7479:Brokerage
7442:Insurance
7370:Teahouses
7355:Fast food
7246:Air cargo
7231:Transport
7214:Brokerage
7204:Wholesale
7092:Elevators
7077:Cabinetry
7005:Buildings
6985:Telephone
6980:Satellite
6948:Recycling
6943:Hazardous
6909:Renewable
6888:Utilities
6849:Aerospace
6817:Hydraulic
6807:Conveyors
6802:Machinery
6707:Abrasives
6665:Porcelain
6619:Soda-lime
6578:Specialty
6568:Commodity
6529:Cardboard
6512:Composite
6450:Materials
6367:Fireworks
6357:Cosmetics
6337:Adhesives
6219:Chemicals
6177:Batteries
6049:Computers
5984:Jewellery
5970:Furniture
5954:Sintering
5934:Extrusion
5888:Machining
5864:Builders'
5817:Engraving
5812:Embossing
5795:Tailoring
5780:Hatmaking
5680:Beverages
5663:Preserved
5560:Limestone
5530:Quarrying
5503:Gemstones
5473:Palladium
5438:Tar sands
5433:Petroleum
5428:Oil shale
5274:Swordfish
5234:Anchovies
5075:Cochineal
4526:cefic.org
4201:221115202
3794:Singapore
3718:Australia
2481:, Finland
2436:Rotterdam
2420:Louisiana
2314:catalysts
2275:petroleum
2262:acetylene
2158:polyester
2110:propylene
2089:products
2033:inorganic
2027:Examples
2012:inorganic
1772:São Paulo
1623:Amsterdam
1145:Companies
1137:(13) and
1123:propylene
1087:catalysts
1071:adhesives
1035:cosmetics
835:butadiene
807:propylene
799:crude oil
769:polyester
732:packaging
625:IG Farben
587:based on
585:celluloid
581:Parkesine
426:Edinburgh
375:Charleroi
325:Liverpool
268:ashes in
226:with dry
204:sour milk
41:chemicals
37:companies
25:Louisiana
8445:Category
8316:Monopoly
8268:Services
8047:Language
8042:Creative
8026:Tutoring
8004:Tertiary
7974:Websites
7954:Internet
7905:Software
7891:Written
7812:Pet care
7772:Janitors
7762:security
7753:Staffing
7682:Gambling
7575:Interior
7556:, &
7550:Physical
7462:Property
7350:Catering
7283:Airlines
7271:Trucking
7107:Plumbing
7062:Dredging
7037:Railways
6970:Internet
6965:Cable TV
6899:Electric
6844:vehicles
6743:Aluminum
6650:Ceramics
6563:Plastics
6476:Currying
6466:deliming
6439:Vaccines
6381:Perfumes
6320:Pigments
6263:Kerosene
6258:Jet fuel
6253:Gasoline
6248:Fuel oil
5980:Bicycles
5894:smithing
5802:Printing
5760:Clothing
5728:Spinning
5708:Textiles
5658:Prepared
5478:Platinum
5448:Aluminum
5376:Scallops
5289:Lobsters
5264:Mackerel
5244:Sardines
5211:Truffles
5187:, &
5134:Firewood
5109:Forestry
4919:Oilseeds
4723:Archived
4659:5 August
4627:5 August
4563:5 August
4479:20 March
4284:cite web
4038:See also
2456:Teesside
2428:Teesside
2295:adhesive
2254:nitrogen
2242:vanillin
2238:coumarin
2174:neoprene
2154:Bakelite
2145:polymers
2106:ethylene
2043:chlorine
1989:Solvents
1981:refining
1975:such as
1917:Brussels
1815:Covestro
1656:Thailand
1493:Delaware
1131:chlorine
1107:ethylene
1103:nitrogen
1075:sealants
1055:flavours
969:vitamins
909:soda ash
901:chlorine
869:pigments
843:polymers
823:methanol
803:ethylene
777:acrylics
767:include
728:plastics
724:Polymers
702:Slovnaft
692:Overview
678:textiles
643:Products
610:glycerin
434:creosote
428:to make
414:coal gas
406:coal tar
343:soda ash
242:Soda ash
224:chlorine
208:sunlight
115:such as
103:such as
93:plastics
89:polymers
87:such as
81:products
73:minerals
8469:Outline
8457:Commons
8211:Funding
8194:Culture
8171:outputs
8081:Related
8021:Testing
7994:Primary
7959:Hosting
7842:Tourism
7828:Travel
7824:Poverty
7802:Funeral
7784:Repairs
7748:Renting
7743:Leasing
7702:Arcades
7698:Venues
7674:leisure
7647:Nursing
7580:Product
7570:Fashion
7554:product
7400:Banking
7209:Auction
7067:Harbors
7047:Tunnels
7032:Bridges
6938:Dumping
6874:Weapons
6692:Plaster
6583:Pellets
6471:Tanning
6457:Leather
6288:Propane
6233:Bitumen
6136:Cameras
5976:Baggage
5949:Pottery
5929:Drawing
5873:Cutlery
5738:Carpets
5733:Weaving
5713:Carding
5642:Canning
5570:Granite
5493:Uranium
5483:Lithium
5356:Seaweed
5341:Oysters
5336:Mussels
5331:Abalone
5326:Tilapia
5321:Catfish
5304:Whaling
5259:Pollock
5254:Haddock
5239:Herring
5229:Fishing
5222:Aquatic
5129:Logging
5092:Hunting
5080:Shellac
5065:Poultry
5013:Flowers
4946:Berries
4929:Tobacco
4904:Legumes
4899:Cereals
4076:(NEPIC)
3348:1,076.8
3178:Ireland
3102:Belgium
2874:Germany
2438:in the
2291:sealant
2229:flavors
2118:styrene
2114:benzene
2087:ceramic
2062:organic
2039:ammonia
2016:organic
1950:Germany
1935:$ 11.5
1921:Belgium
1906:$ 12.3
1877:$ 12.9
1848:$ 13.3
1834:Germany
1819:$ 13.4
1790:$ 13.9
1761:$ 14.2
1757:Braskem
1728:$ 14.2
1714:Germany
1699:$ 15.0
1670:$ 15.5
1652:Bangkok
1641:$ 16.2
1612:$ 16.5
1584:Germany
1569:$ 16.8
1540:$ 17.3
1511:$ 18.2
1507:LG Chem
1478:$ 20.7
1449:$ 24.3
1410:Houston
1399:$ 26.7
1366:$ 28.1
1337:$ 28.5
1308:$ 29.2
1279:$ 34.3
1261:Beijing
1250:$ 43.8
1245:Sinopec
1220:$ 48.8
1206:Germany
1191:$ 63.7
1168:Company
1119:ammonia
945:ammonia
831:styrene
829:(VCM),
819:xylenes
815:toluene
811:benzene
793:(LPG),
674:plastic
546:Hoechst
533:aniline
454:asphalt
430:naphtha
389:formed
367:Belgian
329:Glasgow
317:tariffs
284:). The
250:textile
236:Glasgow
146:History
109:alkalis
75:) into
8296:Cartel
8169:&
8166:Inputs
8105:ANZSIC
7882:&
7792:Beauty
7760:&
7687:Online
7672:&
7565:Design
7533:&
7447:Health
7405:Credit
7377:Hotels
7157:Retail
7052:Canals
6975:Mobile
6921:Sewage
6895:Power
6865:&
6851:&
6829:&
6777:Forged
6772:Rolled
6755:Alloys
6748:Copper
6714:&
6687:Mortar
6682:Cement
6636:&
6595:&
6546:Rubber
6539:Tissue
6524:Sizing
6507:Lumber
6492:Drying
6480:oiling
6478:&
6464:&
6462:Liming
6374:&
6372:Paints
6188:cables
6184:&
6143:&
6063:Blank
5892:Other
5866:&
5822:Secure
5785:Sewing
5748:Linens
5723:Prints
5718:Dyeing
5694:Liquor
5668:Sweets
5637:Baking
5575:Marble
5555:Gypsum
5535:Gravel
5523:Sulfur
5513:Potash
5468:Silver
5453:Copper
5386:Shrimp
5381:Salmon
5346:Pearls
5171:Mastic
5141:Rattan
5122:Bamboo
5045:Horses
5001:Spices
4991:Olives
4976:Coffee
4951:Citrus
4878:Biotic
4852:Major
4763:
4740:
4710:
4504:
4314:
4199:
4030:3696.8
4025:3160.7
4020:2858.1
4015:2596.4
4010:2325.6
4005:2008.5
4000:1748.8
3995:1670.9
3990:1719.0
3985:1625.5
3980:1573.5
3964:1291.2
3959:1041.0
3832:Taiwan
3789:133.2
3675:549.4
3637:993.2
3599:298.0
3358:Russia
3216:Sweden
3021:122.9
2983:123.4
2945:158.9
2912:France
2907:263.2
2803:102.1
2765:126.7
2732:Brazil
2628:Mexico
2590:Canada
2585:689.3
2475:Kemira
2395:), to
2346:drying
2344:, and
2258:oxygen
2093:silica
2072:phenol
2014:- and
2003:, and
1902:Solvay
1888:Mumbai
1805:Norway
1776:Brazil
1580:Munich
1555:France
1474:DuPont
1430:London
1420:, and
1377:Irving
1348:London
1323:Taiwan
1290:Riyadh
1141:(12).
1133:(13),
1129:(15),
1125:(16),
1121:(17),
1117:(22),
1113:(27),
1111:oxygen
1109:(28),
1105:(34),
1033:, and
987:, and
971:, and
949:potash
947:, and
927:, and
919:, and
877:resins
837:, and
716:, and
637:Dupont
544:, and
529:London
505:London
278:livres
262:potash
256:, and
71:, and
69:metals
8251:Labor
8226:Final
8216:Goods
8189:Crime
8134:UKSIC
8124:NAICS
8035:Other
7942:Radio
7920:Music
7895:Books
7728:Other
7694:Sport
7514:Audit
7345:Cafés
7303:Taxis
7241:Cargo
7149:Sales
7042:Roads
6916:Water
6863:Ships
6853:space
6827:Power
6812:Heavy
6760:Steel
6655:Brick
6604:Glass
6551:Tires
6519:Paper
5649:Flour
5545:Chalk
5366:Clams
5362:Both
5299:Squid
5284:Crabs
5269:Shark
5185:syrup
5018:Seeds
4971:Cocoa
4924:Sugar
4653:(PDF)
4646:(PDF)
4621:(PDF)
4614:(PDF)
4590:(PDF)
4583:(PDF)
4557:(PDF)
4550:(PDF)
4423:(PDF)
4416:(PDF)
4391:(PDF)
4384:(PDF)
4197:S2CID
3954:917.3
3949:818.8
3944:707.5
3939:587.8
3934:497.7
3929:479.7
3924:515.7
3919:462.3
3914:409.0
3903:90.8
3865:62.9
3827:31.6
3786:116.7
3783:103.4
3756:Korea
3751:27.1
3713:98.2
3680:India
3672:406.4
3669:331.4
3666:269.0
3663:205.0
3660:159.9
3657:126.5
3654:111.0
3651:103.6
3642:China
3634:795.5
3631:668.8
3628:567.5
3625:463.9
3622:369.1
3619:300.5
3616:271.5
3613:276.1
3610:241.9
3607:215.2
3596:245.4
3593:248.5
3590:251.3
3587:243.6
3584:218.8
3581:197.2
3578:208.3
3575:239.7
3572:220.4
3569:193.8
3566:Japan
3556:160.4
3551:124.2
3546:109.6
3490:165.1
3485:131.3
3480:108.0
3429:87.5
3396:Other
3391:77.6
3343:935.4
3338:822.4
3333:762.7
3328:721.9
3323:630.9
3318:524.4
3313:488.8
3308:490.4
3303:504.0
3298:503.1
3287:58.9
3254:Other
3249:22.6
3211:54.8
3173:53.1
3135:62.6
3097:81.7
3059:74.8
3026:Spain
3018:105.9
2988:Italy
2980:118.2
2977:107.8
2942:138.4
2939:121.3
2936:117.5
2933:111.1
2904:229.5
2901:192.5
2898:178.6
2895:168.6
2892:148.1
2889:120.1
2886:116.1
2883:118.9
2880:123.2
2877:124.9
2864:228.8
2859:185.9
2854:167.4
2849:148.3
2844:130.0
2839:110.3
2829:104.9
2824:106.5
2814:105.7
2770:Other
2722:774.6
2717:742.8
2712:733.4
2707:680.3
2702:602.7
2697:541.7
2692:512.6
2687:487.6
2682:498.0
2677:463.1
2672:456.9
2661:37.8
2623:47.4
2582:664.1
2579:657.7
2576:610.9
2573:540.9
2570:487.7
2567:462.5
2564:438.4
2561:449.2
2558:420.3
2555:416.7
2547:2009
2426:, on
2416:Texas
2283:paint
2279:glass
1931:Bayer
1892:India
1863:Japan
1859:Tokyo
1710:Essen
1685:Japan
1681:Tokyo
1551:Paris
1522:Seoul
1464:Japan
1460:Tokyo
1414:Texas
1381:Texas
1333:INEOS
1275:SABIC
1265:China
1165:Rank
1027:soaps
773:nylon
602:James
554:brine
542:Bayer
438:pitch
379:Nancy
258:paper
246:glass
200:urine
105:acids
65:water
8154:TRBC
8144:GICS
8119:NACE
8112:ISIC
7937:News
7915:Film
7452:Life
7266:Rail
7256:Mail
7097:HVAC
7057:Dams
6738:Iron
6675:Tile
6534:Pulp
6487:Wood
6386:Soap
6376:inks
6238:Coke
6007:Toys
5775:Furs
5753:Rope
5743:Lace
5701:Wine
5685:Beer
5653:Meat
5627:Food
5550:Clay
5540:Sand
5518:Salt
5463:Gold
5458:Iron
5418:Peat
5413:Coal
5316:Carp
5279:Tuna
5189:wine
5085:Silk
5060:Wool
4986:Nuts
4761:ISBN
4738:ISBN
4708:ISBN
4690:2016
4661:2013
4629:2013
4565:2013
4533:2022
4502:ISBN
4481:2015
4399:2012
4367:2013
4312:ISBN
4290:link
3900:72.2
3897:62.9
3894:52.9
3891:45.5
3888:38.8
3885:33.3
3882:30.8
3879:30.9
3876:29.1
3873:24.8
3862:57.4
3859:53.8
3856:49.5
3853:44.5
3850:34.3
3847:28.4
3844:26.8
3841:29.2
3838:23.7
3835:21.9
3824:28.9
3821:25.8
3818:22.0
3815:20.0
3812:16.1
3809:12.5
3780:91.9
3777:78.7
3774:64.4
3771:54.9
3768:50.4
3765:56.3
3762:45.5
3759:39.3
3748:22.8
3745:19.1
3742:18.7
3739:17.0
3736:14.9
3733:11.3
3730:10.8
3727:11.2
3724:12.1
3721:11.3
3710:91.1
3707:72.5
3704:63.6
3701:53.3
3698:40.8
3695:33.5
3692:32.5
3689:35.3
3686:35.3
3683:30.7
3648:87.8
3645:80.9
3541:99.3
3536:86.4
3531:73.0
3526:60.4
3521:57.4
3516:59.2
3511:53.2
3506:52.7
3475:87.1
3470:77.1
3465:64.8
3460:55.6
3455:52.5
3450:49.3
3445:44.9
3440:46.1
3426:68.4
3423:55.0
3420:46.2
3417:39.6
3414:31.4
3411:25.3
3408:23.4
3405:21.9
3402:20.3
3399:22.3
3388:63.0
3385:53.1
3382:40.9
3379:37.5
3376:33.4
3373:30.3
3370:29.1
3367:27.4
3364:24.6
3361:23.8
3284:50.3
3281:46.2
3278:42.9
3275:38.6
3272:33.5
3269:27.9
3266:26.4
3263:25.9
3260:26.8
3257:27.1
3246:21.2
3243:21.2
3240:19.3
3237:18.2
3234:15.9
3231:12.5
3228:11.0
3225:11.2
3222:11.4
3219:11.1
3208:46.0
3205:37.5
3202:34.9
3199:33.9
3196:32.3
3193:29.1
3190:22.9
3187:22.6
3184:20.1
3181:16.9
3170:42.7
3167:37.8
3164:35.4
3161:33.8
3158:30.3
3155:25.5
3152:21.1
3149:19.4
3146:22.2
3143:22.1
3132:51.6
3129:46.9
3126:43.5
3123:41.8
3120:36.1
3117:28.7
3114:27.1
3111:27.5
3108:27.0
3105:27.1
3094:67.9
3091:59.2
3088:52.7
3085:49.0
3082:40.1
3079:32.2
3076:30.6
3073:31.3
3070:29.4
3067:29.7
3056:63.7
3053:56.7
3050:52.7
3047:48.9
3044:42.0
3041:33.4
3038:31.9
3035:30.8
3032:30.8
3029:31.0
3015:95.3
3012:89.8
3009:86.6
3006:75.8
3003:64.5
3000:58.6
2997:59.5
2994:64.6
2991:63.9
2974:95.2
2971:91.3
2968:77.3
2965:69.9
2962:66.4
2959:66.8
2956:70.1
2953:70.3
2930:99.6
2927:80.5
2924:76.8
2921:76.5
2918:78.5
2915:79.1
2834:98.2
2819:98.1
2800:89.5
2797:84.6
2794:77.2
2791:69.9
2788:62.9
2785:58.6
2782:63.4
2779:60.8
2776:58.1
2773:59.2
2762:96.4
2759:82.8
2756:71.1
2753:60.2
2750:47.4
2747:39.6
2744:41.5
2741:45.7
2738:40.0
2735:46.5
2658:33.4
2655:32.0
2652:29.2
2649:25.6
2646:23.5
2643:24.3
2640:24.4
2637:23.8
2634:21.0
2631:19.1
2620:45.4
2617:43.7
2614:40.2
2611:36.2
2608:30.5
2605:25.8
2602:24.8
2599:25.0
2596:21.8
2593:21.1
2544:2008
2541:2006
2538:2005
2535:2004
2532:2003
2529:2002
2526:2001
2523:2000
2520:1999
2517:1998
2479:Oulu
2418:and
2391:and
2301:and
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