547:
222:
808:
871:
563:
610:
681:
645:
665:
755:
712:
739:
696:
724:
635:
shut down. Christianity proceeded to spread through
Nobadia on various levels at different speeds. Towns, for example, were quick in adopting the new religion, while the Christianization of the villages was not accomplished until the 7th–9th centuries. South of the second cataract, Christianity seems to have begun spreading later than in the north, possibly since the late 6th or early 7th century. Many ancient Egyptian temples were converted to churches and plastered with Christian wall paintings.
767:
609:
41:
846:
of around 50 cm length. To store the arrows, they used quivers made of tanned leather from long-necked animals such as goats or gazelles. Additionally, they were enhanced with straps, flaps and elaborate decoration. The quivers were possibly worn on the front rather than on the back. On the hand
634:
As confirmed by epigraphical and archaeological evidence, Christianity was already present among parts of the
Nobadian society even before the official conversion of 543. The Nobadian elite might have started considering to convert to Christianity in the 530s, parallel to when the Isis temple was
903:
Nobadian warriors and their leadership made use of shields and body armour, most of it manufactured from leather. Fragments of thick hide have been found in the royal tombs of Qustul, suggesting that the principal interment was usually buried while wearing armour. A well-preserved and richly
890:
A weapon characteristic for the
Nobadians was a type of short sword. It has a straight hollow-ground blade which was sharpened only on one edge and was therefore not designed to thrust, but to hack. Apart from said swords, there were also lances, some of them with large blades, as well as
546:
644:
599:. Its importance outlived the Ptolemaic and Meroitic period and Nubian pilgrims continued to travel to Philae. The temple on Philae was eventually shut down between 535 and 538 and Nubians were forbidden to enter. Another Isis cult, the Greco-Roman
619:
Reliefs of the "Ethiopian" chamber inside the Isis temple of Philae, depicting pilgrims and priests from the south. The inscription in front of the third figure from the left is a letter describing the gifts of a diplomatic mission sent by King
908:, albeit this one was made of reptile hide, possibly from a crocodile. Another fragment which possibly once constituted a body armour comes from Qustul. It consists of several layers of tanned leather and was studded with lead rosettes.
664:
616:
562:
1555:
1545:
1463:
Dijkstra, J. H. F. (2014). "I, Silko, Came to Talmis and Taphis". Interactions between the
Peoples beyond the Egyptian Frontier and Rome in Late Antiquity". In J.H.F. Dijkstra; G. Fisher (eds.).
855:, measuring between three and four cm. Thus, Nubian archers would have employed a drawing technique very similar to the Persian and Chinese ones, both of which also reliant on thumb rings.
540:
histories. The eparchate of
Nobadia remained an integral part of the Kingdom of Makuria until Makuria's end, as is confirmed by a document from 1463 mentioning an eparch named Teedderre.
680:
1482:
Fuller, Dorian (2015). "The
Economic Basis of the Qustul Splinter State: Cash Crops, Subsistence Shifts, and Labour Demands in the Post-Meroitic Transition". In Michael Zach (ed.).
723:
754:
711:
766:
695:
423:, which comprised large parts of Lower Nubia and is speculated to have been autonomous already before the ultimate fall of the Kingdom of Kush in the mid 4th century.
870:
807:
1550:
738:
507:. The circumstances of this merger are unknown. It is also unknown what happened to the Nobadian royal family. The merger most likely occurred before the
469:
in 297 AD, their kingdom only became tangible around 400 AD. Early
Nobatia is quite likely the same civilization that is known to archeologists as the
1560:
1404:
Noubadian X-Group
Remains from Royal Complexes in Cemeteries Q and 219 and from Private Cemeteries Q, R, V, W, B, J and M at Qustul and Ballana
799:
Nothing is known about the organization of the
Nobatian army. Many of the weapons employed by the Nobatians had come from the Meroitic period.
1472:
603:, has been confirmed to be practised in Nobadia by an unearthed shrine in Qasr Ibrim. This cult was practised during Meroitic times as well.
1535:
404:
86:
1540:
40:
1364:
1315:
851:. For the nobility, the bracelets could be made of silver, while poorer versions were made of rawhide. Furthermore, the archers wore
819:
Archaeology from the pagan period confirms the relevance archery had for the
Nubians and therefore also the Nobatians. The slightly
525:
of Pakhoras. These were originally appointed but seem to be dynastic in the later period. Some of their records have been found at
1565:
197:
1530:
1383:
904:
decorated breastplate made of oxhide comes from Qasr Ibrim, while a comparable, but more fragmentary piece was discovered at
1485:
The Kushite World. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies. Vienne, 1-4 September 2008
511:
conquest in 652, since the Arab histories speak of only one Christian state in Nubia and reached at least as far as
1412:
1520:
1465:
Inside and Out: Interactions between Rome and the Peoples on the Arabian and Egyptian Frontiers in Late Antiquity
794:
1575:
658:, commemorating the conversion of the temple into a church during the reign of king Eirpanome (mid-6th century)
266:
827:
262:
256:
834:
bows during the Meroitic or post-Meroitic period, measuring around one meter and originally designed to be
879:
481:
400:
777:
356:
64:
875:
671:
497:
847:
holding the bow, the archers wore bracelets to protect the hand from injuries while drawing the
1570:
1468:
1450:
1379:
1360:
1311:
600:
588:
533:
140:
1525:
883:
655:
432:
407:. It would then be annexed by Makuria, under unknown circumstances, during the 7th century.
315:
279:
702:
687:
651:
470:
416:
392:
202:
72:
842:
is known from an early Nobadian burial in Qustul. The Nobadians shot barbed and possibly
862:
darts have been discovered. The use of crossbows had hitherto been unattested in Nubia.
485:
372:
136:
68:
1452:
Religious encounters on the southern Egyptian frontier in Late Antiquity (AD 298- 642)
515:. Nobatia seems to have maintained some autonomy in the new state. It was ruled by an
1514:
895:. It is possible that the large-bladed lances and the halberds were only ceremonial.
835:
831:
730:
621:
462:
395:. After its establishment in around 400, Nobadia gradually expanded by defeating the
1376:
The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile
843:
1493:
Godlewski, Wlodzimierz (1986). "Remarks on the Art of Nobadia (V–VIII Century)".
1502:
Rostowska, Bozena (1982). "Nobadian painting. Present state of investigations".
512:
376:
348:
1326:
1436:
905:
852:
820:
781:
553:
526:
521:
466:
1395:
Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche
848:
745:
484:, "Basiliskos" of the Nobatae, claims to have driven the Blemmyes into the
399:
in the north and incorporating the territory between the second and third
859:
839:
477:
396:
54:
1342:
Lajtar, Adam (2011). "Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225)".
1356:
The Rise of Nobadia. Social Changes in Northern Nubia in Late Antiquity
892:
823:
569:
516:
504:
384:
380:
215:
1327:"Gebel Abba Cemetery One, 1963. Post-medieval reuse of X-Group tumuli"
773:
596:
537:
508:
388:
121:
1483:
1343:
674:
commemorating its conversion into a church by a certain bishop Paul
1354:
869:
806:
489:
244:
240:
717:
Damaged paintings of Christian saints inside the temple of Amada
592:
82:
925:
Pierce, Richard. "Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources".
729:
Plan of the Christian church (red) inserted into the temple of
503:
By 707, Nobatia had been annexed by their southern neighbor,
488:. Around this time the Nobatian capital was established at
453:
447:
339:
336:
330:
321:
300:
294:
285:
1438:
Aesthetics and identity at Qustul and Ballana, Lower Nubia
1359:. University of Warsaw Faculty of Law and Administration.
441:
297:
1488:. Verein der Förderer der Sudanforschung. pp. 33–60.
1232:
1230:
1228:
476:
Eventually, the Nobatae were successful in defeating the
1556:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
591:
times, the "state religion" of Lower Nubia had been the
1249:
1247:
1245:
882:
on horse back spearing an enemy while being crowned by
826:, which are attested for Kushite mercenaries since the
415:
The kingdom of Nobatia had been founded in the former
1546:
States and territories established in the 4th century
438:
318:
282:
450:
444:
333:
327:
291:
529:, presenting a figure with a great deal of power.
435:
324:
288:
236:
160:
150:
132:
115:
103:
95:
78:
60:
50:
21:
1345:Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture
760:Christian wall paintings in the temple of Kalabsha
45:Nobatia and the other Christian Nubian kingdoms.
1289:
8:
1325:Hubert, Reinhard; Edwards, David N. (2010).
461:had been invited into the region from the
39:
18:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1123:
686:Early-7th-century frieze fragment of the
1236:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1099:
1551:7th-century disestablishments in Africa
1417:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1015:
955:
943:
917:
637:
542:
267:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1277:
1265:
1253:
1111:
1087:
991:
979:
967:
705:with the now-demolished Christian dome
403:in the south. In 543, it converted to
1219:
1027:
1003:
159:
149:
145:
114:
110:
102:
7:
496:); soon after, Nobatia converted to
927:Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies
519:of Nobatia who was also titled the
1413:"New insights into Nubian archery"
14:
552:Wooden casket with ivory inlays,
532:Nobatia՚s name is often given as
776:on the ceiling of the converted
765:
753:
737:
722:
710:
694:
679:
663:
643:
608:
561:
545:
431:
314:
278:
220:
195:
1561:Christianity in the Middle Ages
162:• Integrated into Makuria
16:Medieval kingdom in Lower Nubia
1402:Williams, Bruce Beyer (1991).
748:in the temple of Wadi es-Sebua
379:. Together with the two other
1:
1310:. Egypt Exploration Society.
1308:Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase
812:
498:non-Chalcedonian Christianity
1467:. Leuven. pp. 299–330.
1406:. The University of Chicago.
811:Quiver remains from Qustul,
87:Coptic Orthodox Christianity
1536:Countries in ancient Africa
1449:Dijkstra, J. H. F. (2005).
1435:Dane, Rachael Jane (2006).
670:Coptic inscriptions in the
1592:
1541:Former countries in Africa
1411:Zielinski, Lukasz (2015).
1306:Adams, William Y. (2013).
830:, were replaced by reflex
792:
568:Royal crown discovered in
1290:Hubert & Edwards 2010
795:Military of ancient Nubia
174:
170:
146:
128:
111:
38:
33:
1042:, pp. 171, 173–174.
480:, and an inscription by
1393:Werner, Roland (2013).
1353:Obluski, Artur (2014).
1566:Coptic Orthodox Church
1378:. The British Museum.
1374:Welsby, Derek (2002).
887:
816:
744:Christian painting of
255:This article contains
1531:Christianity in Sudan
873:
810:
465:by the Roman Emperor
61:Common languages
878:(Talmis), depicting
838:. One simple wooden
1506:. pp. 283–299.
1078:, pp. 177–178.
1066:, pp. 173–175.
994:, pp. 145–146.
946:, pp. 195–196.
858:At Qasr Ibrim, two
836:shot from horseback
654:inscription in the
405:Coptic Christianity
391:, it succeeded the
152:• Established
1210:, p. 798-899.
1030:, p. 155-156.
1006:, p. 154-155.
888:
876:Temple of Kalabsha
874:Graffito from the
817:
672:Temple of Kalabsha
257:special characters
124:(first known king)
34:c. 400–7th century
1474:978-90-429-3124-4
778:Temple of Abu Oda
601:mysteries of Isis
369:of Nobadia's land
363:or ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ,
263:rendering support
250:
249:
232:
231:
228:
227:
208:
207:
141:Early Middle Ages
91:
1583:
1521:History of Nubia
1507:
1504:Nubia Christiana
1498:
1495:Nubische Studien
1489:
1478:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1444:. Durham thesis.
1443:
1424:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1370:
1349:
1338:
1321:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1280:, p. 80-81.
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
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989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
934:
922:
814:
789:Military culture
769:
757:
741:
726:
714:
698:
683:
667:
656:Temple of Dendur
647:
612:
565:
549:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
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440:
437:
346:
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176:
175:
89:
43:
19:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1576:Former kingdoms
1511:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:Further reading
1410:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1341:
1331:Sudan&Nubia
1324:
1318:
1305:
1302:
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1288:
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978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
924:
923:
919:
914:
901:
899:Body protection
868:
844:poisoned arrows
805:
803:Missile weapons
797:
791:
784:
770:
761:
758:
749:
742:
733:
727:
718:
715:
706:
703:Temple of Amada
699:
690:
688:Faras cathedral
684:
675:
668:
659:
648:
632:
627:
626:
625:
618:
613:
585:
580:
573:
566:
557:
550:
471:Ballana culture
434:
430:
413:
393:kingdom of Kush
317:
313:
281:
277:
272:
271:
270:
261:Without proper
243:
221:
203:Kingdom of Kush
196:
163:
153:
118:
117:• 450 A.D
104:King of Nobatia
85:
71:
67:
46:
29:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
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1558:
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1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
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1508:
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1490:
1479:
1473:
1460:
1446:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1371:
1366:978-8392591993
1365:
1350:
1339:
1322:
1317:978-0856982163
1316:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1241:
1224:
1222:, p. 138.
1212:
1208:Zielinski 2015
1200:
1198:, p. 798.
1196:Zielinski 2015
1188:
1186:, p. 795.
1184:Zielinski 2015
1176:
1174:, p. 801.
1172:Zielinski 2015
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1126:, p. 794.
1124:Zielinski 2015
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 171.
1044:
1032:
1020:
1018:, p. 170.
1008:
996:
984:
982:, p. 123.
972:
960:
948:
936:
916:
915:
913:
910:
900:
897:
867:
864:
828:Middle Kingdom
804:
801:
790:
787:
786:
785:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
750:
743:
736:
734:
728:
721:
719:
716:
709:
707:
701:The converted
700:
693:
691:
685:
678:
676:
669:
662:
660:
649:
642:
640:
631:
628:
615:
614:
607:
606:
605:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
567:
560:
558:
551:
544:
486:Eastern Desert
463:Western Desert
412:
409:
265:, you may see
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
238:
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182:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
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158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
137:Late Antiquity
134:
133:Historical era
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129:
126:
125:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
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62:
58:
57:
52:
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47:
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36:
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31:
30:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1476:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:(1): 791–801.
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1292:, p. 87.
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:, p. 79.
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:, p. 80.
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:, p. 87.
1238:
1237:Williams 1991
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:, p. 78.
1161:
1160:Williams 1991
1156:
1153:
1150:, p. 77.
1149:
1148:Williams 1991
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 84.
1137:
1136:Williams 1991
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:, p. 78.
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 76.
1101:
1100:Williams 1991
1096:
1093:
1090:, p. 82.
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
985:
981:
976:
973:
970:, p. 88.
969:
964:
961:
958:, p. 35.
957:
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
932:
928:
921:
918:
911:
909:
907:
898:
896:
894:
885:
881:
877:
872:
866:Melee weapons
865:
863:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
809:
802:
800:
796:
788:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
747:
740:
735:
732:
731:Wadi es-Sebua
725:
720:
713:
708:
704:
697:
692:
689:
682:
677:
673:
666:
661:
657:
653:
646:
641:
638:
636:
629:
623:
622:Talakhidamani
617:
611:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
577:
572:(5th century)
571:
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556:(4th century)
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401:Nile cataract
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1076:Obluski 2014
1071:
1064:Obluski 2014
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1052:Obluski 2014
1047:
1040:Obluski 2014
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1023:
1016:Obluski 2014
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956:Obluski 2014
951:
944:Obluski 2014
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798:
772:Painting of
633:
630:Christianity
586:
531:
520:
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493:
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427:
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420:
419:province of
414:
373:late antique
368:
365:Migitin Goul
364:
360:
352:
309:
274:
273:
254:
185:Succeeded by
184:
179:
28:ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ
1278:Welsby 2002
1266:Welsby 2002
1254:Welsby 2002
1112:Welsby 2002
1088:Welsby 2002
992:Werner 2013
980:Lajtar 2011
968:Welsby 2002
853:thumb rings
513:Old Dongola
377:Lower Nubia
375:kingdom in
351:: Νοβαδία,
180:Preceded by
166:7th century
1515:Categories
1385:0714119474
1300:References
1220:Adams 2013
1028:Adams 2013
1004:Adams 2013
906:Gebel Adda
880:King Silko
793:See also:
782:Gebel Adda
650:Copy of a
554:Jebel Adda
527:Fort Ibrim
522:Domestikos
467:Diocletian
426:While the
383:kingdoms,
357:Old Nubian
96:Government
90:(From 543)
849:bowstring
832:composite
824:longsbows
746:St. Peter
589:Ptolemaic
371:") was a
83:Isis cult
79:Religion
1571:Blemmyes
1337:: 83–90.
893:halberds
860:crossbow
840:self bow
821:reflexed
624:of Kush.
595:cult of
583:Paganism
578:Religion
534:al-Maris
492:(modern
490:Pakhoras
478:Blemmyes
417:Meroitic
397:Blemmyes
359:: ⲙⲓⲅⲛ̅
99:Monarchy
55:Pachoras
1526:Makuria
639:Gallery
570:Ballana
505:Makuria
428:Nobatae
411:History
385:Makuria
353:Nobadia
310:Nobadia
275:Nobatia
216:Makuria
51:Capital
23:Nobatia
1471:
1397:. Lit.
1382:
1363:
1314:
774:Christ
652:Coptic
597:Philae
587:Since
538:Arabic
517:eparch
509:Muslim
389:Alodia
381:Nubian
367:lit. "
156:c. 400
122:Aburni
107:
73:Coptic
65:Nubian
1456:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
912:Notes
780:near
494:Faras
482:Silko
421:Akine
361:Migin
349:Greek
245:Egypt
241:Sudan
69:Greek
26:ⲙⲓⲅⲛ̅
1469:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1312:ISBN
884:Nike
593:Isis
387:and
815:400
536:in
473:.
308:or
1517::
1421:24
1419:.
1415:.
1335:14
1333:.
1329:.
1244:^
1227:^
929:.
813:c.
500:.
355:;
347:;
331:eɪ
322:oʊ
295:eɪ
286:oʊ
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1320:.
933:.
931:4
886:.
457:/
454:i
451:t
448:ə
445:b
442:ɒ
439:n
436:ˈ
433:/
343:/
340:ə
337:i
334:d
328:b
325:ˈ
319:n
316:/
312:(
304:/
301:ə
298:ʃ
292:b
289:ˈ
283:n
280:/
269:.
259:.
139:/
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