901:
709:
8026:
8036:
8046:
857:, who showed that despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic world.
3332:περὶ ὧν Θισεῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο· περὶ τῶν καθ᾿ αὑοὺς πραγμάτων, οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν ἷς τὰ καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται, περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν· ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πραάτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεως φαίνωνται.
3886:ˈen arˈkʰi in o ˈloɣos, ke o ˈloɣos im bros to(n) tʰeˈo(n), ke tʰeˈos in o ˈloɣos. ˈutos in en arˈkʰi pros to(n) tʰeˈo(n). ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto, ke kʰoˈris aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto ude ˈen o ˈʝeɣonen. en aɸˈto zoˈi in, ke i zoˈi in to pʰos ton anˈtʰropon; ke to pʰos en di skoˈtia ˈpʰeni, ke i skoˈti(a) a(ɸ)ˈto u kaˈtelaβen
1140:
1858:
The Koine-period Greek in the table is taken from a reconstruction by
Benjamin Kantor of New Testament Judeo-Palestinian Koine Greek. The realizations of most phonemes reflect general changes around the Greek-speaking world, including vowel isochrony and monophthongization, but certain sound values
2845:
The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic transcriptions are tentative and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to
Classical Attic, and a
3335:
peri hoːn tʰizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto; peri toːn katʰ hautùːs praːɡmátoːn, hoítines en tiː pʰilíaːi tiː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan, hópoːs autois dotʰôːsin hois ta katʰ hautùːs práːɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai, peri túːtuː tuː práːɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen; hópoːs ˈkʷintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs toːn ek teːs
1892:
have perhaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals. Initial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety. Monophthongization (including the initial stage in the fortition of the second element in the αυ/ευ diphthongs) and the loss of
3339:
Concerning those matters about which the citizens of
Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our
3883:Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν ὃ γέγονεν. ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.
1893:
vowel-timing distinctions are carried through. On the other hand, Kantor argues for certain vowel qualities differing from the rest of the Koine in the Judean dialect. Although it is impossible to know the exact realizations of vowels, it is tentatively argued that the mid-vowels
8706:
3353:, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era. Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization, transition to stress accent, and raising of
1419:
theologians in late antiquity. Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when
Christianity became the
961:
Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by
Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of Attic Greek or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period, e.g.:
1316:
is merely used for designating the notion of meeting and gathering of men, without any particular character. Therefore, etymologizing this word could be needless, or even misleading, when it could guide to false meanings, for example that
4135:
in
Ancient Greek–not just η (c.f. όνερον, κοδέσπενα, λεχάρι for standard όνειρο, οικοδέσποινα, λυχάρι.) He therefore attributes this feature of East Greek to vowel weakening, paralleling the omission of unstressed vowels. Horrocks (2010:
3892:
He was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it
1398:
was evidence that heavy use of this verb tense is a feature of vernacular Koine, but other scholars have argued that the historical present can be a literary form to "denote semantic shifts to more prominent material."
1345:" tense is a term used for present tense verbs that are used in some narrative sections of the New Testament to describe events that are in the past with respect to the speaker. This is seen more in works attributed to
1363:
in passages where a reader might expect a past tense verb. Scholars have presented various explanations for this; in the early 20th century some scholars argued that the use of the historical present tense in
1372:, but this theory fell out of favor in the 1960s. Another group of scholars believed the historical present tense was used to heighten the dramatic effect, and this interpretation was favored in the
1267:
may be considered "good Koine". One issue debated by scholars is whether and how much the translation of the
Pentateuch influenced the rest of the Septuagint, including the translation of Isaiah.
2862:
in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Roman period. The transcription shows raising of
781:. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.
682:
When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century BC, some people distinguished two forms: written as the literary post-classical form (which should not be confused with
1248:
to denote "it came to pass". Some features of
Biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language.
1845:. Finally ζ, which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ because it may have initially been pronounced as σδ or δσ , later acquired its modern-day value of
410:
Koine Greek included styles ranging from conservative literary forms to the spoken vernaculars of the time. As the dominant language of the
Byzantine Empire, it developed further into
762:, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language.
939:. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the
8896:
1485:
During the period generally designated as Koine Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred. At the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to
3340:
praetor/governor
Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him appropriate in the light of their public actions and individual good faith.
8749:
1131:
etc.). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world.
5173:
8645:
2842:
The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects – grammar, morphology, vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology.
1208:
There has been some debate to what degree Biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically
1508:
The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic (having equal length).
8477:
6773:
8716:
8082:
8921:
8911:
8681:
4626:
Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective
4980:
4943:
4710:
4658:
4633:
4602:
4567:
4526:
4408:
4363:
4330:
1807:, which they still are today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient pronunciations (e.g.
1187:
931:
began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire
8742:
6161:
5080:
916:
The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and Early Modern times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary
8941:
8906:
5166:
888:
characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as
958:. The teaching of these texts was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason, they use the most popular language of the era.
449:. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as "Biblical", "New Testament", "ecclesiastical", or "patristic" Greek. The Roman Emperor
6783:
6473:
6166:
6100:
803:
1068:
form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example,
8901:
6171:
6146:
4961:
4888:
4503:
4023:
3987:
3947:
7980:
6729:
6156:
6151:
4901:
1421:
4430:
8735:
8635:
6623:
6483:
6478:
5755:
1990:
8007:
6648:
5159:
4590:
7559:
5142:– Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek
4555:
1338:
The authors of the New Testament follow the Septuagint translations for over half their quotations from the Old Testament.
679:, while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.
8640:
8545:
8002:
7052:
6568:
6488:
6186:
5896:
5122:
4355:
1333:
1293:
1171:
8936:
8075:
7975:
6504:
5958:
1927:
as has been suggested for other varieties such as Egyptian. This is evidenced on the basis of Hebrew transcriptions of
8931:
8926:
8916:
8304:
7030:
6638:
6514:
6176:
6130:
6085:
5861:
5550:
900:
739:
7569:
7691:
7564:
6697:
6692:
6668:
6578:
6095:
5193:
4735:
8691:
8346:
8049:
7992:
6948:
6751:
6736:
6658:
6593:
6062:
5913:
5808:
5282:
5216:
4954:
he Pronunciation of New Testament Greek Judeo-Palestinian Greek Phonology and Orthography from Alexander to Islam
4541:
285:
8609:
8449:
6746:
6709:
6643:
6309:
6196:
1716:
1441:
395:
of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on
4591:"The dynamic semantic role of etymology in the meaning of Greek biblical words. The case of the word ἐκκλησία"
3336:
syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː, hoi an autoːi ek toːn deːmosíoːn praːɡmátoːn kai teːs idíaːs písteoːs pʰaínoːntai
1223:
originals, or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by originally Aramaic-speaking
495:
8671:
8619:
8550:
8469:
8068:
8029:
7153:
6953:
6938:
6741:
6724:
6704:
6673:
6573:
6509:
6125:
6110:
6080:
6041:
5918:
5770:
5272:
1486:
1476:
422:
256:
165:
4649:
Porter, Stanley E.; Pitts, Andrew (2013-02-21). "Markan Idiolect in the Study of the Greek New Testament".
8580:
8488:
8397:
8226:
7987:
6990:
6761:
6719:
6653:
6618:
6070:
6054:
5750:
5691:
5540:
5535:
4169:
4146:
4132:
4104:
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4090:
4086:
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3360:
2889:
2885:
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2805:
2781:
2757:
2733:
2666:
2662:
2638:
2614:
2590:
2566:
2542:
2518:
2494:
2470:
2446:
2422:
2398:
2374:
2350:
2326:
2302:
2278:
2254:
2230:
2206:
2182:
2158:
2134:
2110:
2086:
2062:
2038:
2014:
1954:
1944:
1937:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1697:
1675:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1590:
1569:
1530:
1490:
1480:
758:
with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand. Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in
755:
27:
4149:, even if it was not commonly used in contemporary orthography. Parentheses denote the loss of the sound.
8696:
8584:
8504:
8483:
8434:
8039:
7268:
7258:
7248:
7233:
6923:
6663:
6633:
6588:
6583:
6214:
6181:
5983:
5888:
5874:
5530:
5401:
5365:
4218:
1472:
1212:
788:, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "
774:
464:
460:
148:
144:
5104:
4734:
A concise survey of the major differences between Attic and Koine Greek can be found in Reece, Steve, "
1230:
Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles
8891:
8821:
8686:
8666:
8614:
8514:
8473:
8143:
7511:
7505:
7491:
6975:
6933:
6905:
6790:
6603:
5833:
5629:
4400:
Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece: The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics
1516:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1496:
The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the
1306:
refers to "the community called by God to constitute his People". Kyriakoula Papademetriou explains:
676:
211:
8661:
8509:
8289:
8247:
8115:
7642:
7612:
7000:
6895:
6890:
6327:
5642:
5555:
5525:
5479:
5242:
5094:
1826:
1461:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1224:
885:
854:
735:
700:), or even the universal dialect of its time. Modern classicists have often used the former sense.
664:
388:
327:
8035:
924:. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention.
784:
The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the
8439:
8374:
8336:
8125:
7859:
7756:
7662:
7306:
7223:
7111:
6613:
6437:
5953:
5933:
5790:
5661:
5545:
5340:
5267:
5130:– A unicode keyboard originally developed by Char Matejovsky for use by Westar Institute scholars
5127:
4683:
1416:
1374:
1342:
1203:
1095:
932:
785:
713:
376:
170:
65:
1215:
features. These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from
8565:
8530:
8392:
8368:
7934:
7521:
7070:
6918:
6870:
6714:
6683:
6628:
6545:
6422:
6294:
6115:
5948:
5901:
5841:
5715:
5697:
5673:
5655:
5565:
5560:
5211:
4976:
4957:
4939:
4884:
4706:
4654:
4629:
4598:
4563:
4522:
4404:
4359:
4326:
4191:
1209:
1073:
909:
743:
668:
653:
404:
368:
75:
20:
4320:
4213:
8601:
8570:
8444:
8313:
8135:
7864:
7396:
7361:
7178:
7035:
6913:
6800:
6795:
6120:
6075:
5906:
5813:
5429:
5262:
5247:
5237:
5024:
4778:
4398:
4000:
3964:
3958:
3924:
1220:
759:
588:
562:
536:
510:
384:
7904:
794:" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by
8830:
8711:
8701:
8407:
8242:
8156:
8120:
8110:
7879:
7637:
7425:
7238:
6980:
6846:
6778:
6105:
5703:
5685:
5593:
5570:
5444:
5355:
5315:
5252:
4674:
Osburn, Carroll D. (1983). "The Historical Present in Mark as a Text-Critical Criterion".
4271:
3918:
2893:
1526:
1433:
1216:
869:
807:
795:
747:
450:
157:
140:
4064:
The Latin gloss in the source erroneously has "with me", while the Greek means "with us".
943:, for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly.
8857:
8759:
8560:
8555:
8540:
8424:
8412:
8195:
8091:
7761:
7701:
7696:
7652:
7433:
7381:
7371:
7351:
7341:
7085:
7080:
7075:
6560:
6540:
5928:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5709:
5509:
5484:
5396:
5257:
5182:
4506:. St. John's Square, Clerkenwell: University of California at Los Angeles. p. 338.
4248:
4051:
1868:, with palatal allophone before front-vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals, and
1412:
1359:
1264:
1260:
1151:
928:
778:
770:
766:
731:
642:
633:
627:
617:
446:
411:
372:
235:
228:
175:
136:
87:
83:
4921:
Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes
708:
301:
8885:
8839:
8676:
8575:
8402:
8387:
8355:
8299:
8294:
8269:
8169:
7997:
7914:
7889:
7579:
7501:
7183:
7126:
7025:
7015:
6985:
6967:
6841:
5993:
5775:
5667:
5623:
5585:
5424:
5345:
5028:
4223:
1773:
The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except
1720:
1655:
1147:
955:
921:
905:
442:
392:
278:
216:
2846:
somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects.
8866:
8429:
8382:
8362:
8237:
8208:
8105:
7814:
7766:
7632:
7486:
7356:
6995:
6831:
6337:
6299:
5998:
4439:] (in Greek). Athens: Ελληνικό Λογοτεχνικό και Ιστορικό Αρχείο. pp. 88–93.
4415:"A proposal to introduce Modern Greek into the Divine Liturgy was rejected in 2002"
4351:
4266:
1911:
had a more open pronunciation than other Koine dialects, distinguished as open-mid
1886:
still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values, while the unaspirated stops
1690:
came to be pronounced , but eventually lost its final element and also merged with
1542:
1183:
1069:
1061:
951:
936:
873:
638:
438:
415:
380:
69:
5099:
1125:), while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms (
459:. Koine Greek continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the
8281:
8264:
8259:
7834:
7726:
7706:
7539:
7534:
7020:
7010:
7005:
6928:
6885:
6432:
6342:
6332:
6219:
6209:
5973:
5350:
5325:
4097:
did not occur in this important region of the Roman Empire, Horrocks notes that
1615:
1534:
1105:
917:
881:
880:
characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some
877:
847:
751:
622:
455:
400:
396:
184:
180:
4556:"Aspects of Polysemy in Biblical Greek: the Semantic Micro-Structure of Kρισις"
4379:
3890:
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
7771:
7741:
7736:
7721:
7607:
7574:
7243:
7213:
6880:
6608:
6442:
6284:
6279:
6269:
6254:
6239:
6229:
6204:
5580:
5335:
5290:
1963:. Influence of the Aramaic substrate could have also caused confusion between
1445:
1387:
1256:
1179:
1143:
1112:
947:
691:
687:
434:
4773:
Gignac, Francis T. (1970). "The Pronunciation of Greek Stops in the Papyri".
1638:
and then, with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction
8591:
7746:
7672:
7657:
7627:
7622:
7554:
7478:
7463:
7448:
7391:
7291:
6943:
6875:
6447:
6427:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6352:
6347:
6317:
6264:
6224:
6003:
5869:
5823:
5803:
5610:
5434:
5305:
4914:
The Books and the Parchments: Some Chapters on the Transmission of the Bible
4186:
1449:
1383:
1297:
1060:
Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the
294:
266:
248:
5007:
Translated and revised by R. W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4073:
On the other hand, not all scholars agree that the Pontic pronunciation of
1862:
More general Koine phonological developments include the spirantization of
4243:
4103:
can be written in certain contexts for any letter or digraph representing
846:, 'potent, virile') – considered Koine to be a simplified form of
8535:
7796:
7786:
7776:
7751:
7617:
7549:
7529:
7496:
7458:
7401:
7316:
7301:
7158:
7148:
7065:
7060:
6457:
6452:
6412:
6407:
6382:
6362:
6289:
6244:
6234:
6090:
5988:
5923:
5851:
5459:
4042:
3889:
3363:. Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs
1859:
differ from other Koine varieties such as Attic, Egyptian and Anatolian.
1767:
1538:
1522:
1395:
1391:
927:
The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine
865:
853:
The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist
683:
453:
wrote his private thoughts in Koine Greek in a work that is now known as
430:
426:
91:
54:
5114:
5005:
Greek grammar of the New Testament and other early Christian literature.
4687:
2854:
The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of
8419:
7939:
7929:
7884:
7874:
7869:
7854:
7844:
7829:
7824:
7711:
7599:
7589:
7468:
7443:
7438:
7411:
7406:
7386:
7376:
7366:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7263:
7253:
7228:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7163:
6816:
6598:
6259:
6249:
6008:
5978:
5968:
5963:
5943:
5938:
5818:
5765:
5679:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5133:
2859:
2855:
1659:
1437:
1369:
1155:
940:
79:
5117:
by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
1119:, etc.), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants (
7909:
7839:
7819:
7781:
7647:
7453:
7346:
7283:
7273:
7218:
6836:
6821:
6417:
6402:
6377:
6372:
6357:
6018:
6013:
5780:
5760:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5360:
5320:
5310:
5295:
5118:
4881:
Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek – 3rd ed.
4775:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3350:
2822:
2798:
2774:
2750:
2726:
2705:
2684:
2655:
2631:
2607:
2583:
2559:
2535:
2511:
2487:
2463:
2439:
2415:
2391:
2367:
2343:
2319:
2295:
2271:
2247:
2223:
2199:
2175:
2151:
2127:
2103:
2079:
2055:
2031:
2007:
1546:
1382:, W.F. Howard argues that the heavy use of the historical present in
1301:
1276:
1116:
501:
487:
125:
107:
103:
99:
4782:
4651:
The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development
4289:
Bubenik, V. (2007). "The rise of Koiné". In A. F. Christidis (ed.).
135:
300 BC – 600 AD (Byzantine official use until 1453); developed into
4085:
is an archaism. Apart from the improbability that the sound change
1668:), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong
1253:
A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint
7919:
7894:
7791:
7731:
7716:
7584:
7544:
7296:
7208:
7203:
7173:
7168:
7143:
6826:
6367:
6322:
6274:
5846:
5798:
5499:
5469:
5416:
5391:
5330:
5300:
5012:
A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity.
4593:. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.).
4558:. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.).
1825:). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as
861:
115:
111:
95:
8060:
5151:
5061:
New Testament Greek Intermediate: From Morphology to Translation.
5047:
A grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine periods.
4291:
A history of Ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity
387:. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of
8727:
7924:
7899:
7849:
7336:
7326:
8731:
8064:
7964:
7106:
6535:
6039:
5386:
5206:
5155:
1111:
Dialects from the southern part of the Greek-speaking regions (
4006:
3973:
3933:
1628:
by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g.
1139:
920:
of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of
720:
Dark blue: areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority
603:
597:
577:
568:
545:
516:
4902:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4074:
3386:
3380:
3370:
3364:
3354:
2879:
2873:
2863:
2815:
1975:, providing further evidence for the back vowel realization.
1820:
1814:
1808:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1733:
1732:
Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations.
1710:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1287:
1237:
1231:
1126:
1120:
1083:
1077:
789:
41:
5145:
5139:
4624:
Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel (2008-10-01). "Introduction".
403:
speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through
4015:
3979:
3939:
2888:, retention of pitch accent, and retention of word-initial
551:
525:
425:
Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of
445:, and of most early Christian theological writing by the
320:
4916:. 3rd ed. Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1963. Chapters 2 and 5.
4174:
The Greek Orthodox Church: faith, history, and practice,
1424:, more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used.
742:, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the
4521:. New York: W.W. Norton& Company Inc. p. 202.
1270:
Another point that scholars have debated is the use of
5035:
London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
4504:"The British Critic, and Quarterly Theological Review"
1700:
in the 6th century BC, and remains so in Modern Greek.
1489:, whereas in the end, it had much more in common with
1193:
The Greek New Testament, composed originally in Greek.
860:
In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the
4346:
Chritē, Maria; Arapopoulou, Maria (11 January 2007).
4145:
For convenience, the rough breathing mark represents
4024:
4012:
4003:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3391:, and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops.
1282:
829:
817:
810:, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine –
600:
594:
574:
565:
548:
542:
522:
513:
2791:
2767:
2743:
2719:
2698:
2677:
2648:
2624:
2600:
2576:
2552:
2528:
2504:
2480:
2456:
2432:
2408:
2384:
2360:
2336:
2312:
2288:
2264:
2240:
2216:
2192:
2168:
2144:
2120:
2096:
2072:
2048:
2024:
2000:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1928:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1504:, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs:
1318:
1311:
1271:
1243:
1158:, with its 'most probable date' between 175 and 225.
723:
Light blue: areas that were significantly Hellenized
690:. Others chose to refer to Koine as "the dialect of
652:, "Hellenistic Koiné", in the sense of "Hellenistic
8654:
8628:
8600:
8523:
8497:
8462:
8345:
8322:
8225:
8218:
8134:
8098:
7805:
7682:
7671:
7598:
7520:
7477:
7424:
7282:
7134:
7125:
7051:
6966:
6904:
6859:
6809:
6760:
6682:
6559:
6497:
6466:
6308:
6195:
6139:
6061:
5887:
5860:
5832:
5789:
5737:
5579:
5518:
5415:
5281:
5230:
4701:Strickland, Michael; Young, David M. (2017-11-15).
4009:
3967:
3927:
1390:, compared with the relatively infrequent usage by
841:
835:
646:). In Modern Greek, the language is referred to as
591:
571:
539:
519:
292:
276:
264:
246:
241:
225:
204:
154:
131:
121:
61:
49:
35:
5019:A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.
2872:, partial (pre-consonantal/word-final) raising of
4928:Greek: A history of the language and its speakers
4848:Greek: A history of the language and its speakers
4397:Makrides, Vasilios N; Roudometof, Victor (2013).
4322:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
4306:Greek: a history of the language and its speakers
1724:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1378:translation. In Volume II of the 1929 edition of
1044:
1027:
1012:
997:
981:
966:
823:
811:
695:
480:
314:
4293:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 342–345.
1572:were respectively simplified to the long vowels
507:) itself means "common". The word is pronounced
493:), meaning "the common dialect". The Greek word
1533:. Rough breathing had already been lost in the
1411:is sometimes used for the Greek written by the
1308:
1170:refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in
1099:
964:
734:arose as a common dialect within the armies of
5003:Blass, Friedrich, and Albert Debrunner. 1961.
1715:came to be pronounced (via ), but are partly
1696:. The diphthong ου had been already raised to
1255:(1909), wrote that only the five books of the
663:in several different senses. Scholars such as
8743:
8076:
5167:
5148:A daily di-glot or tri-glot (Vulgate) reading
4736:Teaching Koine Greek in a Classics Department
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
1833:respectively), developed into the fricatives
1323:is a name used for the people of God, Israel.
1104:etc.) and the other local characteristics of
611:in UK English. The pronunciation of the word
437:(the 3rd century BC Greek translation of the
8:
8646:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4080:
1634:), became in Koine, too, first a long vowel
1182:, a 3rd century BC Greek translation of the
769:, is sometimes dated from the foundation of
391:in the fourth century BC, and served as the
272:(a proposal to use ecg was rejected in 2023)
26:"Koine" redirects here. For other uses, see
5033:Greek Scripts: An Illustrated Introduction.
4703:The Rhetoric of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark
4429:[Hellenistic Koine, Introduction].
1089:
1064:language with all its dialects and its own
1050:
1033:
1018:
1003:
987:
972:
765:The passage into the next period, known as
647:
326:
8897:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC
8768:
8750:
8736:
8728:
8222:
8083:
8069:
8061:
7961:
7679:
7131:
7122:
7103:
6863:
6766:
6556:
6532:
6049:
6036:
5743:
5412:
5383:
5227:
5203:
5174:
5160:
5152:
5038:Evans, T. V., and Dirk Obbink, eds. 2009.
5014:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5010:Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007.
4998:A companion to the Ancient Greek language.
1957:, dragged backwards due to the opening of
1953:perhaps had a back vowel pronunciation as
777:in 330 AD, but often only from the end of
32:
4284:
4282:
1428:Differences between Attic and Koine Greek
1174:and related texts. Its main sources are:
8717:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
5136:– An online community for Biblical Greek
4589:Papademetriou, Kyriakoula (2015-01-12).
4187:"Change Request Documentation: 2009-060"
1977:
1138:
899:
707:
671:(second century AD) maintained the term
5049:2 vols. Milan: Cisalpino-La Goliardica.
4919:Conybeare, F.C. and Stock, St. George.
4597:. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter.
4562:. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter.
4162:
3908:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
1624:, which had already been pronounced as
1076:preserved the ancient pronunciation of
4834:
4825:In example, c.f. Horrocks (2010), 167.
4813:
4760:
4403:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 8.
4050:
4041:
1188:texts not included in the Hebrew Bible
421:Literary Koine was the medium of much
53:
4595:Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek
4560:Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek
641:
632:
626:
616:
479:is derived from the Koine Greek term
16:Dialect of Greek in the ancient world
7:
7575:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
4883:, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
4261:
4259:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
1283:
686:), and vernacular as the day-to-day
433:. Koine is also the language of the
4907:: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period
3351:the beginning of the Gospel of John
1947:. Additionally, it is posited that
1791:, which were originally pronounced
1098:preserved the long α instead of η (
4304:Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). "4–6".
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
946:Other significant sources are the
804:Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
14:
5070:Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.
5063:Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.
8044:
8034:
8025:
8024:
5021:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3999:
3963:
3923:
1642:, merging with ε. The diphthong
1511:From the second century BC, the
1432:Koine period Greek differs from
1422:state church of the Roman Empire
1281:as a translation for the Hebrew
1091:νύφη, συνήλικος, τίμησον, πηγάδι
1085:νύφε, συνέλικος, τίμεσον, πεγάδι
712:Greek-speaking areas during the
587:
561:
535:
509:
8800:300 BC – AD 600
8636:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
8045:
4043:[(h)e̝kyˈne̝diˈalektos]
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
1658:, and by the 4th century BC in
1128:κρόμμυον – κρεμ-μυον, ράξ – ρώξ
950:, the Greek translation of the
659:Ancient scholars used the term
55:[(h)e̝kyˈne̝diˈalektos]
8922:Languages of ancient Macedonia
8912:Christian liturgical languages
5045:Gignac, Francis T. 1976–1981.
4926:Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010).
4850:, p. 87, cf. also pp. 105–109.
4554:Vergari, Romina (2015-01-12).
4272:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4131:, which were never pronounced
3345:Sample 2 – Greek New Testament
1380:A Grammar of the New Testament
1357:. It is used 151 times in the
615:itself gradually changed from
375:spoken and written during the
1:
8805:
8797:
8789:
8781:
8773:
8641:Center for the Greek Language
8199:
8186:
8173:
8160:
8147:
5646:
5633:
5614:
5597:
5123:University of Texas at Austin
4996:Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010.
4930:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
4895:History of the Greek Language
4490:History of the Greek Language
4437:History of the Greek Language
4432:Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας
4356:Center for the Greek Language
1854:New Testament Greek phonology
1766:. These changes are known as
1745:) was raised and merged with
1726:θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ
1334:Language of the New Testament
1172:Bible translations into Greek
6774:Funeral and burial practices
5959:Military of Mycenaean Greece
5105:Resources in other libraries
4975:, Harvard University Press,
4971:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956),
4938:, Harvard University Press,
4519:Worlds Together Worlds Apart
2823:
2799:
2775:
2751:
2727:
2706:
2685:
2656:
2632:
2608:
2584:
2560:
2536:
2512:
2488:
2464:
2440:
2416:
2392:
2368:
2344:
2320:
2296:
2272:
2248:
2224:
2200:
2176:
2152:
2128:
2104:
2080:
2056:
2032:
2008:
1368:was due to the influence of
1302:
1288:
1277:
1146:is one of the oldest extant
694:" or "Alexandrian dialect" (
321:
5119:Linguistics Research Center
5068:New Testament Greek Primer.
5042:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
5040:The language of the papyri.
4795:Horrocks (2010): 111, 170–1
4517:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015).
4427:Ελληνιστική Κοινή, Εισαγωγή
4319:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009).
1014:Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λύκιον.
994:If you want, come with us.
983:Ἐὰν θέλεις, ἐλθὲ μεθ' ἡμῶν.
791:ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα
8958:
8942:Varieties of Ancient Greek
8907:Hellenism and Christianity
6698:Greek Revival architecture
5115:New Testament Greek Online
5056:London: Faber & Faber.
4903:
4874:Grammaire du grec biblique
4804:Horrocks (2010): 171, 179.
4348:A history of ancient Greek
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4099:
4081:
4075:
4052:[icyˈniðiˈalektos]
3387:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3355:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2816:
2792:
2768:
2744:
2720:
2699:
2678:
2649:
2625:
2601:
2577:
2553:
2529:
2505:
2481:
2457:
2433:
2409:
2385:
2361:
2337:
2313:
2289:
2265:
2241:
2217:
2193:
2169:
2145:
2121:
2097:
2073:
2049:
2025:
2001:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1929:
1919:, rather than as true-mid
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1762:
1753:
1751:. In the 10th century AD,
1747:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1513:Ancient Greek pitch accent
1470:
1459:
1331:
1319:
1312:
1272:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1201:
1127:
1121:
1101:ἁμέρα, ἀστραπά, λίμνα, χοά
1100:
1088:for standard Modern Greek
1084:
1078:
1045:
1039:Indeed, what does he have?
1028:
1013:
998:
982:
967:
876:) would have more intense
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
790:
738:. Under the leadership of
696:
494:
481:
475:The English-language name
369:common supra-regional form
315:
42:
25:
18:
8766:
8020:
7971:
7960:
7121:
7102:
6866:
6769:
6555:
6531:
6106:Attalid kings of Pergamon
6052:
6048:
6035:
5914:Antigonid Macedonian army
5746:
5411:
5382:
5226:
5202:
5189:
5128:Free Koine Greek Keyboard
5100:Resources in your library
5059:Stevens, Gerald L. 2009.
5052:Palmer, Leonard R. 1980.
5017:Colvin, Stephen C. 2007.
4952:Kantor, Benjamin (2023),
4725:Horrocks (1997: ch.5.11.)
4425:Κοπιδάκης, Μ.Ζ. (1999).
4249:Dictionary.com Unabridged
4170:Demetrios J. Constantelos
2850:Sample 1 – A Roman decree
1654:in the 5th century BC in
1122:ἄλ-λος, Ἑλ-λάδα, θάλασ-σα
1090:
1020:Ad amicum nostrum Lucium.
648:
414:, which then turned into
40:
8902:Hellenistic civilization
5134:The Biblical Greek Forum
5000:Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
4431:
4426:
1795:, became the fricatives
1760:unrounded to merge with
1741:(classically pronounced
1648:had already merged with
1292:. Old Testament scholar
800:Die Entstehung der Koine
667:(second century AD) and
19:Not to be confused with
8672:Greek language question
4893:Andriotis, Nikolaos P.
4488:Andriotis, Nikolaos P.
4325:. Wiley. p. xiii.
4107:in other dialects–e.g.
3379:, fricative values for
3349:The following excerpt,
1487:Ancient Greek phonology
1477:Ancient Greek phonology
754:. It replaced existing
697:ἡ Ἀλεξανδρέων διάλεκτος
465:Greek Catholic churches
149:Greek Catholic churches
78:, used in the Southern
6140:Artists & scholars
6055:List of ancient Greeks
5692:Second Athenian League
5541:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5366:Ancient Greek colonies
4934:Weir, Herbert (1956),
1491:Modern Greek phonology
1481:Modern Greek phonology
1456:Differences in grammar
1325:
1159:
1058:
1051:
1034:
1024:To our friend Lucius.
1019:
1004:
988:
973:
913:
904:Greek script from the
756:ancient Greek dialects
727:
654:supraregional language
407:with other varieties.
28:Koine (disambiguation)
7259:Sybaris on the Traeis
5984:Sacred Band of Thebes
5724:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
5238:Cycladic civilization
4219:CollinsDictionary.com
1473:Koine Greek phonology
1296:has been critical of
1142:
1041:What is it with him?
908:decree issued in the
903:
843:ἀρσενικός – ἀρρενικός
775:Constantine the Great
711:
461:Greek Orthodox Church
8682:Morphemes in English
8667:Eteocypriot language
8099:Origin and genealogy
6784:mythological figures
6505:Ancient Greek tribes
5630:Peloponnesian League
4912:Bruce, Frederick F.
4859:Horrocks (1997: 94).
4846:G. Horrocks (1997),
4751:Horrocks (2010: 162)
4742:93.4 (1998) 417–429.
4384:www.stoictherapy.com
1822:ἄγγελος > άγγελος
1810:γαμβρός > γαμπρός
1515:was replaced with a
1502:stress accent system
1413:Greek Church Fathers
1251:S. J. Thackeray, in
1186:(Old Testament) and
978:Good day, you came?
677:Proto-Greek language
94:, parts of Southern
66:Hellenistic Kingdoms
8937:Languages of Sicily
8687:Terms of endearment
8662:Eteocretan language
8629:Promotion and study
8116:Pre-Greek substrate
6896:Tunnel of Eupalinos
6891:Theatre of Dionysus
6515:Ancient Macedonians
6131:Tyrants of Syracuse
5643:Amphictyonic League
5243:Minoan civilization
5054:The Greek language.
4502:Gilbert, R (1823).
4176:Seabury Press, 1967
1498:pitch accent system
1462:Koine Greek grammar
1328:New Testament Greek
855:Georgios Hatzidakis
736:Alexander the Great
704:Origins and history
665:Apollonius Dyscolus
628:[koi̯.nɛ̌ː]
389:Alexander the Great
365:New Testament Greek
353:Alexandrian dialect
141:liturgical language
8932:Languages of Egypt
8927:Languages of Syria
8917:Standard languages
8784:1600–1100 BC
8707:Greek Language Day
8337:Jewish Koine Greek
8126:Hellenic languages
7570:Menestheus's Limin
7224:Pandosia (Lucania)
7112:Greek colonisation
6474:Athenian statesmen
6235:Diogenes of Sinope
6096:Kings of Macedonia
6086:Kings of Commagene
5954:Macedonian phalanx
5934:Hellenistic armies
5682:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
5546:Indo-Greek Kingdom
5268:Hellenistic Greece
5140:Greek-Language.com
4879:Allen, W. Sidney,
4705:. Fortress Press.
4628:. Baker Academic.
4308:. London: Longman.
4275:. Merriam-Webster.
3375:, loss of initial
2838:Sample Koine texts
1816:ἄνδρας > άντρας
1631:πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη
1375:New American Bible
1343:historical present
1310:He maintains that
1204:Jewish Koine Greek
1160:
1096:Tsakonian language
989:Si vis, veni mecum
974:Bono die, venisti?
933:Hellenistic period
914:
786:Hellenistic period
728:
714:Hellenistic period
585:in US English and
489:hē koinḕ diálektos
377:Hellenistic period
338:the common dialect
322:hē koinḕ diálektos
139:, survives as the
8879:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8776:3rd millennium BC
8725:
8724:
8531:Cypriot syllabary
8458:
8457:
8332:Hellenistic Koine
8058:
8057:
8016:
8015:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7522:Iberian Peninsula
7454:Lipara/Meligounis
7420:
7419:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7071:Cypriot syllabary
6962:
6961:
6871:Athenian Treasury
6855:
6854:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6116:Ptolemaic dynasty
6076:Archons of Athens
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
5902:Athenian military
5883:
5882:
5716:League of Corinth
5698:Thessalian League
5674:Chalcidian League
5656:Acarnanian League
5566:Ptolemaic Kingdom
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5081:Library resources
5025:Easterling, P. E.
4982:978-0-674-36250-5
4945:978-0-674-36250-5
4740:Classical Journal
4712:978-1-5064-3847-4
4660:978-90-04-23477-2
4635:978-1-58558-814-5
4604:978-3-11-031216-4
4569:978-3-11-031216-4
4528:978-0-393-91847-2
4410:978-1-4094-8075-4
4365:978-0-521-83307-3
4332:978-1-4443-1892-0
4192:SIL International
2835:
2834:
1242:, and the use of
1094:etc.), while the
1074:Cappadocian Greek
968:Καλήμερον, ἦλθες;
910:Ptolemaic Kingdom
840:, 'sea';
837:θάλασσα – θάλαττα
744:Ptolemaic Kingdom
669:Aelius Herodianus
649:Ελληνιστική Κοινή
482:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
441:), the Christian
405:dialect levelling
345:Hellenistic Greek
343:), also known as
316:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
308:
307:
76:Early Middle Ages
43:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
8949:
8814:
8809:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8793:
8792:800–300 BC
8791:
8785:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8769:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8450:Greco-Australian
8223:
8204:
8201:
8191:
8188:
8178:
8175:
8165:
8162:
8152:
8149:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8062:
8048:
8047:
8038:
8028:
8027:
7962:
7680:
7179:Heraclea Lucania
7132:
7123:
7104:
6864:
6796:Twelve Olympians
6767:
6557:
6533:
6121:Seleucid dynasty
6101:Kings of Paionia
6050:
6037:
5907:Scythian archers
5814:Graphe paranomon
5744:
5651:
5648:
5638:
5635:
5619:
5616:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5413:
5384:
5263:Classical Greece
5248:Mycenaean Greece
5228:
5204:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5153:
4985:
4966:
4948:
4906:
4905:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4441:
4440:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4167:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3962:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3104:ekseːɡéːsoːntai,
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ
1765:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:. The diphthong
1683:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1532:
1452:(sound system).
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1198:Septuagint Greek
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1035:Quid enim habet?
1031:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
991:
985:
984:
976:
970:
969:
954:, and the Greek
912:, 2nd century BC
845:
844:
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:
793:
792:
760:Classical Greece
746:of Egypt to the
699:
698:
675:to refer to the
651:
650:
645:
636:
630:
620:
618:[koinéː]
610:
609:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
505:
498:
491:
484:
483:
385:Byzantine Empire
361:Septuagint Greek
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
324:
318:
317:
304:
288:
269:
260:
259:
251:
231:
160:
57:
45:
44:
33:
8957:
8956:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8882:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8861:
8852:
8843:
8834:
8825:
8812:
8804:
8796:
8788:
8780:
8772:
8762:
8756:
8726:
8721:
8712:Trojan language
8702:Minoan language
8650:
8624:
8596:
8524:Writing systems
8519:
8515:Standard Modern
8493:
8489:Standard Modern
8454:
8408:Greco/Calabrian
8341:
8318:
8214:
8202:
8189:
8176:
8163:
8157:Mycenaean Greek
8150:
8130:
8121:Graeco-Phrygian
8111:Graeco-Armenian
8094:
8089:
8059:
8054:
8012:
7967:
7944:
7807:
7801:
7684:
7675:
7667:
7638:Melaina Korkyra
7594:
7516:
7473:
7426:Aeolian Islands
7416:
7278:
7136:
7117:
7116:
7090:
7047:
6958:
6900:
6851:
6805:
6756:
6678:
6669:Wedding customs
6551:
6550:
6519:
6510:Thracian Greeks
6493:
6484:Olympic victors
6462:
6304:
6191:
6135:
6126:Kings of Sparta
6111:Kings of Pontus
6081:Kings of Athens
6057:
6044:
6023:
5919:Army of Macedon
5879:
5856:
5828:
5785:
5733:
5706:(370–c. 230 BC)
5704:Arcadian League
5688:(c. 400–188 BC)
5686:Aetolian League
5680:Boeotian League
5662:Hellenic League
5649:
5636:
5626:(c. 650–404 BC)
5617:
5611:Italiote League
5604:
5600:
5594:Doric Hexapolis
5584:
5575:
5571:Seleucid Empire
5514:
5407:
5406:
5370:
5277:
5253:Greek Dark Ages
5222:
5221:
5198:
5185:
5180:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5077:
4993:
4991:Further reading
4983:
4970:
4964:
4951:
4946:
4933:
4904:Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά
4899:Buth, Randall,
4869:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4845:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4783:10.2307/2936047
4772:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4487:
4444:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4358:. p. 436.
4345:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4226:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4047:
4040:Pronunciation:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3915:Pronunciation:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3347:
3342:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2894:rough breathing
2852:
2840:
1987:transliteration
1856:
1719:to before the
1703:The diphthongs
1678:, merging with
1596:The diphthongs
1552:The diphthongs
1527:rough breathing
1483:
1471:Main articles:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1434:Classical Greek
1430:
1417:Early Christian
1409:patristic Greek
1405:
1403:Patristic Greek
1336:
1330:
1300:arguments that
1259:, parts of the
1225:Hellenized Jews
1217:Biblical Hebrew
1206:
1200:
1165:
1150:manuscripts in
1137:
1055:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
993:
986:
977:
971:
898:
808:Antoine Meillet
796:Paul Kretschmer
748:Seleucid Empire
726:
716:(323 to 31 BC)
706:
643:[ciˈni]
634:[cyˈni]
623:Classical Attic
590:
586:
564:
560:
538:
534:
512:
508:
473:
451:Marcus Aurelius
340:
337:
334:
331:
300:
284:
281:
265:
255:
254:
247:
232:
227:
221:
207:
200:
161:
158:Language family
156:
73:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8955:
8953:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8884:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8864:
8862:
8855:
8853:
8846:
8844:
8837:
8835:
8828:
8826:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8808:600–1453
8802:
8794:
8786:
8778:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8732:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8561:Greek numerals
8558:
8556:Attic numerals
8553:
8548:
8541:Greek alphabet
8538:
8533:
8527:
8525:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8400:
8398:Constantinople
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8366:
8359:
8351:
8349:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8262:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8240:
8231:
8229:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8206:
8196:Medieval Greek
8193:
8180:
8167:
8154:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8092:Greek language
8090:
8088:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8065:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8042:
8032:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7604:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7372:Megara Hyblaea
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7352:Hybla Gereatis
7349:
7344:
7342:Heraclea Minoa
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7086:Attic numerals
7083:
7081:Greek numerals
7078:
7076:Greek alphabet
7073:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6910:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6730:Musical system
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6689:
6687:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6162:Mathematicians
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6071:Kings of Argos
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Cretan archers
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5728:Achaean League
5725:
5722:Euboean League
5719:
5713:
5710:Epirote League
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5658:(c. 500–31 BC)
5653:
5640:
5627:
5621:
5608:
5590:
5588:
5586:Confederations
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5510:Lissus (Crete)
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5258:Archaic Greece
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:Ancient Greece
5181:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:External links
5073:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4968:
4962:
4949:
4944:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4897:
4891:
4877:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4852:
4839:
4827:
4818:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4765:
4753:
4744:
4727:
4718:
4711:
4693:
4682:(4): 486–500.
4666:
4659:
4641:
4634:
4616:
4603:
4581:
4568:
4546:
4534:
4527:
4509:
4494:
4442:
4417:
4409:
4389:
4371:
4364:
4338:
4331:
4311:
4296:
4278:
4255:
4252:(Online). n.d.
4235:
4205:
4178:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4138:
4066:
4057:
4033:
3907:
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3899:
3896:
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3394:
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3323:
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3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
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2803:
2796:
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2779:
2772:
2765:
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2675:
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2612:
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2598:
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2557:
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2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:
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2485:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1923:vs. close-mid
1915:vs. close-mid
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1771:
1730:
1701:
1594:
1550:
1520:
1509:
1468:
1465:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1442:word formation
1436:in many ways:
1429:
1426:
1404:
1401:
1360:Gospel of Mark
1332:Main article:
1329:
1326:
1265:Book of Isaiah
1261:Book of Joshua
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1168:Biblical Koine
1164:
1163:Biblical Koine
1161:
1136:
1133:
897:
894:
802:(1901), while
779:late antiquity
771:Constantinople
767:Medieval Greek
725:
724:
721:
717:
705:
702:
637:(close to the
625:pronunciation
621:(close to the
472:
469:
447:Church Fathers
423:post-classical
412:Medieval Greek
383:and the early
357:Biblical Greek
306:
305:
298:
290:
289:
282:
277:
274:
273:
270:
262:
261:
252:
244:
243:
242:Language codes
239:
238:
236:Greek alphabet
233:
229:Writing system
226:
223:
222:
220:
219:
210:
208:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
164:
162:
155:
152:
151:
145:Greek Orthodox
137:Medieval Greek
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
88:Ionian Islands
84:Aegean Islands
63:
59:
58:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
21:Koiné language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8954:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8811:
8803:
8795:
8787:
8779:
8771:
8770:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8741:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8581:Cyrillization
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:Archaic forms
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8413:Griko/Apulian
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:Arcadocypriot
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8207:
8197:
8194:
8190: 300 BC
8184:
8181:
8171:
8170:Ancient Greek
8168:
8158:
8155:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8079:
8074:
8072:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8051:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8031:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7963:
7959:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:Hemeroscopion
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7127:Magna Graecia
7124:
7120:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
7001:Arcadocypriot
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6954:Zeus, Olympia
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:Hera, Olympia
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:Mount Olympus
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:Sacred places
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6634:Olympic Games
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Homosexuality
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Seleucid army
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5668:Delian League
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5644:
5641:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5624:Ionian League
5622:
5612:
5609:
5605: 560 BC
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:Magna Graecia
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5029:Carol Handley
5026:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4973:Greek Grammar
4969:
4965:
4963:9780802878311
4959:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4936:Greek Grammar
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:0-521-33555-8
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4380:"Maintenance"
4375:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4225:
4224:HarperCollins
4221:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4142:
4139:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4020:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3624:
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3608:
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3600:
3597:
3592:
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3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
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3552:
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3528:
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3509:
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3496:
3493:
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3448:
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3432:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
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3352:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3145:
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3137:
3134:
3129:
3126:
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3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3094:
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3086:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
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3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
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2897:
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2804:
2801:
2797:
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2766:
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2697:
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2565:
2562:
2558:
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2527:
2524:
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2517:
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2500:
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2455:
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2308:
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2301:
2298:
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2287:
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2283:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1943:
1936:
1860:
1853:
1828:
1772:
1769:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1702:
1661:
1657:
1617:
1595:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:varieties of
1536:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:stress accent
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1324:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1279:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1154:, written on
1153:
1149:
1148:New Testament
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1010:
1006:
995:
990:
979:
975:
963:
959:
957:
956:New Testament
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
922:Ancient Greek
919:
911:
907:
906:Rosetta Stone
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
886:Arcadocypriot
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
722:
719:
718:
715:
710:
703:
701:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
644:
640:
635:
629:
624:
619:
614:
608:
582:
556:
530:
506:
504:
497:
492:
490:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
443:New Testament
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:lingua franca
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
329:
323:
312:
303:
299:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:Linguist List
275:
271:
268:
263:
258:
253:
250:
245:
240:
237:
234:
230:
224:
218:
217:Ancient Greek
215:
214:
213:
209:
203:
191:
188:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:Indo-European
163:
159:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
50:Pronunciation
48:
39:
34:
29:
22:
8865:
8856:
8848:
8847:
8838:
8829:
8820:
8585:Romanization
8435:Romano-Greek
8425:Mariupolitan
8373:
8363:Katharevousa
8361:
8354:
8331:
8323:
8211:(since 1453)
8209:Modern Greek
8182:
8106:Graeco-Aryan
7845:Dionysopolis
7815:Abonoteichos
7767:Pantikapaion
7357:Hybla Heraea
7042:
6693:Architecture
6649:Prostitution
6338:Aristophanes
6197:Philosophers
6167:Philosophers
5999:Spartan army
5730:(280–146 BC)
5718:(338–322 BC)
5712:(370–168 BC)
5700:(374–196 BC)
5694:(378–355 BC)
5676:(430–348 BC)
5670:(478–404 BC)
5664:(499–449 BC)
5351:Peloponnesus
5273:Roman Greece
5095:Online books
5085:
5067:
5066:––––. 2009.
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4972:
4956:, Eerdmans,
4953:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4900:
4894:
4880:
4873:
4872:Abel, F.-M.
4867:Bibliography
4855:
4847:
4842:
4830:
4821:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4774:
4768:
4756:
4747:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4702:
4696:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4650:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4608:. Retrieved
4594:
4584:
4573:. Retrieved
4559:
4549:
4537:
4518:
4512:
4497:
4489:
4436:
4420:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4352:Thessaloniki
4347:
4341:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4290:
4270:
4247:
4238:
4227:. Retrieved
4217:
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4190:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4141:
4069:
4060:
4036:
3911:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3348:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3101:ἐξηγήσωνται,
2976:praːɡmátoːn,
2936:epojéːsanto;
2853:
2844:
2841:
2417:s (-s-/-ss-)
2410:σ (-σ-/-σσ-)
1941:
1935:pataḥ/qamets
1934:
1861:
1857:
1616:monophthongs
1543:Aeolic Greek
1495:
1484:
1431:
1408:
1406:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1340:
1337:
1309:
1298:etymological
1269:
1252:
1250:
1229:
1207:
1184:Hebrew Bible
1167:
1166:
1110:
1065:
1062:modern Greek
1059:
1043:
1029:Τί γὰρ ἔχει;
1026:
1011:
996:
980:
965:
960:
952:Hebrew Bible
945:
937:Roman Empire
926:
915:
890:Common Attic
889:
874:Pontic Greek
864:colonies of
859:
852:
799:
798:in his book
783:
764:
729:
681:
672:
660:
658:
639:Modern Greek
612:
502:
500:
488:
486:
476:
474:
463:and in some
454:
439:Hebrew Bible
420:
416:Modern Greek
409:
399:and related
381:Roman Empire
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:common Attic
348:
344:
310:
309:
293:
189:
102:, Byzantine
70:Roman Empire
8892:Koine Greek
8822:Proto-Greek
8692:Place names
8566:Orthography
8375:Misthiotika
8369:Cappadocian
8183:Koine Greek
8164: 1600
8151: 2900
8144:Proto-Greek
7993:Place names
7905:Salmydessus
7727:Kalos Limen
7707:Chersonesus
7697:Borysthenes
7402:Tauromenion
7214:Metapontion
6976:Proto-Greek
6929:Erechtheion
6924:Athena Nike
6886:Philippeion
6715:Mathematics
6686:and science
6569:Agriculture
6433:Stesichorus
6343:Bacchylides
6333:Archilochus
6220:Antisthenes
6210:Anaximander
6182:Seven Sages
6172:Playwrights
6152:Geographers
6147:Astronomers
5974:Pezhetairos
5601: 1100
5581:Federations
5480:Megalopolis
5417:City states
5392:City states
5086:Koine Greek
4835:Kantor 2023
4814:Kantor 2023
4761:Kantor 2023
4198:21 December
3775:anˈtʰropon;
3328:pʰaínoːntai
3288:praːɡmátoːn
3024:heːmetéraːi
2933:ἐποιήσαντο·
1942:tsere/segol
1723:consonants
1717:assimilated
1674:fronted to
1570:/aːieːioːi/
1535:Ionic Greek
1106:Doric Greek
918:Attic Greek
828:instead of
816:instead of
752:Mesopotamia
456:Meditations
311:Koine Greek
212:Proto-Greek
206:Early forms
190:Koine Greek
36:Koine Greek
8886:Categories
8813:Since 1453
8602:Literature
8571:Diacritics
8314:Pamphylian
8305:Macedonian
8286:Northwest
8203: 330
8177: 800
7895:Polemonion
7772:Phanagoria
7742:Kimmerikon
7737:Kerkinitis
7722:Hermonassa
7712:Dioscurias
7608:Aspalathos
7555:Kalathousa
7530:Akra Leuke
7459:Phoenicusa
7244:Scylletium
7229:Poseidonia
7149:Brentesion
7036:Pamphylian
7031:Macedonian
6949:Samothrace
6934:Hephaestus
6881:Long Walls
6860:Structures
6801:Underworld
6747:Technology
6710:Literature
6644:Philosophy
6609:Euergetism
6498:By culture
6443:Thucydides
6285:Pythagoras
6280:Protagoras
6270:Parmenides
6255:Heraclitus
6240:Empedocles
6230:Democritus
6215:Anaximenes
6205:Anaxagoras
6157:Historians
5650: 595
5637: 550
5618: 800
5603: – c.
5531:Cappadocia
5336:Ionian Sea
5326:Hellespont
5291:Aegean Sea
4610:2018-07-03
4575:2018-07-03
4354:, Greece:
4229:2014-09-24
3898:References
3879:kaˈtelaβen
3876:κατέλαβεν.
3325:φαίνωνται.
3280:deːmosíoːn
3232:apotáksiː,
3216:syŋkléːtuː
3184:strateːɡòs
3136:práːɡmatos
3032:enémiːnan,
3029:ἐνέμειναν,
2973:πραγμάτων,
1525:: loss of
1446:vocabulary
1388:Thucydides
1294:James Barr
1257:Pentateuch
1213:substratum
1180:Septuagint
1144:Papyrus 46
1113:Dodecanese
1056:He's sick.
948:Septuagint
692:Alexandria
688:vernacular
435:Septuagint
367:, was the
92:Asia Minor
8831:Mycenaean
8615:Byzantine
8592:Greeklish
8463:Phonology
8440:Tsakonian
8393:Himariote
8243:Mycenaean
8219:Varieties
8166:–1100 BC)
8153:–1600 BC)
7981:in Epirus
7930:Trapezous
7875:Mesambria
7860:Eupatoria
7830:Apollonia
7825:Anchialos
7787:Theodosia
7757:Nymphaion
7747:Myrmekion
7717:Gorgippia
7673:Black Sea
7658:Tragurion
7643:Nymphaion
7628:Epidauros
7623:Epidamnos
7613:Apollonia
7590:Zacynthos
7512:Ptolemais
7506:Apollonia
7479:Cyrenaica
7469:Therassía
7464:Strongyle
7444:Ereikousa
7367:Leontinoi
7307:Apollonia
7184:Hipponion
6981:Mycenaean
6944:Parthenon
6876:Lion Gate
6779:Mythology
6742:Sculpture
6705:Astronomy
6639:Pederasty
6614:Festivals
6599:Education
6479:Lawgivers
6448:Timocreon
6428:Sophocles
6423:Simonides
6398:Philocles
6393:Panyassis
6388:Mimnermus
6353:Herodotus
6348:Euripides
6318:Aeschylus
6265:Leucippus
6225:Aristotle
6004:Strategos
5870:Synedrion
5824:Ostracism
5804:Areopagus
5756:Free city
5551:Macedonia
5435:Byzantion
5341:Macedonia
5306:Cyrenaica
5283:Geography
5217:Geography
4653:. Brill.
4157:Citations
3855:skoˈti(a)
3772:ἀνθρώπων.
3679:ˈʝeɣonen.
3615:eˈʝeneto,
3583:tʰeˈo(n).
3487:tʰeˈo(n),
3213:συνκλήτου
3181:στρατηγὸς
3133:πράγματος
3096:práːɡmata
3056:dotʰôːsin
1827:aspirates
1721:voiceless
1467:Phonology
1450:phonology
1407:The term
1384:Herodotus
1052:Aegrotat.
1046:Ἀρρωστεῖ.
295:Glottolog
267:ISO 639-3
249:ISO 639-2
122:Ethnicity
8858:Medieval
8758:Ages of
8697:Proverbs
8536:Linear B
8478:teaching
8234:Central
8192:–AD 330)
8179:–300 BC)
8030:Category
8008:Theatres
7935:Tripolis
7870:Kerasous
7865:Heraclea
7797:Tyritake
7752:Nikonion
7663:Thronion
7585:Salauris
7540:Emporion
7497:Berenice
7487:Balagrae
7439:Euonymos
7412:Tyndaris
7397:Syracuse
7392:Selinous
7362:Kamarina
7317:Casmenae
7302:Akrillai
7219:Neápolis
7154:Caulonia
7135:Mainland
7066:Linear B
7061:Linear A
6991:Dialects
6968:Language
6762:Religion
6720:Medicine
6654:Religion
6619:Folklore
6604:Emporium
6579:Clothing
6574:Calendar
6458:Xenophon
6453:Tyrtaeus
6438:Theognis
6413:Polybius
6408:Plutarch
6383:Menander
6363:Hipponax
6290:Socrates
6245:Epicurus
6091:Diadochi
5989:Sciritae
5949:Hetairoi
5924:Ballista
5889:Military
5852:Gerousia
5842:Ekklesia
5809:Ecclesia
5791:Athenian
5739:Politics
5652:–279 BC)
5639:–366 BC)
5620:–389 BC)
5556:Pergamon
5526:Bithynia
5519:Kingdoms
5460:Pergamon
5402:Military
5397:Politics
5194:Timeline
5031:. 2001.
4763::345,764
4688:42707093
4542:Augsburg
3676:γέγονεν.
3647:eˈʝeneto
3612:ἐγένετο,
3320:písteoːs
3277:δημοσίων
3176:ˈmainios
3168:ˈkʷintos
3152:édoksen;
3093:πράγματα
3008:pʰilíaːi
2984:hoítines
2920:tʰizbîːs
1940:and not
1837:(via ),
1831:/pʰtʰkʰ/
1799:(via ),
1768:iotacism
1591:/aːeːoː/
1541:and the
1539:Anatolia
1523:Psilosis
1396:Xenophon
1392:Polybius
1320:ἐκκλησία
1313:ἐκκλησία
1303:ekklēsía
1278:ekklēsía
1273:ἐκκλησία
1263:and the
866:Anatolia
684:Atticism
431:Polybius
427:Plutarch
302:koin1234
171:Hellenic
147:and the
8840:Ancient
8677:Exonyms
8610:Ancient
8576:Braille
8546:History
8505:Ancient
8498:Grammar
8470:Ancient
8445:Yevanic
8403:Italiot
8388:Cypriot
8356:Demotic
8300:Locrian
8295:Epirote
8290:Achaean
8270:Homeric
8227:Ancient
8136:Periods
8050:Outline
8003:Temples
7940:Zaliche
7920:Thèrmae
7910:Sesamus
7880:Odessos
7855:Cytorus
7850:Cotyora
7600:Illyria
7565:Mainake
7560:Kypsela
7449:Hycesia
7407:Thermae
7387:Segesta
7377:Messana
7332:Helorus
7312:Calacte
7292:Akragas
7254:Sybaris
7239:Rhegion
7194:Krimisa
7144:Alision
7053:Writing
7026:Locrian
7016:Epirote
6986:Homeric
6919:Artemis
6906:Temples
6847:Olympia
6817:Eleusis
6752:Theatre
6737:Pottery
6664:Warfare
6659:Slavery
6594:Economy
6589:Cuisine
6584:Coinage
6561:Society
6546:Culture
6541:Society
6489:Tyrants
6328:Alcaeus
6310:Authors
6260:Hypatia
6250:Gorgias
6187:Writers
6009:Toxotai
5979:Sarissa
5969:Peltast
5964:Phalanx
5944:Hoplite
5939:Hippeis
5862:Macedon
5834:Spartan
5819:Heliaia
5766:Proxeny
5475:Larissa
5470:Kerkyra
5465:Eretria
5455:Miletus
5450:Ephesus
5445:Corinth
5440:Chalcis
5361:Taurica
5231:Periods
5212:History
5121:at the
4676:Biblica
4267:"Koine"
4244:"Koine"
4214:"Koine"
4091:/e̝(ː)/
3863:a(ɸ)ˈto
3831:ˈpʰeni,
3828:φαίνει,
3823:skoˈtia
3644:ἐγένετο
3631:kʰoˈris
3527:ˈloɣos.
3431:ˈloɣos,
3317:πίστεως
3285:πραάτων
3229:ἀποτάξῃ
3173:Μαίνιος
3165:Κόιντος
3149:ἔδοξεν·
3144:húːtoːs
3088:hautùːs
3053:δοθῶσιν
3021:ἡμετέρᾳ
2981:οἵτινες
2968:hautùːs
2860:Boeotia
2856:Thisbae
2453:Upsilon
2333:Omicron
2255:/l/((?)
2093:Epsilon
1889:π, τ, κ
1788:Β, Γ, Δ
1660:Corinth
1614:became
1438:grammar
1370:Aramaic
1245:ἐγένετο
1221:Aramaic
1210:Semitic
1156:papyrus
1009:Where?
896:Sources
740:Macedon
332:
286:grc-koi
143:of the
80:Balkans
74:By the
8867:Modern
8620:Modern
8474:accent
8430:Pontic
8420:Maniot
8383:Cretan
8347:Modern
8238:Aeolic
8205:–1453)
8040:Portal
7988:People
7976:Cities
7915:Sinope
7900:Rhizos
7890:Phasis
7840:Bathus
7835:Athina
7820:Amisos
7782:Tanais
7777:Pityus
7702:Charax
7653:Pharos
7648:Orikon
7545:Helike
7535:Alonis
7502:Cyrene
7434:Didyme
7347:Himera
7322:Catana
7284:Sicily
7274:Thurii
7269:Terina
7234:Pixous
7189:Hydrus
7164:Croton
6996:Aeolic
6914:Aphaea
6837:Dodona
6822:Delphi
6791:Temple
6467:Others
6418:Sappho
6403:Pindar
6378:Lucian
6373:Ibycus
6358:Hesiod
6295:Thales
6063:Rulers
6042:People
6019:Xyston
6014:Xiphos
5875:Koinon
5781:Tyrant
5771:Stasis
5761:Koinon
5561:Pontus
5536:Epirus
5505:Sparta
5495:Rhodes
5490:Megara
5485:Thebes
5430:Athens
5356:Pontus
5321:Epirus
5311:Cyprus
5296:Aeolis
5146:Diglot
5083:about
5027:, and
4979:
4960:
4942:
4887:
4709:
4686:
4657:
4632:
4601:
4566:
4525:
4407:
4362:
4329:
3852:σκοτία
3820:σκοτίᾳ
3591:ˈpanda
3559:arˈkʰi
3524:λόγος.
3503:tʰeˈos
3455:ˈloɣos
3428:λόγος,
3407:arˈkʰi
3312:idíaːs
3256:autoːi
3160:hópoːs
3120:túːtuː
3117:τούτου
3085:αὑτοὺς
3048:autois
3045:αὐτοῖς
3040:hópoːs
2928:lóɡuːs
2925:λόγους
2917:Θισεῖς
2793:ωι (ῳ)
2769:ηι (ῃ)
2745:αι (ᾳ)
2237:Lambda
1981:letter
1841:, and
1662:(e.g.
1608:, and
1547:Lesbos
1479:, and
1415:, the
1117:Cyprus
1082:as ε (
1070:Pontic
941:papyri
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868:(e.g.
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351:, the
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106:, the
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8849:Koine
8760:Greek
8655:Other
8510:Koine
8484:Koine
8324:Koine
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7762:Olbia
7732:Kepoi
7685:coast
7683:North
7676:basin
7618:Aulon
7580:Rhode
7492:Barca
7382:Naxos
7337:Henna
7297:Akrai
7264:Taras
7249:Siris
7209:Medma
7204:Locri
7169:Cumae
7159:Chone
7137:Italy
7043:Koine
7021:Ionic
7011:Doric
7006:Attic
6827:Delos
6725:Music
6368:Homer
6323:Aesop
6275:Plato
6177:Poets
5847:Ephor
5799:Agora
5776:Tagus
5751:Boule
5500:Samos
5425:Argos
5331:Ionia
5316:Doris
5301:Crete
4684:JSTOR
4435:[
4125:, or
4048:later
3903:Notes
3695:aɸˈto
3639:aɸˈtu
3636:αὐτοῦ
3628:χωρὶς
3607:aɸˈtu
3604:αὐτοῦ
3588:πάντα
3580:θεόν.
3575:to(n)
3535:ˈutos
3532:οὗτος
3484:θεόν,
3479:to(n)
3452:λόγος
3309:ἰδίας
3224:pénte
3141:οὕτως
3005:φιλίᾳ
2965:αὑοὺς
2892:(the
2830:(/h/)
2549:Omega
2447:/t/()
2423:/s/()
2405:Sigma
2375:/p/()
2303:/n/()
2231:/k/()
2213:Kappa
2165:Theta
2069:Delta
2063:/ɣ/()
2045:Gamma
2039:/b/()
1997:Alpha
1984:Greek
1933:with
1793:/bɡd/
1665:ΛΕΓΙΣ
1656:Argos
1500:by a
1353:than
1341:The "
1289:qāhāl
1284:קָהָל
1152:Greek
1135:Types
1066:Koine
929:Greek
882:Doric
878:Ionic
848:Ionic
732:Greek
673:koine
661:koine
631:) to
613:koine
559:, or
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477:Koine
401:Ionic
397:Attic
373:Greek
185:Ionic
181:Attic
176:Greek
116:Nubia
112:Egypt
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8583:and
7925:Tium
7692:Akra
7633:Issa
7327:Gela
7199:Laüs
7174:Elea
6832:Dion
6684:Arts
6674:Wine
6300:Zeno
5897:Wars
4977:ISBN
4958:ISBN
4940:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4837::613
4816::613
4707:ISBN
4655:ISBN
4630:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4564:ISBN
4523:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4360:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4200:2023
4136:400)
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4093:>
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4087:/ɛː/
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3992:-nay
3952:-nee
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3272:toːn
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3112:peri
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2327:/ks/
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2183:/tʰ/
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1925:/e̝/
1921:/e̞/
1905:and
1880:and
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1754:υ/οι
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1636:/ɛː/
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1394:and
1386:and
1366:Mark
1355:Luke
1351:John
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1236:and
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884:and
822:and
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4779:doi
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4027:NAY
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3708:ἦν,
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3436:καὶ
3399:ˈen
3377:/h/
3361:/i/
3359:to
3301:τῆς
3296:kai
3293:καὶ
3269:τῶν
3240:hoi
3205:τῆς
3189:τῶν
3128:tuː
3125:τοῦ
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3000:tiː
2949:τῶν
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2890:/h/
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2806:/o/
2782:/i/
2758:/ɑ/
2734:/u/
2667:/y/
2639:/y/
2615:/i/
2591:/ɛ/
2567:/o/
2525:Psi
2501:Chi
2477:Phi
2471:/y/
2429:Tau
2399:/r/
2381:Rho
2279:/m/
2207:/i/
2159:/e/
2141:Eta
2135:/z/
2111:/ɛ/
2087:/d/
2015:/ɑ/
1991:IPA
1955:/ɑ/
1945:/e/
1938:/a/
1917:/e/
1913:/ɛ/
1847:/z/
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1835:/f/
1805:/ð/
1801:/ɣ/
1797:/v/
1758:/y/
1739:/e/
1698:/u/
1676:/y/
1640:/e/
1555:ᾱͅ,
1545:of
1531:/h/
1233:μέν
1219:or
773:by
750:of
371:of
363:or
257:grc
132:Era
8888::
8806:c.
8798:c.
8790:c.
8782:c.
8774:c.
8200:c.
8187:c.
8174:c.
8161:c.
8148:c.
5647:c.
5634:c.
5615:c.
5598:c.
4777:.
4680:64
4678:.
4445:^
4382:.
4350:.
4281:^
4269:.
4258:^
4246:.
4222:.
4216:.
4189:.
4172:,
4122:οι
4119:,
4116:ει
4113:,
4046:,
4016:eɪ
4007:ɔɪ
3996:or
3980:eɪ
3974:ɔɪ
3961::
3959:US
3955:,
3934:ɔɪ
3921::
3919:UK
3868:οὐ
3839:ke
3815:di
3812:τῇ
3807:en
3804:ἐν
3791:to
3788:τὸ
3783:ke
3751:to
3748:τὸ
3743:in
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3687:en
3684:ἐν
3660:ἕν
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3508:ἦν
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3396:Ἐν
3372:ευ
3366:αυ
3264:ek
3261:ἐκ
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3013:τῇ
2997:τῇ
2992:en
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2909:ὧν
2881:ει
2800:ōi
2776:ēi
2752:āi
2728:ou
2721:ου
2707:eu
2700:ευ
2686:au
2679:αυ
2669:)
2657:yi
2650:υι
2633:oi
2626:οι
2609:ei
2602:ει
2585:ai
2578:αι
2537:ps
2513:ch
2489:ph
2357:Pi
2309:Xi
2285:Nu
2261:Mu
2177:th
1902:αι
1819:,
1813:,
1803:,
1785:.
1712:ευ
1706:αυ
1687:υι
1671:οι
1645:ει
1621:αι
1618:.
1611:οι
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1599:αι
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1529:,
1493:.
1475:,
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1440:,
1239:δέ
1227:.
1115:,
1108:.
892:.
850:.
831:ρρ
825:ρσ
819:ττ
813:σσ
604:iː
598:ɔɪ
578:iː
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552:eɪ
546:ɔɪ
533:,
526:eɪ
517:ɔɪ
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355:,
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325:,
319:,
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2050:γ
2033:b
2026:β
2009:a
2002:α
1972:ο
1966:α
1960:ε
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