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3138:
473:
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321:
358:
333:
36:
308:
147:
804:
850:
The Nogai language has disappeared very rapidly in Turkey. Today, it is mostly spoken by the older generation; however, there are still younger speakers, as there are some villages in Turkey where it is a common mode of communication. In the
865:
Nogai is now part of the school curriculum from the 1st to the 10th year in the Nogai
District of Dagestan. It is also taught at the Karachayevo-Cherkess Pedagogical School and the national branch of the Pedagogical Institute.
704:
and in the
Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different. However, all three are mutually intelligible.
855:
the language of instruction in schools was
Russian, and the number of speakers declined there also. Recent estimates place the total number of Nogai speakers at about 80,000.
2658:
3927:
3462:
361:
461:
1794:
3932:
827:
The expulsion of the Nogais from
Ukraine in the nineteenth century separated Nogai speakers into several geographically isolated groups. Some went to
2651:
1231:
858:
In 1973, two small Nogai-language newspapers were being published, one in
Karachay–Cherkessia and another in the Dagestan Autonomous SSR (
1205:
2644:
3455:
509:
119:
3919:
In Russia, the
Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.
3978:
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1073:
954:
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53:
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100:
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3448:
1138:
1087:
1079:
960:
940:
427:
2913:
1605:
900:
336:
79:
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Outside of the southern
Caucasus, other varieties exist that are either considered dialects, or distinct languages:
3963:
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1240:
1115:
1030:
1017:
967:
913:
46:
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2678:
2667:
2334:
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906:
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86:
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2088:
1058:
919:
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3419:
3192:
3146:
2449:
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2100:
2065:
2026:
1885:
1831:
1121:
1045:
1036:
1023:
629:
386:
246:
68:
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2503:
2476:
2289:
2143:
2033:
1492:
606:
1542:
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3402:
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1819:
1306:
1225:
1211:
1178:
1171:
2599:
3637:
3544:
3414:
3324:
3104:
2691:
2439:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2001:
1051:
862:), but most speakers never heard of these publications, and the papers did not reach Nogai villages.
3645:
3471:
3429:
2735:
2701:
2239:
2148:
1955:
1324:
1129:
1066:
645:
602:
351:
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3114:
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1918:
1323:
The last reform of the Nogai writing took place in 1960, when, as a result of discussions at the
1187:
989:
3983:
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3177:
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3058:
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2110:
2055:
1971:
1948:
1941:
1620:
1567:
1506:
1276:
994:
817:
787:
622:
594:
251:
476:
Linguistic map of the
Caucasus region: Nogay is spoken in the pale blue areas, numbered "26."
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2216:
2211:
2206:
1996:
1986:
1923:
1865:
1803:
1298:
1197:
1004:
984:
810:
782:
Historically, Nogai was a spoken language. When speakers wanted to write, they utilized the
625:
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241:
93:
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1991:
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288:
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156:
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1280:
852:
795:
791:
760:
756:
3137:
1734:Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР: Алфавит ногайского языка
472:
824:
based on the Latin alphabet was alleged to be an impediment to learning
Russian.
2299:
2280:
1911:
894:
882:
821:
697:
450:
432:
35:
1755:
1529:
442:
357:
332:
2496:
2487:
1485:
948:
887:
764:
649:
641:
570:
566:
192:
184:
17:
3197:
2636:
2006:
1624:
927:
772:
685:
412:
396:
378:
146:
1480:
403:
3170:
2670:
1294:
840:
713:
692:
671:
667:
578:
326:
202:
176:
152:
1335:
were added to it. After that, the Nogai alphabet took its present form.
2986:
832:
776:
717:
582:
574:
188:
172:
3440:
2581:
1638:
1568:"İlk Nogayca roman kitabı yayınlandı… – türkevi araştırmalar merkezi"
828:
768:
752:
721:
633:
590:
586:
458:
313:
213:
180:
168:
1772:
1617:
The Nogai language and its dialects: grammar, texts, and dictionary
3364:
1253:
Phonemes in parentheses indicate sounds that appear in loanwords.
759:, take their name and that of their language from the grandson of
471:
771:
toward the end of the 13th century. They then settled along the
3444:
2640:
1776:
790:
languages, which were similar to Nogai and were written in the
621:
Nogai is generally classified into the
Kipchak–Nogai branch of
29:
1613:Ногайский язык и его диалекты: грамматика, тексты и словарь
501:
492:
839:, settling in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of
1327:
Research Institute, Language and Literature, the letters
498:
666:(literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in
1695:[Nogai language | Minor languages of Russia].
1666:
Alekseev, F.G. (2017). "Yazyki Astrakhanskoi oblasti"
798:
was introduced. It was devised by the Nogai academic
740:
Alabugat Tatar or Alabugat Nogai (also known as Utar)
731:
Astrakhan Nogai, with the following three varieties:
510:
489:
1530:
Endangered Languages Project data for Alabugat Tatar
1267:
There are 3 stages in the history of Nogai writing:
457:
Nogai is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
3875:
3725:
3494:
3478:
3347:
3315:
3282:
3273:
3231:
3208:
3156:
3145:
3076:
3051:
3015:
2966:
2872:
2827:
2764:
2753:
2690:
2677:
2576:
2551:
2526:
2485:
2432:
2402:
2386:
2379:
2363:
2342:
2333:
2258:
2227:
2199:
2181:
2136:
2081:
2019:
1979:
1970:
1932:
1894:
1873:
1864:
1839:
1830:
1810:
1756:"The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire"
495:
438:
426:
410:
394:
376:
371:
299:
294:
274:
230:
220:
208:
198:
164:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1316:were added in the same year. In 1944 the digraphs
1289:from 1938 — writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet
1644:[Languages | Minor languages of Russia].
809:(Djanibek), following principles adopted for all
1619:] (in Russian). Moscow: Akademii Nauk SSSR.
613:) was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
1286:1928—1938 — writing based on the Latin alphabet
3456:
2652:
1788:
27:Kipchak Turkic language of the North Caucasus
8:
1297:was created in 1938. It included all of the
767:, who ruled the nomadic people west of the
536:
530:
524:
518:
3463:
3449:
3441:
3279:
3153:
2761:
2687:
2659:
2645:
2637:
2383:
2376:
2339:
2196:
1976:
1870:
1836:
1795:
1781:
1773:
449:
145:
131:
1670:[Languages of Astrakhan Oblast].
655:Three distinct dialects are recognized:
140:ногай тили, ногайша (nogay tili, nogayşa)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
975:
873:
800:Abdul-Khamid Shershenbievich Dzhanibekov
462:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1717:Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató (1998).
1690:"Nogaysky yazyk | Malye yazyki Rossii"
1470:
3928:Knowledge (XXG) in languages of Russia
734:Karagash (also known as Kundrov Tatar)
589:. It is the ancestral language of the
1476:
1474:
7:
755:, descended from the peoples of the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1692:Ногайский язык | Малые языки России
3401:Languages between parentheses are
2622:Languages between parentheses are
25:
1320:were excluded from the alphabet.
1239:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
966:
959:
953:
939:
932:
918:
912:
905:
899:
835:, while others stayed within the
696:(White or Western Nogai), by the
609:. In 2014 the first Nogai novel (
3933:Mass media by language of Russia
3136:
1491:
485:
356:
344:
331:
319:
306:
34:
1639:"Yazyki | Malye yazyki Rossii"
531:
519:
45:needs additional citations for
3726:Languages with official status
3405:of the language on their left.
2626:of the language on their left.
1507:"türkevi araştırmalar merkezi"
1:
1610:Nogaysky yazyk i ego dialekty
1543:"Nogai in Russian Federation"
816:In 1938, a transition to the
1293:The Nogai alphabet based on
1223:
1195:
1163:
1127:
1009:
537:
525:
628:. The latter also includes
597:, it is closely related to
4005:
1732:Калмыкова, С. А. (1972).
1668:Языки Астраханской области
1641:Языки | Малые языки России
1279:was used instead with the
1260:
3917:
3387:
3134:
2608:
1271:before 1928 — unwritten;
448:
301:Official language in
226:86,000 (2020 census)
144:
139:
3360:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1737:
1733:
1691:
1667:
1640:
1612:
737:Yurt Tatar or Yurt Nogai
3979:Languages of Uzbekistan
3969:Languages of Kazakhstan
3959:Agglutinative languages
3420:Languages of Azerbaijan
2552:Disputed classification
1582:"Glottolog 4.4 - Nogai"
561:spoken in Southeastern
1740:(in Russian): 118–125.
1339:Modern Nogai alphabet
477:
2311:Old Anatolian Turkish
775:coast of present-day
700:, its tributaries in
593:. As a member of the
475:
3425:Languages of Georgia
3415:Languages of Armenia
1719:The Turkic Languages
1697:minlang.iling-ran.ru
1646:minlang.iling-ran.ru
54:improve this article
3989:Karachay-Cherkessia
3974:Languages of Russia
3923:Languages of Russia
3497:of federal subjects
3472:Languages of Russia
3430:Languages of Russia
2240:Chaharmahali Turkic
1340:
1325:Karachay-Cherkessia
1310:Гъ гъ, Къ къ, Нъ нъ
978:
876:
794:script. In 1928, a
702:Karachay–Cherkessia
352:Karachay-Cherkessia
2914:Caucasian Albanian
1338:
976:
874:
478:
3964:Kipchak languages
3941:
3940:
3909:
3864:Southern Yukaghir
3857:Northern Yukaghir
3534:
3527:
3438:
3437:
3397:extinct languages
3343:
3342:
3269:
3268:
3132:
3131:
3072:
3071:
2634:
2633:
2618:extinct languages
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2428:
2427:
2329:
2328:
2276:South Azerbaijani
2271:North Azerbaijani
2177:
2176:
1966:
1965:
1489:(26th ed., 2023)
1462:
1461:
1251:
1250:
974:
973:
818:Cyrillic alphabet
470:
469:
337:Nogaysky District
151:Nogai written in
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3996:
3954:Turkic languages
3901:
3898:Mongolian script
3888:Cyrillic Braille
3866:
3859:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3661:
3654:
3640:
3633:
3530:
3523:
3479:Federal language
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3280:
3154:
3140:
2762:
2688:
2668:Languages of the
2661:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2384:
2377:
2340:
2207:Khorasani Turkic
2197:
1977:
1871:
1837:
1804:Turkic languages
1797:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1478:
1341:
1337:
1299:Russian alphabet
1243:
1234:
1214:
1208:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
979:
970:
963:
957:
943:
936:
922:
916:
909:
903:
877:
811:Turkic languages
808:
541:) also known as
540:
534:
533:
528:
522:
521:
514:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
464:
453:
422:
406:
399:
390:
389:
381:
360:
350:
348:
347:
335:
325:
323:
322:
312:
310:
309:
280:
236:
149:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Nogai language"
62:
38:
30:
21:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3913:
3871:
3862:
3855:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3786:
3781:Southern Khanty
3779:
3774:Northern Khanty
3772:
3721:
3657:
3650:
3636:
3629:
3595:Karachay-Balkar
3496:
3495:State languages
3490:
3474:
3469:
3439:
3434:
3408:
3383:
3378:Shirvani Arabic
3339:
3311:
3292:Karachay-Balkar
3265:
3227:
3204:
3148:
3141:
3128:
3080:
3068:
3047:
3011:
2962:
2868:
2823:
2757:
2749:
2712:Judaeo-Georgian
2694:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2604:
2572:
2547:
2510:
2481:
2424:
2398:
2375:
2359:
2325:
2318:Ottoman Turkish
2254:
2223:
2195:
2173:
2132:
2090:Fergana Kipchak
2077:
2046:Karachay-Balkar
2015:
1962:
1928:
1890:
1860:
1826:
1806:
1801:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1511:www.turkevi.org
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1312:. The digraphs
1305:, and also the
1301:letters except
1265:
1263:Nogai alphabets
1259:
872:
802:
749:
726:Ottoman Turkish
619:
563:European Russia
559:Turkic language
512:
488:
484:
466:
465:
456:
418:
402:
395:
385:
384:
377:
345:
343:
320:
318:
307:
305:
302:
295:Official status
281:
276:
270:
237:
234:Language family
232:
223:
222:Native speakers
160:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:Southern Mansi
3824:
3817:
3810:
3807:Northern Mansi
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:Eastern Khanty
3784:
3777:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:Southern Altai
3528:
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256:Kipchak–Nogai
255:
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247:Common Turkic
245:
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216:(2020 census)
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3893:Latin script
3796:Komi-Permyak
3666:
3392:
3376:
3355:Kalmyk Oirat
3301:
3261:Pontic Greek
3121:
2985:
2912:
2718:Old Georgian
2716:
2695:(Kartvelian)
2682:
2613:
2566:
2559:
2541:
2504:
2497:
2486:
2317:
2310:
2281:
2168:Tobol-Irtysh
2158:
2089:
2066:
2039:
2027:
2007:
2002:Mishar Tatar
1956:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1849:
1821:Proto-Turkic
1820:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1701:. Retrieved
1699:(in Russian)
1696:
1684:
1675:
1672:Malye Yazyki
1671:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1648:(in Russian)
1645:
1633:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1484:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:Гъ гъ, Къ къ
1317:
1314:Оь оь, Уь уь
1313:
1309:
1302:
1292:
1281:Perso-Arabic
1266:
1252:
864:
859:
857:
853:Soviet Union
849:
826:
815:
792:Perso-Arabic
781:
761:Genghis Khan
757:Golden Horde
750:
707:
691:
682:Nogai Proper
681:
677:
663:
659:
654:
620:
610:
554:
550:
546:
542:
480:
479:
411:
259:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3682:Yakut/Sakha
3545:Azerbaijani
3325:Azerbaijani
2440:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2282:Ajem-Turkic
2266:Azerbaijani
1226:Approximant
977:Consonants
822:orthography
820:began. The
803: [
728:influences.
698:Kuban River
555:Nogai Tatar
110:August 2009
3948:Categories
3105:Circassian
2766:Avar–Andic
2736:Mingrelian
2498:Old Uyghur
2300:Karapapakh
2149:Karakalpak
1957:Karakhanid
1950:Khorezmian
1765:2024-01-28
1760:www.eki.ee
1703:2023-05-11
1652:2023-05-11
1591:2021-07-25
1547:UNESCO WAL
1516:2024-01-28
1486:Ethnologue
1465:References
860:Ленин йолы
765:Nogai Khan
712:Nogais in
664:Qara-Nogai
650:Uzbekistan
646:Karakalpak
642:Kazakhstan
611:Akşa Nenem
603:Karakalpak
571:Uzbekistan
567:Kazakhstan
526:Nogay tili
520:Ногай тили
193:Uzbekistan
185:Kazakhstan
80:newspapers
3717:Ukrainian
3687:Tabasaran
3585:Kabardian
3403:varieties
3395:indicate
3223:Ukrainian
3198:Judeo-Tat
3115:Kabardian
3078:Northwest
2923:Southern
2903:Tabasaran
2758:(Caspian)
2755:Northeast
2702:Karto-Zan
2679:Caucasian
2624:varieties
2616:indicate
2600:Qoqmončaq
2008:Old Tatar
1919:Ili Turki
1130:Affricate
1067:Fricative
870:Phonology
773:Black Sea
686:Stavropol
660:Karanogay
413:Glottolog
397:ISO 639-3
379:ISO 639-2
209:Ethnicity
3984:Dagestan
3883:Cyrillic
3851:Yukaghir
3758:Karelian
3672:Ossetian
3411:See also
3365:Assyrian
3239:Armenian
3178:Ossetian
3171:Kurmanji
3149:European
3081:(Pontic)
3059:Khinalug
3034:Khwarshi
3019:(Didoic)
2945:Western
2889:Eastern
2807:Chamalal
2802:Godoberi
2789:Bagvalal
2707:Georgian
2671:Caucasus
2567:Pecheneg
2364:Southern
2343:Northern
2335:Siberian
2228:Southern
2217:Trukhmen
2111:Telengit
2056:Krymchak
1997:Nagaibak
1943:Chagatai
1678:: 16–18.
1625:12067444
1608:(1940).
1307:digraphs
1295:Cyrillic
1277:Chagatai
1257:Alphabet
990:Alveolar
841:Chechnya
788:Chagatai
714:Bulgaria
672:Chechnya
668:Dagestan
579:Bulgaria
420:noga1249
327:Dagestan
285:Cyrillic
212:108,000
203:Caucasus
177:Bulgaria
153:Cyrillic
3876:Scripts
3753:Finnish
3733:Chukchi
3702:Tsakhur
3646:Mordvin
3565:Chuvash
3560:Chechen
3550:Bashkir
3486:Russian
3393:Italics
3335:Turkmen
3330:Turkish
3284:Kipchak
3249:Western
3244:Eastern
3218:Russian
3183:Persian
3166:Kurdish
3158:Iranian
2993:Chechen
2987:Arshtin
2981:Vainakh
2954:Tsakhur
2864:Kubachi
2798:Botlikh
2784:Akhvakh
2683:(areal)
2614:Italics
2582:pidgins
2578:Creoles
2536:Chuvash
2460:Chelkan
2455:Kumandy
2433:Yenisei
2305:Turkish
2259:Western
2250:Sonqori
2245:Qashqai
2235:Afshari
2212:Turkmen
2200:Eastern
1987:Bashkir
1972:Kipchak
1895:Eastern
1874:Western
1552:23 July
1275:and/or
1273:Kypchak
1012:Plosive
995:Palatal
875:Vowels
833:Romania
784:Kypchak
777:Ukraine
747:History
718:Romania
693:Aqnogai
623:Kipchak
583:Romania
575:Ukraine
557:, is a
538:Nogayşa
532:Ногайша
252:Kipchak
189:Ukraine
173:Romania
159:scripts
94:scholar
3841:Selkup
3836:Nenets
3768:Khanty
3763:Kazakh
3748:Evenki
3738:Dolgan
3712:Udmurt
3659:Moksha
3638:Meadow
3620:Lezgin
3600:Khakas
3590:Kalmyk
3580:Ingush
3575:Dargwa
3555:Buryat
3509:Adyghe
3370:Bohtan
3348:Others
3275:Turkic
3256:German
3232:Others
3210:Slavic
3188:Talysh
3110:Adyghe
3098:Abkhaz
3088:Abazgi
3052:Others
3039:Hinukh
3030:Hunzib
3026:Bezhta
3017:Tsezic
3005:Ingush
2927:Budukh
2898:Lezgin
2886:Samur
2874:Lezgic
2859:Kaitag
2854:Itsari
2842:Dargwa
2837:Chirag
2829:Dargin
2812:Karata
2595:Kurbet
2590:Hezhou
2560:Khazar
2542:Bulgar
2445:Khakas
2410:Dukhan
2387:Steppe
2371:Chulym
2350:Dolgan
2295:Gagauz
2154:Kazakh
2123:Baraba
2106:Teleut
2096:Kyrgyz
2082:Kyrgyz
2051:Karaim
1980:Bulgar
1907:Khoton
1902:Uyghur
1866:Karluk
1856:Khalaj
1623:
1420:Уь уь
1400:Оь оь
1394:Нъ нъ
1347:Аь аь
1283:script
1198:Liquid
1005:Uvular
985:Labial
829:Turkey
769:Danube
753:Nogais
722:Turkey
638:Kazakh
634:Russia
626:Turkic
599:Kazakh
591:Nogais
587:Turkey
547:Noghay
459:UNESCO
439:
433:Noghay
349:
324:
314:Russia
311:
242:Turkic
214:Nogais
199:Region
181:Turkey
169:Russia
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3801:Mansi
3707:Tuvan
3697:Tatar
3677:Rutul
3667:Nogai
3652:Erzya
3610:Kumyk
3519:Altai
3514:Aghul
3504:Abaza
3317:Oghuz
3302:Nogai
3297:Kumyk
3147:Indo-
3123:Ubykh
3093:Abaza
2949:Rutul
2932:Kryts
2893:Aghul
2882:Archi
2847:Kadar
2793:Tindi
2774:Andic
2692:South
2528:Oghur
2420:Soyot
2403:Taiga
2394:Tuvan
2380:Sayan
2355:Yakut
2191:Salar
2183:Oghuz
2159:Nogai
2137:Nogai
2061:Kumyk
2040:Cuman
2020:Cuman
1992:Tatar
1738:Наука
1615:[
1481:Nogai
1329:Аь аь
1166:Nasal
1000:Velar
895:Close
883:Front
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684:, in
553:, or
551:Nogay
543:Noğay
481:Nogai
289:Latin
260:Nogai
157:Latin
135:Nogai
101:JSTOR
87:books
3846:Veps
3743:Even
3631:Hill
3625:Mari
3605:Komi
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1621:OCLC
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