1025:
148:
of satellite communications systems, where the receiver antenna is pointed out into cold space, the antenna effective temperature is often colder than 290 K. In these cases a 2 dB improvement in receiver noise figure will result in more than a 2 dB improvement in the output signal-to-noise ratio. For this reason, the related figure of
3604:
472:
1016:-th device. The first amplifier in a chain usually has the most significant effect on the total noise figure because the noise figures of the following stages are reduced by stage gains. Consequently, the first amplifier usually has a low noise figure, and the noise figure requirements of subsequent stages is usually more relaxed.
973:
2353:
At any given electrical frequency, noise occurs in both quadratures, i.e. in phase (I) and in quadrature (Q) with the signal. Both these quadratures are available behind the electrical amplifier. The same holds in an optical amplifier. But the direct detection photoreceiver needed for measurement of
147:
for terrestrial systems, where the antenna effective temperature is usually near the standard 290 K. In this case, one receiver with a noise figure, say 2 dB better than another, will have an output signal-to-noise ratio that is about 2 dB better than the other. However, in the case
1894:
luctuations. The powers needed for SNR and noise factor calculation are the electrical powers caused by the current in a photodiode. SNR is the square of mean photocurrent divided by variance of photocurrent. Monochromatic or sufficiently attenuated light has a
Poisson distribution of detected
1842:
oscillations of voltages, currents or fields. However, there is also noise in optical systems. In these, the sources have no fundamental noise. Instead the energy quantization causes notable shot noise in the detector. In an optical receiver which can output one available mode or two available
1727:
1347:
1759:
does not refer to the output noise of the previous component. An input termination at the standard noise temperature is still assumed for the individual component. This means that the additional noise power added by each component is independent of the other components.
315:
2471:. It can be measured using a coherent optical I&Q receiver. In these, power of the output signal is proportional to the square of an optical field amplitude because they are linear in amplitude. They pass both quadratures. For an optical amplifier it holds
721:
3608:
259:
169:
transformation, but the portion attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature includes only that which appears in the output via the principal frequency transformation of the
1535:
2275:. Thermal power meters can be built at all frequencies. Hence it is possible to lower the frequency from optical (say 200 THz) to electrical (say 200 MHz). Still there, "Power" must be proportional to
1550:
1235:
1768:
The above describes noise in electrical systems. The optical noise figure is discussed in multiple sources. Electric sources generate noise with a power spectral density, or energy per mode, equal to
63:). The noise factor is thus the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the device itself did not introduce noise, which is equivalent to the ratio of input SNR to output SNR.
576:
467:{\displaystyle \mathrm {NF} =10\log _{10}(F)=10\log _{10}\left({\frac {\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{i}}}{\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{o}}}}\right)=\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{i, dB}}-\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{o, dB}}}
695:
2304:
2273:
1219:
2230:
1840:
1812:
968:{\displaystyle F=F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {F_{4}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}+\cdots +{\frac {F_{n}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}\cdots G_{n-1}}},}
1441:
1411:
1757:
1381:
1138:
1107:
1080:
1053:
1158:
1082:. Both signal and noise get amplified. However, in addition to the amplified noise from the source, the amplifier adds additional noise to its output denoted
2856:
2603:
in dB equals 0 dB. This describes the known fact that the sensitivity of an ideal optical I&Q receiver is not improved by an ideal optical preamplifier.
1861:
is the optical frequency. In an optical receiver with only one available quadrature the shot noise has a power spectral density, or energy per mode, of only
201:
38:. These figures of merit are used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver, with lower values indicating better performance.
3421:
3070:
2913:
3237:
35:
2181:
is a noise factor then its definition must be independent of measurement apparatus and frequency. Consider the signal "Power" in the sense of
2764:
2723:
2703:
2681:
3574:
2145:
is proportional to squares of a field amplitude (electric or magnetic). So, the receiver is nonlinear in amplitude. The "Power" needed for
1449:
2890:
1722:{\displaystyle F={\frac {\frac {S_{i}}{N_{i}}}{\frac {S_{i}G}{N_{a}+N_{i}G}}}={\frac {N_{a}+N_{i}G}{N_{i}G}}=1+{\frac {N_{a}}{N_{i}G}}}
3431:
1342:{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{i}}}{\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{o}}}}={\frac {\frac {S_{i}}{N_{i}}}{\frac {S_{o}}{N_{o}}}},}
2851:
R. Noe, "Noise Figure and
Homodyne Noise Figure" Photonic Networks; 24th ITG-Symposium, Leipzig, Germany, 09-10 May 2023, pp. 85-91,
2371:. Also, the receiver outputs only one baseband signal, corresponding to quadrature. So, one quadrature or degree-of-freedom is lost.
3313:
3227:
150:
74:
are related, with the former being a unitless ratio and the latter being the logarithm of the noise factor, expressed in units of
3650:
286:
quantities are unitless power ratios. Note that this specific definition is only valid for an input signal of which the noise is
3619:
3568:
3416:
3267:
2945:
3613:
3101:
2857:
https://www.vde.com/resource/blob/2264664/dc0e3c85c8e0cb386cbfa215fe499c4c/noise-figure-and-homodyne-noise-figure-data.pdf
95:
3645:
3477:
3384:
525:
3232:
2954:
90:(dB) between the noise output of the actual receiver to the noise output of an "ideal" receiver with the same overall
3157:
2339:
These implications are in obvious conflict with ~150 years of physics. They are compelling consequence of calling
634:
3527:
3050:
2278:
2247:
1166:
2409:
Moreover, today's long-haul optical fiber communication is dominated by coherent optical I&Q receivers but
2210:
712:
706:
581:
154:
is therefore often used instead of the noise figure for characterizing satellite-communication receivers and
3441:
3030:
3364:
3299:
3262:
1820:
1792:
3553:
3398:
3242:
2637:
1541:
1353:
279:
31:
3462:
2979:
129:
2779:
2460:
All the above conflicts are resolved by the optical in-phase and quadrature noise factor and figure
3222:
3217:
3035:
2938:
2627:
155:
3655:
3278:
3168:
2622:
2617:
121:
91:
2365:
takes mainly the in-phase noise into account whereas quadrature noise can be neglected for high
504:, although in practice small differences in temperature do not significantly affect the values.
2881:
3492:
3487:
3283:
3107:
3004:
2989:
2969:
1113:
The noise factor may be expressed as a function of the additional output referred noise power
508:
492:
491:
are in units of (dB). These formulae are only valid when the input termination is at standard
99:
50:
3585:
3558:
3112:
3045:
3009:
1416:
1386:
1735:
1359:
1116:
1085:
1058:
1031:
3563:
3517:
3482:
3472:
3040:
2999:
2907:
2167:
in the electrical domain the power is proportional to the square of the signal amplitude.
175:
144:
109:
2923:
2852:
3660:
3192:
3137:
3117:
2931:
1843:
quadratures this corresponds to a noise power spectral density, or energy per mode, of
1143:
1895:
photons. If, during a detection interval the expectation value of detected photons is
1024:
3639:
3548:
3522:
3257:
3132:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3060:
2984:
2632:
46:
2201:. We may replace the photodiode by a thermal power meter, and measured photocurrent
3623:
3197:
3127:
2918:
1786:
is the absolute temperature. One mode has two quadratures, i.e. the amplitudes of
3629:
3579:
3273:
3252:
3187:
3179:
3122:
3055:
2994:
254:{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{i}}}{\mathrm {SNR} _{\text{o}}}}}
42:
2867:
H. A. Haus, "Noise Figure
Definition Valid From RF to Optical Frequencies", in
2835:
3174:
3163:
3147:
3142:
2974:
2156:
calculation is proportional to the 4th power of the signal amplitude. But for
1871:
In the 1990s, an optical noise figure has been defined. This has been called
1007:
162:
3467:
166:
1109:. Therefore, the SNR at the amplifier's output is lower than at its input.
711:
If several devices are cascaded, the total noise factor can be found with
2642:
133:
3532:
306:
165:
systems, output noise power includes spurious contributions from image-
87:
75:
3152:
1530:{\displaystyle {\frac {S_{o}}{N_{o}}}={\frac {S_{i}G}{N_{a}+N_{i}G}}}
171:
60:
1352:
and assuming a system which has a noisy single stage amplifier. The
98:
when the receivers are connected to matched sources at the standard
2816:, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1602-1604, Nov. 1998, doi: 10.1109/68.726763
3374:
3350:
3335:
3328:
3025:
2662:
2612:
1023:
2927:
2517:
is the input-referred number of added noise photons per mode.
1356:
of this amplifier would include its own output referred noise
605:. More generally, for an attenuator at a physical temperature
2830:
R. Noe, "Consistent
Optical and Electrical Noise Figure," in
2457:
is not the SNR degradation factor in any optical receiver.
2883:
Fundamentals of RF and
Microwave Noise Figure Measurements
2796:
2889:, Application Note, 57-1, Published September 01, 2019.,
2812:
H. A. Haus, "The noise figure of optical amplifiers," in
2420:
does not describe the SNR degradation observed in these.
16:
A number used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier
30:) are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the
41:
The noise factor is defined as the ratio of the output
2869:
IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
2853:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10173081
2350:
a noise factor, or noise figure when expressed in dB.
2192:
definition. Behind an amplifier it is proportional to
2281:
2250:
2213:
1823:
1795:
1738:
1553:
1452:
1419:
1389:
1362:
1238:
1169:
1146:
1119:
1088:
1061:
1034:
724:
637:
528:
318:
204:
2914:
Noise Figure and Y Factor Method Basics and
Tutorial
108:(usually 290 K). The noise power from a simple
3541:
3510:
3501:
3455:
3292:
3208:
3094:
3018:
2962:
2541:can easily be converted into each other. For large
45:of a device to the portion thereof attributable to
2663:"Noise temperature, Noise Figure and noise factor"
2298:
2267:
2224:
1834:
1806:
1751:
1721:
1529:
1435:
1405:
1375:
1341:
1213:
1152:
1132:
1101:
1074:
1047:
967:
689:
571:{\displaystyle F=1+{\frac {T_{\text{e}}}{T_{0}}}.}
570:
466:
253:
1946:detectable signal photons. In the limit of large
1983:is the spontaneous emission factor. One obtains
2790:
2788:
2446:mission has been defined. But the noise factor
507:The noise factor of a device is related to its
2871:, Vol. 6, NO. 2, March/April 2000, pp. 240–247
1934:. Behind an optical amplifier with power gain
1020:Noise factor as a function of additional noise
2939:
2763:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAgilent2010 (
2722:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAgilent2010 (
2702:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAgilent2010 (
2680:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAgilent2010 (
8:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2836:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9915356
2113:lectrical noise factor, which is now called
690:{\displaystyle F=1+{\frac {(L-1)T}{T_{0}}}.}
2780:Derivation of noise figure equations (DOCX)
2299:{\displaystyle (\mathrm {\Delta \theta } )}
2268:{\displaystyle (\mathrm {\Delta \theta } )}
1214:{\displaystyle F=1+{\frac {N_{a}}{N_{i}G}}}
305:is defined as the noise factor in units of
3507:
2946:
2932:
2924:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2285:
2280:
2254:
2249:
2225:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\Delta \theta } }
2214:
2212:
1824:
1822:
1796:
1794:
1743:
1737:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1669:
1654:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1605:
1590:
1577:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1515:
1502:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1424:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1367:
1361:
1327:
1317:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1237:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1168:
1145:
1124:
1118:
1093:
1087:
1066:
1060:
1039:
1033:
947:
934:
924:
914:
896:
889:
871:
861:
851:
833:
826:
814:
804:
786:
779:
768:
751:
744:
735:
723:
676:
650:
636:
557:
547:
541:
527:
458:
447:
437:
426:
410:
399:
392:
381:
378:
365:
337:
319:
317:
243:
232:
225:
214:
211:
203:
174:and excludes that which appears via the
34:(SNR) that is caused by components in a
3422:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
2834:, 2022, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2022.3212936,
2758:
2717:
2697:
2675:
2654:
596:when their physical temperature equals
3238:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
86:The noise figure is the difference in
1028:The source outputs a signal of power
143:This makes the noise figure a useful
49:in the input termination at standard
7:
3361:(energy per symbol to noise density)
2693:
2691:
2374:For an optical amplifier with large
2045:. Resulting optical noise factor is
1229:From the definition of noise factor
2109:is in conceptual conflict with the
1835:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\omega } t}
1807:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\omega } t}
3432:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
2286:
2255:
2215:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1252:
1249:
454:
451:
448:
433:
430:
427:
406:
403:
400:
388:
385:
382:
323:
320:
239:
236:
233:
221:
218:
215:
14:
3346:(energy per bit to noise density)
3314:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
3228:Effective input noise temperature
2814:IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
2330:. But "Power" is proportional to
2232:. "Power", being proportional to
2133:is proportional to optical power
590:equal to their attenuation ratio
3607: This article incorporates
3602:
2957:(physics and telecommunications)
1544:to the noise factor definition,
701:Noise factor of cascaded devices
3620:General Services Administration
3569:Block-matching and 3D filtering
3417:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
3268:Noise, vibration, and harshness
2896:from the original on 2022-10-09
2832:Journal of Lightwave Technology
2207:by measured temperature change
2318:is proportional to the square
2293:
2282:
2262:
2251:
1780:is the Boltzmann constant and
1413:and the amplified input noise
665:
653:
352:
346:
140:is the measurement bandwidth.
1:
3102:Additive white Gaussian noise
2728:with some rearrangement from
2423:Another optical noise figure
2395:lectrical amplifier it holds
3478:Interference (communication)
3385:Signal-to-interference ratio
3375:Signal, noise and distortion
989:is the noise factor for the
3233:Equivalent noise resistance
1952:the variance of photons is
1855:is the Planck constant and
1010:(linear, not in dB) of the
611:, the noise temperature is
151:effective noise temperature
132:of the load (for example a
3679:
2570:or, when expressed in dB,
2244:, is also proportional to
1901:then the variance is also
704:
195:of a system is defined as
3528:Total variation denoising
2919:Mobile phone noise figure
278:are the input and output
1940:there will be a mean of
1540:Substituting the output
707:Friis formulas for noise
628:, giving a noise factor
3651:Radar signal processing
3442:Contrast-to-noise ratio
2908:Noise Figure Calculator
2798:, Wiley, New York, 1994
1383:, the amplified signal
3615:Federal Standard 1037C
3609:public domain material
3365:Modulation error ratio
3300:Carrier-to-noise ratio
3263:Noise spectral density
2910:2- to 30-Stage Cascade
2300:
2269:
2226:
1836:
1808:
1753:
1723:
1531:
1437:
1436:{\displaystyle N_{i}G}
1407:
1406:{\displaystyle S_{i}G}
1377:
1343:
1215:
1154:
1134:
1110:
1103:
1076:
1049:
969:
691:
572:
468:
280:signal-to-noise ratios
255:
3628: (in support of
3580:Denoising autoencoder
3554:Anisotropic diffusion
3399:Signal-to-noise ratio
3243:Impulse noise (audio)
3158:Johnson–Nyquist noise
3046:Government regulation
2638:Signal-to-noise ratio
2301:
2270:
2227:
1837:
1809:
1754:
1752:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
1724:
1532:
1438:
1408:
1378:
1376:{\displaystyle N_{a}}
1354:signal to noise ratio
1344:
1216:
1155:
1135:
1133:{\displaystyle N_{a}}
1104:
1102:{\displaystyle N_{a}}
1077:
1075:{\displaystyle N_{i}}
1050:
1048:{\displaystyle S_{i}}
1027:
970:
692:
573:
469:
256:
32:signal-to-noise ratio
3463:List of noise topics
2279:
2248:
2211:
1821:
1793:
1764:Optical noise figure
1736:
1732:In cascaded systems
1551:
1450:
1417:
1387:
1360:
1236:
1167:
1144:
1117:
1086:
1059:
1032:
722:
635:
584:have a noise factor
526:
316:
202:
156:low-noise amplifiers
130:absolute temperature
3646:Noise (electronics)
3223:Circuit noise level
3218:Channel noise level
2391:≥ 2 whereas for an
2312:. Electrical power
1140:and the power gain
1055:and noise of power
3279:Pseudorandom noise
3169:Quantization error
2980:Noise cancellation
2623:Noise figure meter
2618:Noise (electronic)
2581:is 3 dB less than
2296:
2265:
2222:
1832:
1804:
1749:
1719:
1527:
1433:
1403:
1373:
1339:
1211:
1150:
1130:
1111:
1099:
1072:
1045:
965:
687:
568:
464:
282:respectively. The
251:
122:Boltzmann constant
59:(usually 290
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3533:Wavelet denoising
3493:Thermal radiation
3488:Spectrum analyzer
3284:Statistical noise
3108:Atmospheric noise
3005:Noise temperature
2990:Noise measurement
2970:Acoustic quieting
1717:
1679:
1629:
1628:
1583:
1525:
1475:
1334:
1333:
1311:
1283:
1280:
1262:
1209:
1160:of an amplifier.
1153:{\displaystyle G}
960:
878:
821:
774:
682:
563:
550:
509:noise temperature
493:noise temperature
461:
440:
416:
413:
395:
301:The noise figure
249:
246:
228:
100:noise temperature
51:noise temperature
3668:
3633:
3627:
3622:. Archived from
3606:
3605:
3586:Deep Image Prior
3575:Shrinkage Fields
3559:Bilateral filter
3508:
3113:Background noise
3010:Phase distortion
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2838:
2828:
2817:
2810:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2727:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2569:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2516:
2500:
2481:
2470:
2456:
2433:
2419:
2405:
2390:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2180:
2166:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2108:
2095:
2075:
2055:
2044:
2020:
1993:
1982:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1907:and one obtains
1906:
1900:
1881:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1246:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1015:
1005:
995:-th device, and
994:
988:
974:
972:
971:
966:
961:
959:
958:
957:
939:
938:
929:
928:
919:
918:
908:
901:
900:
890:
879:
877:
876:
875:
866:
865:
856:
855:
845:
838:
837:
827:
822:
820:
819:
818:
809:
808:
798:
791:
790:
780:
775:
773:
772:
763:
756:
755:
745:
740:
739:
696:
694:
693:
688:
683:
681:
680:
671:
651:
627:
610:
604:
595:
589:
577:
575:
574:
569:
564:
562:
561:
552:
551:
548:
542:
518:
503:
490:
483:
473:
471:
470:
465:
463:
462:
459:
457:
442:
441:
438:
436:
421:
417:
415:
414:
411:
409:
397:
396:
393:
391:
379:
370:
369:
342:
341:
326:
304:
285:
277:
270:
260:
258:
257:
252:
250:
248:
247:
244:
242:
230:
229:
226:
224:
212:
194:
178:transformation.
3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3636:
3635:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3564:Non-local means
3537:
3518:Low-pass filter
3503:
3497:
3483:Noise generator
3473:Colors of noise
3451:
3358:
3354:
3343:
3339:
3288:
3210:
3204:
3184:Coherent noise
3160:(thermal noise)
3090:
3014:
3000:Noise reduction
2958:
2952:
2904:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2855:, presentation
2850:
2841:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2520:
2510:
2502:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2363:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2277:
2276:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2014:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1872:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1665:
1664:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1563:
1549:
1548:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1482:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1323:
1313:
1301:
1291:
1265:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1165:
1164:
1142:
1141:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1011:
1004:
996:
990:
987:
979:
943:
930:
920:
910:
909:
892:
891:
867:
857:
847:
846:
829:
828:
810:
800:
799:
782:
781:
764:
747:
746:
731:
720:
719:
709:
703:
672:
652:
633:
632:
618:
612:
606:
603:
597:
591:
585:
553:
543:
524:
523:
517:
511:
501:
495:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
446:
425:
398:
380:
374:
361:
333:
314:
313:
302:
295:
291:
283:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
231:
213:
200:
199:
190:
184:
176:image frequency
145:figure of merit
107:
84:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3626:on 2022-01-22.
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3456:Related topics
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3396:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3311:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3193:Gradient noise
3190:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Gaussian noise
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Brownian noise
3115:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3095:Class of noise
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:Transportation
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2902:External links
2900:
2899:
2898:
2874:
2873:
2860:
2839:
2818:
2800:
2794:E. Desurvire,
2784:
2771:
2751:
2740:
2733:
2710:
2687:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2586:
2575:
2563:
2552:
2535:
2524:
2506:
2501:≥ 1. Quantity
2487:
2476:
2465:
2451:
2428:
2414:
2400:
2385:
2359:
2344:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2220:
2217:
2186:
2175:
2161:
2150:
2118:
2103:
2082:
2070:
2061:
2050:
2030:
2010:
1988:
1977:
1961:
1912:
1876:
1831:
1827:
1803:
1799:
1765:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1370:
1366:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1226:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1162:
1149:
1127:
1123:
1096:
1092:
1069:
1065:
1042:
1038:
1021:
1018:
1000:
983:
976:
975:
964:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
923:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
895:
888:
885:
882:
874:
870:
864:
860:
854:
850:
844:
841:
836:
832:
825:
817:
813:
807:
803:
797:
794:
789:
785:
778:
771:
767:
762:
759:
754:
750:
743:
738:
734:
730:
727:
713:Friis' formula
705:Main article:
702:
699:
698:
697:
686:
679:
675:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
646:
643:
640:
616:
601:
579:
578:
567:
560:
556:
546:
540:
537:
534:
531:
515:
499:
487:
480:
456:
453:
450:
445:
435:
432:
429:
424:
420:
408:
405:
402:
390:
387:
384:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
311:
293:
289:
274:
267:
241:
238:
235:
223:
220:
217:
210:
207:
197:
183:
180:
105:
83:
80:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:Gaussian blur
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Median filter
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Noise shaping
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:(or q. noise)
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Flicker noise
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Sound masking
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Noise control
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Thermal noise
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2289:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2218:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2127:Photocurrent
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1829:
1825:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1740:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1242:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1147:
1125:
1121:
1094:
1090:
1067:
1063:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
986:
982:
962:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
935:
931:
925:
921:
915:
911:
905:
902:
897:
893:
886:
883:
880:
872:
868:
862:
858:
852:
848:
842:
839:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
805:
801:
795:
792:
787:
783:
776:
769:
765:
760:
757:
752:
748:
741:
736:
732:
728:
725:
718:
717:
716:
714:
708:
700:
684:
677:
673:
668:
662:
659:
656:
647:
644:
641:
638:
631:
630:
629:
626:
622:
615:
609:
600:
594:
588:
583:
565:
558:
554:
544:
538:
535:
532:
529:
522:
521:
520:
514:
510:
505:
498:
494:
474:
443:
422:
418:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
355:
349:
343:
338:
334:
330:
327:
310:
308:
299:
297:
281:
261:
208:
205:
196:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
152:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
55:
52:
48:
47:thermal noise
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3624:the original
3614:
3600:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3349:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3303:
3248:Noise figure
3247:
3209:Engineering
3198:Worley noise
3128:Cosmic noise
3051:Human health
2882:
2868:
2863:
2831:
2813:
2795:
2778:Aspen Core.
2774:
2759:Agilent 2010
2754:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2718:Agilent 2010
2713:
2698:Agilent 2010
2676:Agilent 2010
2671:
2657:
2598:
2594:
2592:. The ideal
2587:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2240:
2234:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1731:
1539:
1351:
1228:
1163:
1112:
1012:
1001:
997:
991:
984:
980:
977:
710:
624:
620:
613:
607:
598:
592:
586:
580:
512:
506:
502:= 290 K
496:
476:
312:
300:
287:
263:
198:
191:
188:noise factor
187:
185:
160:
149:
142:
137:
125:
117:
113:
112:is equal to
102:
85:
71:
67:
65:
53:
40:
36:signal chain
27:
24:noise factor
23:
20:Noise figure
19:
18:
3630:MIL-STD-188
3274:Phase noise
3253:Noise floor
3188:Value noise
3180:White noise
3123:Burst noise
3041:Environment
3036:Electronics
3019:Noise in...
2995:Noise power
2761:, p. 8
2720:, p. 7
2700:, p. 5
2678:, p. 7
2628:Noise level
2442:pontaneous
2324:of voltage
582:Attenuators
43:noise power
3640:Categories
3542:2D (Image)
3175:Shot noise
3164:Pink noise
3148:Infrasound
3143:Grey noise
2975:Distortion
2880:Keysight,
2649:References
1225:Derivation
1008:power gain
623:− 1)
488:o, dB
481:i, dB
182:Definition
163:heterodyne
70:and noise
66:The noise
3656:Acoustics
3468:Acoustics
3031:Buildings
2782:, pp. 3–4
2547:it holds
2438:mplified
2380:it holds
2290:θ
2287:Δ
2259:θ
2256:Δ
2219:θ
2216:Δ
1826:ω
1798:ω
952:−
941:⋯
903:−
884:⋯
840:−
793:−
758:−
660:−
444:−
372:
344:
167:frequency
96:bandwidth
22:(NF) and
3502:Denoise
2891:archived
2643:Y-factor
2607:See also
1774:, where
307:decibels
134:resistor
116:, where
76:decibels
3511:General
3504:methods
3409:,
2963:General
2072:pnf,out
2019:-1)+1))
1990:pnf,out
1006:is the
136:), and
128:is the
120:is the
88:decibel
82:General
3571:(BM3D)
3293:Ratios
3153:Jitter
3104:(AWGN)
3056:Images
2063:pnf,in
1972:where
1970:-1)+1)
1914:pnf,in
1890:umber
1886:hoton
1849:where
978:where
477:where
309:(dB):
264:where
172:system
78:(dB).
72:figure
68:factor
3661:Sound
3611:from
3582:(DAE)
3379:SINAD
3329:dBrnC
3270:(NVH)
3211:terms
3086:Video
3071:Ships
3066:Rooms
3061:Radio
3026:Audio
2955:Noise
2894:(PDF)
2887:(PDF)
2613:Noise
2511:(1-1/
2492:(1-1/
2406:≥ 1.
2087:(1-1/
2035:(1-1/
460:o, dB
439:i, dB
3436:SQNR
3426:SINR
2765:help
2747:− 1)
2724:help
2704:help
2682:help
2599:o,IQ
2577:o,IQ
2554:o,IQ
2530:and
2526:o,IQ
2496:)+1/
2478:o,IQ
2467:o,IQ
2434:for
2091:)+1/
2039:)+1/
1882:for
1814:and
484:and
271:and
186:The
110:load
94:and
92:gain
3446:CNR
3411:SNR
3369:MER
2588:pnf
2565:pnf
2537:pnf
2453:ase
2430:ase
2416:pnf
2387:pnf
2361:pnf
2357:SNR
2346:pnf
2306:or
2238:or
2188:pnf
2184:SNR
2177:pnf
2173:SNR
2170:If
2152:pnf
2148:SNR
2105:pnf
2068:SNR
2059:SNR
2052:pnf
2026:/(2
1986:SNR
1910:SNR
1878:pnf
1868:.
1816:sin
1788:cos
1542:SNR
619:= (
486:SNR
479:SNR
363:log
335:log
292:=kT
284:SNR
273:SNR
266:SNR
161:In
114:kTB
3642::
3632:).
3618:.
3355:/N
3340:/N
3322:kT
2842:^
2821:^
2803:^
2787:^
2736:=
2690:^
2568:/2
2558:=
2508:sp
2489:sp
2482:=
2336:.
2139:.
2124::
2096:.
2084:sp
2076:=
2066:/
2056:=
2032:sp
2021:=
2012:sp
2006:(2
2004:Gn
2002:/(
1994:=
1979:sp
1963:sp
1957:(2
1955:Gn
1943:Gn
1928:=
1918:=
1866:/2
1864:hf
1846:hf
1771:kT
1443:,
715::
519::
367:10
359:10
339:10
331:10
303:NF
298:.
158:.
124:,
3448:)
3444:(
3438:)
3434:(
3428:)
3424:(
3413:)
3407:N
3405:/
3403:S
3401:(
3395:)
3393:I
3391:/
3389:S
3387:(
3381:)
3377:(
3371:)
3367:(
3357:0
3353:s
3351:E
3342:0
3338:b
3336:E
3324:)
3320:/
3318:C
3316:(
3310:)
3308:N
3306:/
3304:C
3302:(
2947:e
2940:t
2933:v
2769:.
2767:)
2749:.
2745:F
2743:(
2741:0
2738:T
2734:e
2731:T
2726:)
2708:.
2706:)
2684:)
2665:.
2595:F
2584:F
2573:F
2561:F
2550:F
2544:G
2533:F
2522:F
2515:)
2513:G
2504:n
2498:G
2494:G
2485:n
2474:F
2463:F
2449:F
2444:e
2440:s
2436:a
2426:F
2412:F
2402:e
2398:F
2393:e
2383:F
2377:G
2368:n
2342:F
2333:U
2327:U
2321:U
2315:P
2309:P
2294:)
2283:(
2263:)
2252:(
2241:P
2235:I
2204:I
2198:n
2195:G
2163:e
2159:F
2142:P
2136:P
2130:I
2120:e
2116:F
2111:e
2101:F
2093:G
2089:G
2080:n
2078:2
2048:F
2043:)
2041:G
2037:G
2028:n
2024:n
2017:G
2015:(
2008:n
2000:n
1997:G
1975:n
1968:G
1966:(
1959:n
1949:n
1937:G
1931:n
1925:n
1923:/
1921:n
1904:n
1898:n
1892:f
1888:n
1884:p
1874:F
1858:f
1852:h
1830:t
1802:t
1783:T
1777:k
1745:i
1741:N
1714:G
1709:i
1705:N
1698:a
1694:N
1688:+
1685:1
1682:=
1676:G
1671:i
1667:N
1661:G
1656:i
1652:N
1648:+
1643:a
1639:N
1632:=
1625:G
1620:i
1616:N
1612:+
1607:a
1603:N
1597:G
1592:i
1588:S
1579:i
1575:N
1569:i
1565:S
1558:=
1555:F
1522:G
1517:i
1513:N
1509:+
1504:a
1500:N
1494:G
1489:i
1485:S
1478:=
1471:o
1467:N
1461:o
1457:S
1431:G
1426:i
1422:N
1401:G
1396:i
1392:S
1369:a
1365:N
1337:,
1329:o
1325:N
1319:o
1315:S
1307:i
1303:N
1297:i
1293:S
1286:=
1279:o
1274:R
1271:N
1268:S
1261:i
1256:R
1253:N
1250:S
1243:=
1240:F
1206:G
1201:i
1197:N
1190:a
1186:N
1180:+
1177:1
1174:=
1171:F
1148:G
1126:a
1122:N
1095:a
1091:N
1068:i
1064:N
1041:i
1037:S
1013:n
1002:n
998:G
992:n
985:n
981:F
963:,
955:1
949:n
945:G
936:3
932:G
926:2
922:G
916:1
912:G
906:1
898:n
894:F
887:+
881:+
873:3
869:G
863:2
859:G
853:1
849:G
843:1
835:4
831:F
824:+
816:2
812:G
806:1
802:G
796:1
788:3
784:F
777:+
770:1
766:G
761:1
753:2
749:F
742:+
737:1
733:F
729:=
726:F
685:.
678:0
674:T
669:T
666:)
663:1
657:L
654:(
648:+
645:1
642:=
639:F
625:T
621:L
617:e
614:T
608:T
602:0
599:T
593:L
587:F
566:.
559:0
555:T
549:e
545:T
539:+
536:1
533:=
530:F
516:e
513:T
500:0
497:T
455:R
452:N
449:S
434:R
431:N
428:S
423:=
419:)
412:o
407:R
404:N
401:S
394:i
389:R
386:N
383:S
376:(
356:=
353:)
350:F
347:(
328:=
324:F
321:N
296:B
294:0
290:i
288:N
275:o
268:i
245:o
240:R
237:N
234:S
227:i
222:R
219:N
216:S
209:=
206:F
192:F
138:B
126:T
118:k
106:0
103:T
61:K
57:0
54:T
28:F
26:(
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