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In other words, if the I/O paths are not saturated and the requests for all the workloads fail to cause an unreasonable shifting around of drive heads (which the operating system is aware of), the benefit of prioritizing one workload may create a situation where CPU time spent scheduling I/O is wasted instead of providing desired benefits.
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If there is no contention between applications, then there are little to no benefits from selecting a scheduler for the above-listed three scenarios. This is due to a resulting inability to deprioritize one workload's operations in a way that makes additional capacity available to another workload.
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If I/O scheduling will be handled at a lower layer of the I/O stack. Examples of lower layers that might handle the scheduling include block devices, intelligent RAID controllers, Network
Attached Storage, or an externally attached controller such as a storage subsystem accessed through a switched
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parameter as a scheduler-agnostic configuration, making it possible for the block layer's requests merging logic to be disabled either entirely, or only for more complex merging attempts. This reduces the need for the NOOP scheduler as the overhead of most I/O schedulers is associated with their
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Because accurate details of sector position are hidden from the host system. An example would be a RAID controller that performs no scheduling on its own. Even though the host has the ability to re-order requests and the RAID controller does not, the host system lacks the visibility to accurately
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However, NOOP is not necessarily the preferred I/O scheduler for the above scenarios. Typical to performance tuning, all guidance shall be based on observed work load patterns (undermining one's ability to create simplistic rules of thumb). If there is contention for available I/O bandwidth from
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re-order the requests to lower seek time. Since the host has no way of judging whether one sequence is better than another, it cannot restructure the active queue optimally and should, therefore, pass it on to the device that is (theoretically) more aware of such details.
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Storage Area
Network. Since I/O requests are potentially rescheduled at the lower level, resequencing IOPs at the host level uses host CPU time on operations that will just be undone at the lower level, increasing latency/decreasing throughput for no productive reason.
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other applications, it is still possible that other schedulers will generate better performance by virtue of more intelligently carving up that bandwidth for the applications deemed most important. For example, running an LDAP directory server may benefit from
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attempts to locate adjacent sectors in the request queue in order to merge them. However, most I/O workloads benefit from a certain level of requests merging, even on fast low-latency storage such as SSDs.
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Because read/write head movement doesn't impact application performance enough to justify the reordering overhead. This is usually the case with non-rotational media such as flash drives or
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attempt to re-order requests based on the sector numbers contained therein. In other words, the scheduler assumes that the host is unaware of how to productively re-order requests.
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There are (generally) three basic situations where this situation is desirable:
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The location of I/O schedulers in a simplified structure of the Linux kernel.
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Workload
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Best practices for the Kernel-based
Virtual Machine
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391:(provides general info on I/O schedulers)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Simple I/O scheduler for the Linux kernel
2126:Free and open-source software portal
1650:Free and open-source software portal
1208:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first
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379:Understanding and Optimizing Disk I/O
294:"Documentation/block/queue-sysfs.txt"
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
2068:Professional related certifications
141:. This scheduler was developed by
204:The Linux kernel also exposes the
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34:needs additional citations for
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1817:Netbook-specific comparison
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271:. Red Hat. Archived from
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238:Anticipatory scheduling
1960:Free Software Magazine
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1611:List of Linux adopters
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1197:Brain Fuck Scheduler
457:Linux Mark Institute
43:improve this article
1391:Real-time computing
663:Linux Standard Base
1812:Distributions list
1807:General comparison
1769:Criticism of Linux
1379:Compute Node Linux
965:C standard library
304:. December 1, 2014
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178:solid-state drives
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330:. October 8, 2014
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1093:Device mapper
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275:on 2007-08-27
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135:I/O scheduler
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99:December 2014
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
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70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2136:
2117:
2103:
2056:
2048:
2026:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:Linux Format
1977:
1965:
1958:
1933:Range of use
1750:
1713:Linux kernel
1660:
1641:
1627:
1357:Linux kernel
1275:Tomoyo Linux
1213:
870:File systems
525:
477:SCO disputes
438:Organization
431:Linux kernel
360:December 15,
358:. Retrieved
344:
334:December 14,
332:. Retrieved
318:
308:December 14,
306:. Retrieved
297:
288:
277:. Retrieved
273:the original
263:
230:Linux portal
203:
199:
183:
163:
158:
152:
139:Linux kernel
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2028:Linux Voice
2014:Ubuntu User
1967:Full Circle
1954:DistroWatch
1827:Lightweight
1741:Kernel oops
1731:Linux-libre
1726:Linus's law
1362:Linux-libre
1255:Exec Shield
1134:Framebuffer
837:Video4Linux
694:System Call
522:Developers
462:Linus's law
1449:Hypervisor
1411:PREEMPT_RT
1316:KernelCare
1304:Raw device
1234:SCHED_FIFO
1144:KMS driver
1061:Components
916:securityfs
802:Crypto API
744:Linux-only
630:System.map
533:kernel.org
492:menuconfig
487:GNU GPL v2
302:kernel.org
279:2007-08-10
255:References
143:Jens Axboe
69:newspapers
2007:LinuxUser
1973:Linux.com
1865:LinuxChix
1588:LYME-LYCE
1311:initramfs
1280:Linux PAM
1149:Netfilter
1019:libcgroup
985:libhybris
957:libraries
905:hugetlbfs
856:Userspace
789:In-kernel
774:readahead
696:Interface
645:initramfs
602:SystemTap
575:Debugging
568:Technical
507:Criticism
355:Rackspace
250:scheduler
2154:Category
2138:Category
2057:The Code
2044:Phoronix
2034:LugRadio
1918:Embedded
1908:Adopters
1900:Adoption
1662:Category
1604:Adopters
1579:Server:
1560:Embedded
1536:Adoption
1429:PSXLinux
1352:Mainline
1345:Variants
1297:graphics
1250:AppArmor
1239:SCHED_RR
1159:nftables
1103:dm-crypt
1098:dm-cache
1044:liburing
1034:libevdev
992:dietlibc
881:configfs
807:io uring
216:See also
206:nomerges
187:deadline
149:Overview
137:for the
2086:Red Hat
2039:LWN.net
1913:Desktop
1721:History
1595:Devices
1555:Desktop
1516:coLinux
1511:MkLinux
1496:L4Linux
1424:ÎĽClinux
1406:Xenomai
1396:RTLinux
1336:Ksplice
1265:SELinux
1260:seccomp
1210:(EEVDF)
1154:Netlink
1083:Console
1078:cgroups
1029:libalsa
955:Wrapper
933:systemd
896:debugfs
865:Daemons
827:New API
769:inotify
764:dnotify
668:x32 ABI
625:vmlinux
617:Startup
516:Support
328:Red Hat
180:(SSDs).
83:scholar
2091:Ubuntu
1928:Mobile
1923:Gaming
1565:Gaming
1547:of use
1501:ELinOS
1492:Other
1486:OpenVZ
1476:Lguest
1420:-less
1331:kpatch
1326:kGraft
1292:802.11
1088:bcache
1039:libusb
1024:libdrm
1012:Newlib
997:EGLIBC
980:Bionic
975:uClibc
945:Kmscon
919:sockfs
912:procfs
908:pipefs
891:devpts
817:kernfs
759:splice
714:select
686:Kernel
640:initrd
635:dracut
587:ftrace
549:Users
482:Linaro
445:Kernel
195:ionice
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1947:Media
1752:more…
1705:Linux
1545:Range
1384:SLURM
1321:kexec
1270:Smack
1204:(CFS)
1184:zswap
1125:(KSM)
1118:evdev
1073:BlueZ
1002:klibc
970:glibc
928:tmpfs
923:sysfs
886:devfs
877:bpffs
754:epoll
749:futex
729:close
709:ioctl
704:POSIX
592:kdump
209:sysfs
90:JSTOR
76:books
1583:LAMP
1573:LTSP
1401:RTAI
1179:zram
1174:SLUB
1169:perf
1113:EDAC
1007:musl
938:udev
901:FUSE
797:ALSA
734:sync
724:read
719:open
678:APIs
655:ABIs
582:CRIU
538:LKML
362:2014
336:2014
310:2014
155:FIFO
129:The
62:news
1746:Tux
1481:LXC
1459:Xen
1454:KVM
1418:MMU
1374:INK
1139:LVM
1129:LIO
1108:DRM
842:IIO
832:RCU
812:DRM
607:BPF
472:Tux
248:CFQ
197:).
191:CFQ
159:not
45:by
2156::
1248::
353:.
326:.
300:.
296:.
145:.
1697:e
1690:t
1683:v
1193::
867:,
778:…
738:…
423:e
416:t
409:v
364:.
338:.
312:.
282:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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