860:. The British held that Meares had in fact purchased the whole of Nootka Sound from Maquinna, as well as some land to the south. Until the details were worked out, which took several years, Spain retained control of Nootka Sound and continued to garrison the fort at Friendly Cove. Complicating the issue was the changing role of the Nuu-chah-nulth in relation to Britain and Spain. The Nuu-chah-nulth had become highly suspicious and hostile toward Spain following the 1789 killing of Callicum. But the Spanish worked hard to improve the relationship, and by the time of Nootka Conventions were to be carried out the Nuu-chah-nulth were essentially allied with the Spanish. This development came about in a large degree due to the efforts by
451:
912:. The issues of the Nootka Crisis had become less important, so the new British foreign minister Grenville dropped any territorial claim in order to avoid raising "useless jealousy" on the part of Spain. The Third Nootka Convention was signed on January 11, 1794 in Madrid, under which both nations agreed to abandon Nootka Sound, with a ceremonial transfer of the post at Friendly Cove to the British. The quiet abandonment of Britain's plans for colonization, owing to the emerging crisis in Europe after the French Revolution, and Vancouver's embarrassment at Nootka subsequently led to some misinterpretation of his achievement and of British imperial thinking at the time.
897:, which Vancouver afterwards commanded during his expedition. He believed that once he had accepted restitution of Nootka Sound its and associated territory he was to make preparations for founding a British colony there under the name of New Georgia, that, at least initially, would have had a close connection with the New South Wales colony. He was also instructed to undertake a hydrographic survey of the region to be colonized and attempt to find a seaway leading from it to the North Atlantic: the long-sought North West Passage. A change to a more conciliatory British policy toward Spain after he left England in April 1791, a result of challenges arising from the
605:. Callicum's attitude and angry calls alarmed the Spanish and somehow Callicum ended up shot dead. Sources differ over exactly how this happened. Some say that MartĂnez fired a warning shot and a nearby Spanish sailor, thinking MartĂnez meant to kill and missed, fired as well and killed Callicum. Another source says that MartĂnez aimed to hit Callicum but his musket misfired and another sailor fired his musket and killed Callicum. Sources also differ over what Callicum was angry about, whether it was the seizing of ships, or something else. In any case the event caused a rift between the Spanish and the Nuu-chah-nulth. Maquinna, in fear of his life, fled to
124:(1790â95). British subjects, as well as the Spanish, were then enabled to trade up to ten leagues (30 miles; 48 km) from parts of the coast already occupied by Spain in northwestern North America by April 1789 and could form trade-related settlements in unoccupied areas. Spain renounced many of its exclusive trade rights and territorial claims in the area, ending a 200-year monopoly on Asian-Pacific trade. The immediate outcome was a success for the mercantile interests of Great Britain.
901:, which was not communicated to him, left him in an embarrassing situation in his negotiations with the Spanish commander at Nootka. Although Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra were friendly with one another, their negotiations did not go smoothly. Spain desired to set the Spanish-British boundary at the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but Vancouver insisted on British rights to the Columbia River. Vancouver also objected to the new Spanish post at
540:
31:
101:, and the possibility of war. Both sides called upon allies, the Dutch joined the side of Great Britain; Spain mobilized her navy and her key ally France also mobilized theirs, but the latter soon announced they would not go to war. Without French help, Spain had little hope against the British and the Dutch, resulting in Spain seeking a diplomatic solution and making concessions.
271:, in 1778. His journals were published in 1784 and aroused great interest in the fur trading potential of the region. Even before 1784 unauthorized accounts had already familiarized British merchants with the possible profits to be made. The first British trader to arrive on the northwest coast after Cook was
991:. Once more Spain had looked upon their Bourbon ally in the face of British naval and commercial expansionism and once again France had failed to assert themselves. In addition this was the first incident to raise the question of whether the initiative in French foreign policy lay with the King or with the
935:
The Nootka
Conventions undermined the notion that a country could claim exclusive sovereignty without establishing settlements. It was not enough to claim territory by a grant of the Pope, or by "right of first discovery". Claims had to be backed up with some kind of actual occupation. This departure
919:
representing Spain and
Lieutenant Thomas Pearce Britain. reached Nootka Sound on board of a Spanish ship. The British flag was ceremoniously raised and lowered on the small beach that Meares had bought from Maquinna. Afterwards, Pearce presented the flag to Maquinna and asked him to raise it whenever
864:
and his officers during his month-long stay at Nootka Sound in 1791. Malaspina was able to regain the trust of
Maquinna and the promise that the Spanish had the rightful title of land ownership at Nootka Sound. Previous to this dispute, the Spanish had enjoyed exclusive access to the area and enjoyed
986:
For Spain the resolution of the crisis was a political humiliation and a severe blow to their government and empire. They felt they had been betrayed by France and were compelled to look for support elsewhere in Europe. The incident also signified a larger humiliation for France just as it had done
884:
on August 28, 1792. Vancouver understood from the discussions he had had with ministers and officials in London before his departure that his task was to receive back from the
Spanish commander at Nootka Sound land and property that had been confiscated from the English fur traders in July 1789 and
778:
in 1790, which gained widespread attention, especially in light of the developing Nootka Crisis. Meares not only described his voyages to the northwest coast, but put forward a grand vision of a new economic network based in the
Pacific, joining in trade widely separated regions such as the Pacific
738:
Despite previous hostilities, the governments of
Britain and France met in private to discuss terms of an alliance against Spain in the event of war over the Nootka Sound territorial claims. Correspondence of these events has been lost or may have been purposefully destroyed. It is likely that this
707:, who was determined to continue defending the Spanish rights to the area, including settling Nootka Sound and the Pacific Northwest coast in general. MartĂnez, who had enjoyed the favor of Flores, became a scapegoat under the new regime. The senior commander of the Spanish naval base at San Blas,
855:
The first Nootka
Convention, called the Nootka Sound Convention, resolved the crisis in general and it was signed on 28 October 1790. The convention held that the northwest coast would be open to traders of both Britain and Spain, that the captured British ships would be returned and an indemnity
396:
had learned that the
Russians were intending to establish a fortified outpost at Nootka Sound. This, in addition to the increasing use of Nootka Sound by British fur traders, resulted in the Spanish decision to assert sovereignty on the northwest coast once and for all. Plans were laid for Nootka
339:
in Nootka Sound, in exchange for some pistols and trade goods, and that on this land some kind of building was erected. These claims would become a key point in
Britain's position during the Nootka Crisis. Spain strongly disputed both claims, and the true facts of the matter have never been fully
954:
had proved to be non-existent and the French
Revolutionary Wars delayed any attempt to establish a substantial colony on the northwestern coast of the Pacific, as Vancouver had initially envisaged. British merchants were still restricted from trading directly with Spanish America, and the final
885:
of establishing a formal British presence there to support and promote the fur trade. Proposals to establish a British colony on the North West Coast had been discussed in commercial and official circles in the 1780s, encouraged by the success of the project to colonize
750:
In April 1790 John Meares arrived in England, confirmed various rumors, claimed to have bought land and built a settlement at Nootka before MartĂnez, and generally fanned the flames of anti-Spanish feelings. In May the issue was taken up in the House of Commons as the
734:
Pitt made the claim that the British had the right to trade in any Spanish territory desired, despite Spanish laws to the contrary. He knew this claim was indefensible and would likely lead to war, but felt driven to make it by "the public outcry" in Britain.
105:
770:
concluded that the crisis represented a dangerous entanglement of United States alliances, threatening to drag the nation into a decidedly European war. The Nootka Incident, however, did not spark a crisis in the relationship of the United States and Spain.
229:, Mexico, and using it for sending a series of exploration and reconnaissance voyages to the far northwest. These voyages, intended to ascertain the Russian threat and to establish "prior discovery" claims, were supplemented by the "effective settlement" of
955:
version of the agreement did not establish any boundaries. Nevertheless the region was opened up to British trade, and in the aftermath of the crisis she became the dominant power in the Pacific. British fur trade in the Pacific, specifically with the
704:
639:, also fur trading, were in the area all summer, sometimes anchored in Friendly Cove (Yuquot). MartĂnez left them alone even though his instructions were to prevent ships of any nation from trading at Nootka Sound. The captured crew of the
923:
Under the Nootka Conventions, Britain and Spain agreed not to establish any permanent base at Nootka Sound, but ships from either nation could visit. The two nations also agreed to prevent any other nation from establishing sovereignty.
535:
carried a considerable amount of equipment. Colnett said that he was intending to build a settlement at Nootka Sound, which was considered a violation of Spanish sovereignty. After a hot-tempered argument MartĂnez arrested Colnett.
391:
While the British fur traders were getting organized, the Spanish were continuing their effort to secure the Pacific Northwest. At first the Spanish were responding mainly to Russian activity in Alaska. On a 1788 voyage to Alaska,
936:
from symbolic acts of sovereignty towards physical acts of occupation spelled the end of the era of territorial claims without actual control, meaning that nations had to be physically present in order to claim a territory.
299:
was one of the movers behind the early British fur trading effort in the Pacific Northwest. After an ill-fated voyage to Alaska in 1786â87, Meares returned to the region in 1788. He arrived at Nootka Sound in command of the
836:
was still the monarch and the French military was relatively intact. In response to the Nootka Crisis France mobilized its navy, but by the end of August the French government had decided it could not become involved. The
856:
paid. It also held that the land owned by the British at Nootka Sound would be restored, which proved difficult to carry out. The Spanish claimed that the only such land was the small parcel where Meares had built the
1137:
799:, which between them controlled all British trade in the Pacific. Meares argued strongly for loosening their power. His vision eventually came to pass, in its general form, but not before the long struggle of the
675:
arrived from San Blas with orders from Viceroy Flores to evacuate Nootka Sound by the end of the year. By the end of October the Spanish had completely abandoned Nootka Sound. They returned to San Blas with the
393:
90:
711:, replaced MartĂnez as the primary Spaniard in charge of Nootka Sound and the northwest coast. A new expedition was organized and in early 1790 Nootka Sound was reoccupied by the Spanish, under the command of
388:) resulted in James Colnett being given the overall command. Colnett's orders in 1789 were to establish a permanent fur trading post at Nootka Sound based on the foothold accomplished by Meares.
947:, and the perceived victory also increased the prestige and popularity of Pitt. In addition the successful mobilisation by the Royal Navy showed a measure of recovery from the American war.
482:. It was seized and its captain, William Douglas, was arrested. After a few days MartĂnez released Douglas and his ship and ordered him to leave and not return. Douglas heeded the warning.
806:
Both Britain and Spain sent powerful fleets of warships towards each other in a show of force. There was a chance of open warfare had the fleets encountered one another, but they did not.
512:
On June 24, in front of the British and Americans present at Nootka Sound, MartĂnez performed a formal act of sovereignty, taking possession of the entire northwest coast for Spain.
368:
formed a partnership called the Associated Merchants Trading to the Northwest Coast of America. Plans were made for more ships to sail to the Pacific Northwest in 1789, including
2583:
905:. Bodega y Quadra insisted on Spain retaining Nootka Sound, which Vancouver could not accept. In the end the two agreed to refer the matter to their respective governments.
728:
527:
was first, and MartĂnez ordered its captain, Thomas Hudson to abandon the area and return to China, based on Spain's territorial and navigation rights. Later in the day the
155:
For centuries Spain had claimed the entire Pacific coast of North and South America. This claim was based on a number of events. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI had issued the
2643:
959:(NWC) increased to China and by the 1820s would become a qualified success. From 1797, the NWC had launched expeditions overland into the wilderness territories of the
73:
triggered by a series of events revolving around sovereignty claims and rights of navigation and trade. It took place during the summer of 1789 at the Spanish outpost
865:
positive, prosperous relations with the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples based on their sovereign claims to the entirety of the Northwest Coast, as ordained by papal order (
2578:
755:
began to make preparations for hostilities. An ultimatum was delivered to Spain. In May, the British Parliament passed and act authorising the establishment of a
136:) was little-explored by European ships before the mid-18th century. But by the end of the century, several nations were vying for control of the region, namely
2638:
650:
Despite the ongoing conflict and the warnings, two other American ships arrived at Nootka Sound late in the season. As a result, the first of these ships, the
872:
Negotiations between Britain and Spain over the details of the Nootka Convention were to take place at Nootka Sound in the summer of 1792, for which purpose
597:
The Nuu-chah-nulth tribes of the region spoke as many as thirteen distinct dialects. On July 13, one of the Nuu-chah-nulth leaders, Callicum, the brother of
234:
2603:
293:
By the late 1780s Nootka Sound was the most important anchorage on the northwestern coast. Russia, Britain, and Spain all made moves to occupy it for good.
2588:
286:, would later be used by the British in their claim to the region, even though Cook made no effort to formally claim possession. Spain countered by citing
1800:
1002:, signed in 1819. The United States argued that it acquired exclusive sovereignty from Spain, which became a key part of the American position during the
531:
arrived and MartĂnez seized the ship and arrested Colnett, his crew, and the Chinese workers Colnett had brought. In addition to the Chinese workers, the
1061:
2545:
1006:. In countering the US claim of exclusive sovereignty the British cited the Nootka Conventions. This dispute was not resolved until the signing of the
2658:
450:
2648:
1267:
1090:
412:, instructed MartĂnez to occupy Nootka Sound, build a settlement and fort, and to make it clear that Spain was setting up a formal establishment.
927:
The Nootka Conventions are sometimes described as a commitment by Spain to withdraw from the northwest coast, but there was no such requirement.
992:
893:. One of the ships to be used for the transport of convicts and marines to the penal colony established by the Parliament was to have been the
237:
were sent to northern Canada and Alaska to reassert Spain's claims and navigation rights in the area. By 1775 Spanish exploration had reached
1048:
In 1957, the Spanish government presented stained glass windows commemorating the conventions to the church of Friendly Cove as a gift to the
2397:
2238:
2178:
2076:
1903:
1866:
1696:
1649:
1583:
1533:
1508:
1464:
1417:
1365:
1303:
1207:
1167:
838:
340:
established. The land and building aside, there is no doubt that Meares's men, and a group of Chinese workers they brought, built the sloop
2593:
2389:
2036:
873:
708:
471:
779:
Northwest, China, Japan, Hawaii, and England. This idea tried to imitate Spain's centuries-old Pacific and Atlantic trade networks of the
2663:
2653:
2623:
2551:
287:
2319:
2292:
2265:
2205:
2144:
841:, growing in power, declared that France would not go to war. Spain's position was threatened and negotiations to avoid war began.
62:
762:
The crisis as a territorial dispute was the first international crisis for the United States of America under its first president
397:
Sound to be colonized. Spain hoped to establish and maintain sovereignty on the entire coast as far north as the Russian posts in
181:
and became the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean from the Americas, formally laying claim to all the shores washed by the
2598:
939:
For the British, the outcome was viewed as a success, because it was interpreted that Spain had no rights of occupation north of
813:
provided naval support to the British, a result of a shift of an alliance from France to Britain. This was the first test of the
2628:
723:
News about the events at Nootka Sound reached London in January 1790. The main statesmen involved in the impending crisis were
197:" and "effective occupation". Spain made claims of prior discovery for the northwest coast of North America through voyages of
1085:
2633:
2613:
2608:
2335:
385:
792:
791:
with North America and Spain since the 16th century. Meares' vision required a loosening of the monopolistic power of the
321:
309:
766:, which had existed under 20 years before the onset of the crisis in 1790. Notable thinkers of the new country including
120:
The crisis was thus resolved peacefully but with difficulty through a set of three agreements, known collectively as the
2573:
1010:
in 1846, dividing the disputed territory, and establishing what later became the current international boundary between
944:
2002:
Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science
1075:
417:
369:
324:
monopoly on trading in the Pacific. Non-British ships were not required to have licences from the East India Company.
494:
174:
1029:
980:
198:
1947:
1768:
1555:
909:
594:. He did not intend to enter, but was becalmed. This was seen as a provocation and he was seized by the Spanish.
509:
was for the purpose of holding the vessel as a security for the money owed by Meares's company for the supplies.
475:
162:
1153:
999:
415:
In early 1789 the Spanish expedition under MartĂnez arrived at Nootka Sound. The force consisted of the warship
724:
657:
336:
190:
137:
66:
979:, and it was through them that a settlement was established on Vancouver island in 1843, which would become a
426:
409:
206:
1920:
1249:
97:
and to build a permanent post at Nootka Sound. Public outcry in Great Britain led to the mobilization of the
1003:
988:
976:
250:
2508:
916:
747:
were commissioned and ordered to be destroyed by the British Cabinet in order to discuss such an alliance.
2618:
814:
784:
740:
498:
54:
2539:
346:. It was launched in September 1788, the first non-indigenous vessel built in the Pacific Northwest. The
1049:
972:
458:
MartĂnez arrived at Nootka Sound on May 5, 1789. He found three ships already there. Two were American,
332:
170:
2533:
616:
set sail for San Blas, with a Spanish crew and Colnett and his crew as prisoners. Two weeks later the
1080:
1066:
1037:
1018:
902:
861:
398:
272:
1814:
Landin, Harold (1941). "Some Letters of Thomas Paine and William Short on the Nootka Sound Crisis".
2557:
1803:
833:
376:
317:
210:
202:
715:. The fleet sent to Nootka Sound in 1790 was the largest Spanish force yet sent to the northwest.
2474:
2445:
1981:
1831:
1741:
1733:
1622:
1100:
956:
881:
712:
572:
489:, under Robert Funter, arrived at Nootka Sound and was seized by MartĂnez. The sloop was renamed
430:
342:
194:
94:
74:
1895:
1671:
The Naval Department of San Blas, New Spain's Bastion of Alta California and Nootka 1767 to 1798
1575:
1569:
828:
houses. The combined French and Spanish fleets would be a serious threat to the Royal Navy. The
571:
was in San Blas, where it was dismantled. The pieces were taken back to Nootka Sound in 1790 by
2230:
2028:
1500:
1494:
1409:
1199:
1120:
1017:
The only Spanish official expedition to Nootka Sound after the Third Convention and before the
2393:
2315:
2288:
2261:
2234:
2201:
2174:
2140:
2072:
2032:
1899:
1862:
1858:
1692:
1645:
1579:
1529:
1504:
1460:
1413:
1361:
1299:
1295:
1238:
it ended in a British victory: the traders were compensated, and the settlement was confirmed.
1203:
1163:
968:
951:
898:
850:
829:
796:
763:
629:
584:
501:. MartĂnez later claimed that Funter had abandoned the vessel. MartĂnez had given supplies to
460:
226:
178:
133:
121:
2381:
1157:
2509:"The Other Side of the Coin: The Viceroy, Bodega y Quadra, Vancouver, and the Nootka Crisis"
2466:
2437:
2108:
1973:
1823:
1725:
1612:
964:
877:
832:
had broken out in July 1789 but had not reached truly serious levels by the summer of 1790.
825:
821:
283:
161:
papal bull, dividing the western hemisphere into Spanish and Portuguese zones, based on the
86:
82:
39:
27:
Naval confrontation between the United States, Great Britain and Spain near Vancouver Island
1028:
from San Blas made a stopover at the inlet. There they found and rescued Scottish activist
2382:"Chapter 2: The Spanish Yoke: British Schemes to Revolutionise Spanish America, 1739â1807"
2064:
1357:
1351:
1095:
960:
800:
780:
635:
606:
548:
466:
434:
230:
998:
Spanish rights in the Pacific Northwest were later acquired by the United States via the
555:
also carried materials for the construction of a new ship. After NarvĂĄez returned in the
2425:
539:
17:
2223:
2021:
1888:
1402:
1288:
1192:
890:
810:
665:
361:
350:
would also play a role in the Nootka Crisis, being one of the vessels seized by Spain.
242:
145:
141:
109:
58:
1716:
Evans, Howard (1974). "The Nootka Sound Controversy in Anglo-French Diplomacy--1790".
943:, Britain felt it had gained some sort of revenge on Spain for its involvement in the
209:
in 1602â03. Before the early 17th century, these voyages had not reached north of the
2567:
2449:
1951:
1874:
1851:
1835:
1772:
1745:
1007:
940:
866:
651:
381:
182:
157:
149:
70:
2257:
The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 - Oxford history of modern Europe
1795:
Robert J. King, âGeorge Vancouver and the contemplated settlement at Nootka Soundâ,
2470:
2336:"Lieutenant Governor visits Yuquot with surprise artifact | Ha-Shilth-Sa Newspaper"
1022:
820:
The role of France in the conflict was key. France and Spain were allies under the
767:
756:
365:
268:
238:
104:
78:
35:
2408:
950:
The British, however, did not meet the main goals they originally had sought. The
2457:
Norris, John M (1955). "The Policy of the British Cabinet in the Nootka crisis".
2369:
Evans, Howard V. "The Nootka Sound Controversy in Anglo-French Diplomacy--1790."
2309:
2282:
2255:
2195:
2168:
2134:
2000:
1704:
1657:
1541:
1472:
1231:
1890:
Malaspina & Galiano: Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast, 1791 & 1792
788:
744:
296:
254:
186:
113:
30:
1617:
1600:
1033:
886:
752:
705:
Juan Vicente de GĂŒemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo
264:
260:
98:
1964:
Simsarian, James (1938). "The Acquisition of Legal Title to Terra Nullius".
1944:
1765:
660:, was captured by the forces of MartĂnez upon arrival. Its sister ship, the
405:
357:
222:
166:
384:. The consolidation of the fur trading companies of Meares and the Etches (
1457:
The Voyage of the Endeavour: Captain Cook and the Discovery of the Pacific
1122:
The Naval History of Great Britain: From the Year MDCCLXXXIII to MDCCCXXII
703:
By late 1789 Viceroy Flores had already been replaced with a new viceroy,
2441:
1921:"Malaspina and Maquinna: Spanish-Indian Diplomacy at Nootka, August 1791"
1269:
Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina: en forma de diccionario alfabético
598:
328:
275:, in 1785. News of the large profit Hanna made selling northwest furs in
1626:
2374:
1985:
1737:
975:
Westward. In 1821, the North West Company was forced to merge into the
282:
Cook's visit to Nootka Sound, a network of inlets on the west coast of
2478:
2486:
Pascual, Emilia Soler (1999). "Floridablanca and the Nootka Crisis".
2284:
Reinterpreting the French Revolution: A Global-historical Perspective
2170:
The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History
2136:
The Northwest Coast British Navigation, Trade and Discoveries to 1812
1011:
246:
218:
214:
1977:
429:. The expedition built British Columbia's first European settlement
217:. Thus when, in the mid-18th century, the Russians began to explore
2173:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
1827:
1729:
915:
The terms of the last convention were fulfilled on March 28, 1795.
601:, went to meet with MartĂnez, who was on board the newly captured
538:
449:
313:
276:
103:
29:
2413:
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year
2109:"Presencia Hispånica en la Costa Oeste de Norteamérica (S XVIII)"
2523:
McNiff, James. âMeet Me At Friendly Coveâ (2019) Ebook on Amazon
2364:
Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543-1819
2225:
The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790â1795
2069:
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815
1404:
The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790â1795
1290:
The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790-1795
93:, seized some British commercial ships which had come for the
1642:
Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island
1574:. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp.
1499:. Spokane, Washington: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp.
684:, with their captains and crews as prisoners, as well as the
2197:
Islands of Truth The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island
1644:. University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. p. 106.
478:, which had wintered at Nootka Sound. The British ship was
353:
At the end of the summer Meares and the three ships left.
583:, was used by NarvĂĄez during his 1791 exploration of the
567:
were used to improve the vessel. By the end of 1789 the
225:
posts, Spain responded by building a new naval base at
2386:
Pacific empires: essays in honour of Glyndwr Williams
1526:
Noticias de Nutka: An Account of Nootka Sound in 1792
1434:
Queen Charlotte Islands - Book 2: of places and names
1159:
Noticias de Nutka: An Account of Nootka Sound in 1792
590:
On July 12, Hudson returned to Nootka Sound with the
2426:"The Real Significance of the Nootka Sound Incident"
1673:. Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company.
1524:
Moziño, José Mariano; Iris Wilson Engstrand (1991).
547:
Later, MartĂnez used the Chinese workforce to build
335:(Nootka) people, sold him some land on the shore of
185:. As the years went by new criteria for determining
908:By 1793 Britain and Spain had become allies in the
433:on Nootka Sound, including houses, a hospital, and
213:, and Spain had no "effective settlement" north of
2222:
2020:
1887:
1850:
1528:. University of Washington Press. pp. xxxii.
1401:
1287:
1191:
1605:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1162:. University of Washington Press. p. xxxii.
609:and moved with his people from Yuquot to Aoxsha.
700:was released in early 1790 without much notice.
267:explored the Pacific Northwest coast, including
2546:Convention for the Mutual Abandonment of Nootka
360:(Canton), China, where he and others including
169:to Spain. This was further defined in the 1494
1408:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp.
1294:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp.
1272:(in Spanish). Alegria y Charlain. p. 282.
165:in 1492, in theory granting nearly the entire
2384:. In Samson, Jane; Williams, Glyndwr (eds.).
2229:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p.
817:of Britain, Prussia, and the Dutch Republic.
729:José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca
421:, commanded by MartĂnez, and the supply ship
173:. More importantly, in 1513 Spanish explorer
8:
1459:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 133â134, 138.
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
579:. This vessel, the third incarnation of the
551:and otherwise improve the Spanish post. The
2513:BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly
2287:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116.
1894:. University of Washington Press. pp.
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
356:During the winter of 1788â89 Meares was in
2584:History of the foreign relations of Canada
2071:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 365.
1062:History of the west coast of North America
497:was given command and sailed far into the
116:, Captain Cook's official artist, c. 1778.
2488:International Journal of Canadian Studies
2051:
1849:Louis, William Roger; Alaine Low (1999).
1616:
1281:
1279:
671:On July 29, 1789 the Spanish supply ship
647:before the Americans set sail for China.
575:and used to build a schooner, christened
316:, a Portuguese colony in China, and used
2644:Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
2014:
2012:
1853:The Oxford History of the British Empire
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1682:
1680:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
290:, who anchored in Nootka Sound in 1774.
89:, Canada. The commander of the outpost,
1551:
1549:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1111:
1091:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
696:, returned to San Blas separately. The
2311:The A to Z of the French Revolution By
1691:. Yale University Press. p. 145.
1266:Coronado, JosĂ© MarĂa Zamora y (1845).
1233:The Younger Pitt: The Years of Acclaim
279:inspired many other British ventures.
2579:Diplomatic crises of the 18th century
2542:, signed 12 February 1793; wikisource
2102:
2100:
2091:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
7:
2639:British colonization of the Americas
2548:, signed 11 January 1794; wikisource
2536:, signed 28 October 1790; Wikisource
2390:University of British Columbia Press
1857:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1571:José Narvåez: The Forgotten Explorer
1496:José Narvåez: The Forgotten Explorer
1236:. Vol. 1. Dutton. p. 349.
1125:. Vol. 1. C. Rice. p. 149.
874:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
709:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
1925:Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre
774:Meares published an account of his
668:, was nearly captured but escaped.
493:and used for exploring the region.
2589:Pre-Confederation British Columbia
1436:; Prince Rupert: Cove Press, 1973.
727:, the British Prime Minister, and
57:and political dispute between the
25:
2501:William Pitt and national revival
2027:. W. W. Norton & Co. p.
1156:; Engstrand, Iris Wilson (2011).
876:came. The British negotiator was
2659:18th century in British Columbia
2558:Surprise Visitor at Nootka Sound
2314:. Scarecrow Press. p. 238.
132:Northwestern North America (the
2649:1789 in international relations
2260:. Clarendon Press. p. 70.
1999:Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1891).
1919:Inglis, Robert (January 2015).
1640:Clayton, Daniel Wright (2000).
1119:Pelham Brenton, Edward (1823).
971:on the Pacific Coast expanding
731:, the chief minister of Spain.
505:and claimed his seizure of the
312:. The ships were registered in
2604:SpainâUnited Kingdom relations
2409:"The Nootka Sound Controversy"
2366:(Yale University Press, 1973).
320:in order to evade the British
1:
2005:. Hopkins Press. p. 335.
1816:The Journal of Modern History
1718:The Journal of Modern History
1599:Carlson; et al. (2001).
1021:took place in 1796, when the
739:correspondence between Pitt,
515:On July 2, the British ships
2471:10.1093/ehr/LXX.CCLXXVII.562
1954:, Canadian Military Heritage
1799:vol.32, no.1, 2010, pp.6â34.
1775:, Canadian Military Heritage
1558:, Canadian Military Heritage
1556:The Nootka Incident, pp. 1-3
1350:Fryer, Mary Beacock (1986).
1139:The Nootka Sound Controversy
945:American war of independence
2594:History of Vancouver Island
2407:Manning, William R (1905).
1966:Political Science Quarterly
1689:The British Seaborne Empire
1669:Thurman, Michael E (1967).
1076:History of British Columbia
664:, under Humphrey's father,
386:King George's Sound Company
374:, under Thomas Hudson, and
241:including the mouth of the
2680:
2664:1789 in the Spanish Empire
2654:1789 in the British Empire
2624:Maritime incidents in 1789
2430:Canadian Historical Review
2254:Schroeder, Paul W (1994).
2200:. UBC Press. p. 228.
2139:. UBC Press. p. 190.
1886:Cutter, Donald C. (1991).
1766:The Nootka Crisis, pp. 1â3
1356:. Dundurn Press. pp.
987:two decades before in the
848:
787:which linked Asia and the
563:), the materials from the
327:Meares later claimed that
2459:English Historical Review
2371:Journal of Modern History
2167:Innis, Harold A (2001) .
1618:10.1017/S0025100301002092
1254:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1136:Manning, William (1904).
1086:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
163:discovery of the Americas
2540:Nootka Claims Convention
2507:Tovell, Freeman (1992).
2194:Clayton, Daniel (2011).
2116:Centro Virtual Cervantes
2107:Bartroli, TomĂĄs (1968).
2019:Dodds, Gordon B (1977).
1945:The Evacuation of Nootka
1250:Nootka Sound Controversy
1190:Crump, Jennifer (2010).
785:Atlantic treasure fleets
725:William Pitt the Younger
694:Santa Gertrudis la Magna
658:Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe
569:Santa Gertrudis la Magna
559:(the seized and renamed
557:Santa Gertrudis la Magna
491:Santa Gertrudis la Magna
454:Seizure of Capt. Colnett
71:United States of America
67:Kingdom of Great Britain
18:Nootka Sound Controversy
2599:Naval history of Canada
2560:, Tacoma Public Library
2534:Nootka Sound Convention
2308:Hanson, Paul R (2007).
2221:Pethick, Derek (1980).
2133:Gough, Barry M (2011).
1400:Pethick, Derek (1980).
1286:Pethick, Derek (1980).
1032:, then an escapee from
1014:and the United States.
1004:Oregon boundary dispute
967:pushing through to the
869:) dating back to 1493.
2629:18th century in Canada
2496:a Spanish perspective.
2424:Mills, Lennox (1925).
2281:Stone, Bailey (2002).
1687:Black, Jeremy (2004).
1568:McDowell, Jim (1998).
1493:McDowell, Jim (1998).
1353:Battlefields of Canada
1230:Ehrmanm, John (1969).
741:William Augustus Miles
544:
543:Friendly Cove (Yuquot)
499:Strait of Juan de Fuca
455:
117:
55:international incident
42:
2634:18th century in Spain
2614:1789 in Great Britain
2609:1789 in North America
1142:– via ProQuest.
1036:, and carried him to
973:British North America
542:
453:
427:Gonzalo LĂłpez de Haro
410:Manuel Antonio FlĂłrez
394:Esteban JosĂ© MartĂnez
171:Treaty of Tordesillas
107:
91:Jose Esteban MartĂnez
59:Nuu-chah-nulth Nation
33:
2499:Rose, John Holland.
2442:10.3138/CHR-06-02-02
2380:Frost, Alan (1999).
1455:Frost, Alan (1999).
1154:Moziño, José Mariano
1081:Vancouver Expedition
1019:Mexican Independence
993:Constituent Assembly
977:Hudson's Bay Company
917:JosĂ© Manuel de Ălava
862:Alessandro Malaspina
809:In the meantime the
719:Diplomatic responses
399:Prince William Sound
245:between present-day
233:. Starting in 1774,
189:evolved in European
69:, and the fledgling
49:, also known as the
2574:Conflicts in Canada
1198:. Dundurn. p.
1194:Canada Under Attack
880:, who arrived from
824:between the ruling
627:The American ships
620:followed, with the
235:Spanish expeditions
2392:. pp. 33â52.
1432:Dalzell, Kathleen
1101:Maritime Fur Trade
957:North West Company
910:war against France
858:North West America
845:Nootka Conventions
793:East India Company
713:Francisco de Eliza
690:North West America
641:North West America
581:North West America
573:Francisco de Eliza
561:North West America
545:
507:North West America
495:JosĂ© MarĂa NarvĂĄez
487:North West America
456:
431:Santa Cruz de Nuca
348:North West America
343:North West America
322:East India Company
302:Felice Adventurero
122:Nootka Conventions
118:
95:maritime fur trade
75:Santa Cruz de Nuca
43:
2503:(1911) pp 562â87.
2399:978-0-7748-0758-6
2373:(1974): 609â640.
2240:978-0-88894-279-1
2180:978-0-8020-8196-4
2078:978-0-393-32847-9
2023:Oregon: A History
1905:978-0-295-97105-6
1868:978-0-19-820563-0
1797:The Great Circle,
1698:978-0-300-10386-1
1651:978-0-7748-0741-8
1585:978-0-87062-265-6
1535:978-0-295-97103-2
1510:978-0-87062-265-6
1466:978-1-86508-200-4
1419:978-0-88894-279-1
1367:978-1-55002-007-6
1305:978-0-88894-279-1
1209:978-1-77070-570-8
1169:978-0-295-80386-9
1034:Botany Bay prison
1000:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
983:six years later.
969:Strait of Georgia
952:Northwest Passage
920:a ship appeared.
899:French Revolution
851:Nootka Convention
839:National Assembly
830:French Revolution
797:South Sea Company
764:George Washington
759:at Nootka Sound.
630:Columbia Rediviva
585:Strait of Georgia
461:Columbia Rediviva
331:, a chief of the
306:Iphigenia Nubiana
304:, along with the
191:international law
179:Isthmus of Panama
134:Pacific Northwest
16:(Redirected from
2671:
2554:, Beyond the Map
2520:
2495:
2482:
2465:(277): 562â580.
2453:
2420:
2403:
2362:Cook, Warren L.
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2065:Rodger, N. A. M.
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2038:978-0-39334864-4
2026:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1875:Internet Archive
1872:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1811:
1805:
1793:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1490:
1475:
1470:
1452:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1407:
1397:
1372:
1371:
1347:
1310:
1309:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
989:Falklands Crisis
965:Interior Plateau
878:George Vancouver
643:was sent to the
318:Portuguese flags
284:Vancouver Island
87:British Columbia
83:Vancouver Island
51:Spanish Armament
40:Vancouver Island
21:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2564:
2563:
2530:
2506:
2485:
2456:
2423:
2406:
2400:
2379:
2359:
2357:Further reading
2354:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2018:
2017:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1978:10.2307/2143606
1963:
1962:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1753:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1399:
1398:
1375:
1368:
1349:
1348:
1313:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1096:Fort San Miguel
1058:
1046:
961:Rocky Mountains
933:
853:
847:
815:Triple Alliance
801:Napoleonic Wars
781:Manila Galleons
721:
688:. The captured
636:Lady Washington
612:On July 14 the
607:Clayoquot Sound
577:Santa Saturnina
549:Fort San Miguel
485:On June 8, the
467:Lady Washington
448:
446:Nootka Incident
443:
435:Fort San Miguel
404:The Viceroy of
310:William Douglas
263:of the British
231:Alta California
195:prior discovery
130:
85:in present-day
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2504:
2497:
2483:
2454:
2436:(2): 110â122.
2421:
2404:
2398:
2377:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2340:hashilthsa.com
2327:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2246:
2239:
2213:
2206:
2186:
2179:
2159:
2145:
2125:
2118:(in Spanish).
2096:
2094:, p. 116.
2084:
2077:
2056:
2052:Schroeder 1994
2044:
2037:
2008:
1991:
1956:
1950:2007-07-30 at
1937:
1911:
1904:
1878:
1867:
1841:
1828:10.1086/236543
1806:
1777:
1771:2007-07-30 at
1751:
1730:10.1086/241265
1708:
1697:
1676:
1661:
1650:
1632:
1601:"Nuuchahnulth"
1591:
1584:
1560:
1545:
1534:
1516:
1509:
1476:
1465:
1438:
1425:
1418:
1373:
1366:
1311:
1304:
1275:
1258:
1242:
1222:
1208:
1182:
1168:
1145:
1128:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1050:Nuu-chah-nulth
1045:
1042:
932:
929:
891:Norfolk Island
849:Main article:
846:
843:
834:King Louis XVI
822:Family Compact
811:Dutch Republic
720:
717:
678:Princess Royal
666:Simon Metcalfe
624:as an escort.
618:Princess Royal
603:Princess Royal
592:Princess Royal
525:Princess Royal
517:Princess Royal
447:
444:
442:
439:
371:Princess Royal
362:John Henry Cox
333:Nuu-chah-nulth
243:Columbia River
221:and establish
129:
126:
110:Nuu-chah-nulth
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:1789 in Spain
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:Nootka Crisis
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2321:9781461716068
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2294:9780521009997
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2267:9780198206545
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:9780774841573
2203:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2148:
2146:9780774842921
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2054:, p. 70.
2053:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:(1): 111â28.
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:archive.today
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:(3): 357â74.
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:archive.today
1770:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(4): 609â40.
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:(2): 275â79.
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:Oregon Treaty
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
946:
942:
941:San Francisco
937:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
867:Inter caetera
863:
859:
852:
844:
842:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
772:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
742:
736:
732:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
698:Fair American
695:
691:
687:
686:Fair American
683:
679:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
653:Fair American
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:
625:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
523:arrived. The
522:
518:
513:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:John Kendrick
469:
468:
463:
462:
452:
445:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
418:Princesa Real
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
395:
389:
387:
383:
382:James Colnett
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
363:
359:
354:
351:
349:
345:
344:
338:
337:Friendly Cove
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:44th parallel
208:
205:in 1543, and
204:
200:
196:
193:, including "
192:
188:
184:
183:Pacific Ocean
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
158:Inter caetera
153:
151:
150:United States
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
115:
112:man drawn by
111:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:Nootka Crisis
41:
37:
32:
19:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2462:
2458:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2385:
2370:
2363:
2344:. Retrieved
2342:. 2015-05-02
2339:
2330:
2310:
2303:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2249:
2224:
2216:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2135:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2087:
2068:
2059:
2047:
2022:
2001:
1994:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1889:
1881:
1852:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1705:Google Books
1688:
1670:
1664:
1658:Google Books
1641:
1635:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1570:
1563:
1542:Google Books
1525:
1519:
1495:
1473:Google Books
1456:
1433:
1428:
1403:
1352:
1289:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1193:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1158:
1148:
1138:
1131:
1121:
1114:
1071: (1789)
1068:
1047:
1024:
1016:
997:
985:
981:Crown Colony
949:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
907:
894:
871:
857:
854:
819:
808:
805:
775:
773:
768:Thomas Paine
761:
757:penal colony
749:
737:
733:
722:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
661:
652:
649:
644:
640:
634:
628:
626:
621:
617:
613:
611:
602:
596:
591:
589:
580:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
546:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
511:
506:
502:
490:
486:
484:
479:
465:
459:
457:
422:
416:
414:
403:
390:
375:
370:
366:Daniel Beale
355:
352:
347:
341:
326:
305:
301:
295:
292:
281:
269:Nootka Sound
259:
239:Bucareli Bay
177:crossed the
156:
154:
131:
119:
79:Nootka Sound
50:
46:
44:
36:Nootka Sound
34:Location of
1298:â9, 12â15.
1030:Thomas Muir
789:Philippines
745:Hugh Elliot
476:Robert Gray
297:John Meares
273:James Hanna
255:Sitka Sound
223:fur trading
187:sovereignty
114:John Webber
2568:Categories
2494:: 167â180.
2419:: 283â478.
2346:2022-08-20
2122:: 105â115.
2092:Stone 2002
1873:online at
1703:online at
1656:online at
1540:online at
1471:online at
1215:18 October
1175:18 October
1107:References
887:Botany Bay
803:was over.
753:Royal Navy
692:, renamed
622:San Carlos
423:San Carlos
288:Juan PĂ©rez
265:Royal Navy
261:James Cook
251:Washington
148:, and the
128:Background
99:Royal Navy
2450:145484639
2152:27 August
1836:143845359
1746:145788288
1069:Discovery
1067:HMS
1023:schooner
931:Aftermath
895:Discovery
503:Iphigenia
480:Iphigenia
406:New Spain
358:Guangzhou
201:in 1542,
167:New World
53:, was an
2375:in JSTOR
2067:(2004).
1948:Archived
1930:30 April
1769:Archived
1627:44645167
1056:See also
1052:people.
1038:Monterey
903:Neah Bay
882:Falmouth
795:and the
682:Argonaut
680:and the
673:Aranzazu
662:Eleanora
656:, under
645:Columbia
614:Argonaut
599:Maquinna
565:Argonaut
553:Argonaut
533:Argonaut
529:Argonaut
521:Argonaut
470:, under
425:, under
377:Argonaut
329:Maquinna
227:San Blas
207:Vizcaino
199:Cabrillo
2519:: 3â29.
1986:2143606
1898:, 109.
1738:1877788
1576:167â169
1358:131â140
826:Bourbon
776:Voyages
138:Britain
2479:558040
2477:
2448:
2396:
2318:
2291:
2264:
2237:
2204:
2177:
2143:
2075:
2035:
1984:
1902:
1865:
1834:
1744:
1736:
1695:
1648:
1625:
1582:
1532:
1507:
1463:
1416:
1364:
1302:
1206:
1166:
1044:Legacy
1012:Canada
743:, and
441:Crisis
380:under
308:under
253:, and
247:Oregon
219:Alaska
215:Mexico
203:Ferrer
175:Balboa
146:Russia
65:, the
2475:JSTOR
2446:S2CID
2112:(PDF)
1982:JSTOR
1832:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1734:JSTOR
1623:JSTOR
1501:31â41
1410:18â23
1025:Sutil
314:Macau
277:China
142:Spain
77:, in
63:Spain
2463:1955
2417:1904
2394:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2154:2022
2141:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2033:ISBN
1932:2018
1900:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1217:2019
1204:ISBN
1177:2019
1164:ISBN
963:and
889:and
783:and
633:and
519:and
474:and
464:and
364:and
249:and
45:The
2467:doi
2438:doi
2120:III
1974:doi
1896:105
1859:185
1824:doi
1802:or
1726:doi
1613:doi
81:on
38:on
2570::
2517:93
2515:.
2511:.
2492:19
2490:.
2473:.
2461:.
2444:.
2432:.
2428:.
2415:.
2411:.
2388:.
2338:.
2233:.
2231:18
2114:.
2099:^
2031:.
2029:22
2011:^
1980:.
1970:53
1968:.
1923:.
1861:.
1830:.
1820:13
1818:.
1780:^
1754:^
1740:.
1732:.
1722:46
1720:.
1679:^
1621:.
1609:31
1607:.
1603:.
1578:.
1548:^
1503:.
1479:^
1441:^
1412:.
1376:^
1360:.
1314:^
1278:^
1252:,
1202:.
1200:86
1040:.
995:.
587:.
437:.
408:,
401:.
257:.
152:.
144:,
140:,
108:A
61:,
2481:.
2469::
2452:.
2440::
2434:6
2402:.
2349:.
2324:.
2297:.
2270:.
2243:.
2210:.
2183:.
2156:.
2081:.
2041:.
1988:.
1976::
1934:.
1908:.
1871:.
1838:.
1826::
1748:.
1728::
1701:.
1654:.
1629:.
1615::
1588:.
1538:.
1513:.
1469:.
1422:.
1370:.
1308:.
1296:7
1256:.
1219:.
1179:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
