463:). Particular physical objects merely exemplify or instantiate the universal. But this raises the question: Where is this universal realm? One possibility is that it is outside space and time. A view sympathetic with this possibility holds that, precisely because some form is immanent in several physical objects, it must also transcend each of those physical objects; in this way, the forms are "transcendent" only insofar as they are "immanent" in many physical objects. In other words, immanence implies transcendence; they are not opposed to one another. (Nor, in this view, would there be a separate "world" or "realm" of forms that is distinct from the physical world, thus shirking much of the worry about where to locate a "universal realm".) However,
569:, or that they differ from each other (and other cats) quite less than they differ from other things, and this warrants classing them together. Some resemblance nominalists will concede that the resemblance relation is itself a universal, but is the only universal necessary. Others argue that each resemblance relation is a particular, and is a resemblance relation simply in virtue of its resemblance to other resemblance relations. This generates an infinite regress, but many argue that it is not
273:
universal is not something real that exists in a subject ... but that it has a being only as a thought-object in the mind ". As a general rule, Ockham argued against assuming any entities that were not necessary for explanations. Accordingly, he wrote, there is no reason to believe that there is an entity called "humanity" that resides inside, say, Socrates, and nothing further is explained by making this claim. This is in accord with the analytical method that has since come to be called
843:
Ockham, Buridan, Marsilius and others, there are also striking differences. More fundamentally, Robert Pasnau has questioned whether any kind of coherent body of thought that could be called 'nominalism' can be discerned in fourteenth century writing. This makes it difficult, it has been argued, to follow the twentieth century narrative which portrayed late scholastic philosophy as a dispute which emerged in the fourteenth century between the
550:, which states that Fluffy and Kitzler, for example, are both cats simply because the predicate 'is a cat' applies to both of them. And this is the case for all similarity of attribute among objects. The main criticism of this view is that it does not provide a sufficient solution to the problem of universals. It fails to provide an account of what makes it the case that a group of things warrant having the same predicate applied to them.
5386:
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611:. Two tropes are exactly resembling if substituting one for the other would make no difference to the events in which they are taking part. Varying degrees of resemblance at the macro level can be explained by varying degrees of resemblance at the micro level, and micro-level resemblance is explained in terms of something no less robustly physical than causal power.
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339:, nominalism profoundly influences these two periods. Even though modernity and contemporaneity are secular eras, their roots are firmly established in the sacred. Furthermore, "Nominalism turned this world on its head," he argues. "For the nominalists, all real being was individual or particular and universals were thus mere fictions."
590:
is a philosophical theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind. The conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside of the mind's perception of
579:
argues that class membership forms the metaphysical backing for property relationships: two particular red balls share a property in that they are both members of classes corresponding to their properties – that of being red and being balls. A version of class nominalism that sees some
842:
Aware that explicit thinking in terms of a divide between 'nominalism' and 'realism’ emerged only in the fifteenth century, scholars have increasingly questioned whether a fourteenth-century school of nominalism can really be said to have existed. While one might speak of family resemblances between
387:
schools; they were of the opinion that words have as referent not true objects, but only concepts produced in the intellect. These concepts are not real since they do not have efficient existence, that is, causal powers. Words, as linguistic conventions, are useful to thought and discourse, but even
1057:
Rodriguez-Pereyra (2008) writes: "The word 'Nominalism', as used by contemporary philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition, is ambiguous. In one sense, its most traditional sense deriving from the Middle Ages, it implies the rejection of universals. In another, more modern but equally entrenched
342:
Another scholar, Victor Bruno, follows the same line. According to Bruno, nominalism is one of the first signs of rupture in the medieval system. "The dismembering of the particulars, the dangerous attribution to individuals to a status of totalization of possibilities in themselves, all this will
272:
something in common among like individuals, but that it is a concept in the mind, rather than a real entity existing independently of the mind. Ockham argued that only individuals existed and that universals were only mental ways of referring to sets of individuals. "I maintain", he wrote, "that a
56:
do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals – things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version
518:
hold that there is no realm in which universals exist, but rather universals are located in space and time wherever they are manifest. Now, recall that a universal, like greenness, is supposed to be a single thing. Nominalists consider it unusual that there could be a single thing that exists in
281:
and non-arbitrarily applied to two individuals, there must be some resemblance or shared property between the two individuals that justifies their falling under the same concept and that is just the metaphysical problem that universals were brought in to address, the starting-point of the whole
402:. The theory seeks to explain how it is possible for words to refer to classes of objects even if no such class has an objective existence. Dignāga's thesis is that classes do not refer to positive qualities that their members share in common. On the contrary, universal classes are exclusions (
1568:
be removed. The edict used the word 'nominalist' to describe those students at Paris who 'are not afraid to imitate' the renovators. These students then made a reply to Louis XI, defending nominalism as a movement going back to Ockham, which had been persecuted repeatedly, but which in fact
376:, maintaining that the referent of the word is both the individual object perceived by the subject of knowledge and the universal class to which the thing belongs. According to Indian realism, both the individual and the universal exist objectively, with the second underlying the former.
673:
was identical to the individual inside it. Classes corresponding to what are held to be species or genera are concrete sums of their concrete constituting individuals. For example, the class of philosophers is nothing but the sum of all concrete, individual philosophers.
420:, specifically accounting for the fact that some things are of the same type. For example, Fluffy and Kitzler are both cats, or, the fact that certain properties are repeatable, such as: the grass, the shirt, and Kermit the Frog are green. One wants to know by virtue of
830:
viewed as founding figures. However, the concept of 'nominalism' as a movement (generally contrasted with 'realism'), first emerged only in the late fourteenth century, and only gradually became widespread during the fifteenth century. The notion of two distinct ways, a
162:... We customarily hypothesize a single form in connection with each of the many things to which we apply the same name. ... For example, there are many beds and tables. ... But there are only two forms of such furniture, one of the bed and one of the table. (
628:
Mark
Hunyadi characterizes the contemporary Western world as a figure of a "libidinal nominalism." He argues that the insistence on the individual will that has emerged in medieval nominalism evolves into a "libidinal nominalism" in which desire and will are conflated.
519:
multiple places simultaneously. The realist maintains that all the instances of greenness are held together by the exemplification relation, but this relation cannot be explained. Additionally, in lexicology as an argument against color realism; there is the subject of
871:
is the project of replacing current scientific theories by alternatives dispensing with mathematical objects (see
Burgess, 1983, p. 96). A recent study extends the Burgessian critique to three nominalistic reconstructions: the reconstruction of analysis by
31:
1164:, Routledge, 2014, pp. 84–85: " have often been presented as the first nominalists, rejecting the existence of universal concepts altogether. ... For Chrysippus there are no universal entities, whether they be conceived as substantial
447:
of all the green things. With respect to the color of the grass, the shirt and Kermit, one of their parts is identical. In this respect, the three parts are literally one. Greenness is repeatable because there is one thing that
615:, perhaps the most prominent contemporary realist, argues that such a trope-based variant of nominalism has promise, but holds that it is unable to account for the laws of nature in the way his theory of universals can.
277:, the principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible. Critics argue that conceptualist approaches answer only the psychological question of universals. If the same concept is
602:
resemblance relation that holds among like tropes. Another route is to argue that all apparent tropes are constructed out of more primitive tropes and that the most primitive tropes are the entities of complete
821:
As a category of late medieval thought, the concept of 'nominalism' has been increasingly queried. Traditionally, the fourteenth century has been regarded as the heyday of nominalism, with figures such as
5066:
1590:
in 1406, he described the nominalists as those who deny the reality of universals outside the human mind, and realists as those who affirm that reality. Also, for instance, in a 1425 document from the
808:, and other abstract ontological primitives, but not over sets whose members are such individuals. Only a small fraction of the corpus of modern mathematics can be rederived in a nominalistic fashion.
527:) (and there may not be a straightforward translation either, in Japanese 青 (usually translated as "blue")); is sometimes used for words which in English may be considered as "green" (such as apples)
625:
of science in contemporary times is actually motivated by an unstated nominalist metaphysical view. For this reason, he claims, scientists and constructionists tend to "shout past each other".
863:
A critique of nominalist reconstructions in mathematics was undertaken by
Burgess (1983) and Burgess and Rosen (1997). Burgess distinguished two types of nominalist reconstructions. Thus,
282:
problem (MacLeod & Rubenstein, 2006, §3d). If resemblances between individuals are asserted, conceptualism becomes moderate realism; if they are denied, it collapses into nominalism.
1095:
An overview of the philosophical problems and an application of the concept to a case of the
Supreme Court of the State of California, gives Thomas Kupka, 'Verfassungsnominalismus', in:
173:
What about someone who believes in beautiful things, but doesn't believe in the beautiful itself ...? Don't you think he is living in a dream rather than a wakened state? (
5300:
657:, exist. Collections of individuals likewise exist, but two collections having the same individuals are the same collection. Goodman was himself drawing heavily on the work of
1594:
that draws a distinction between the via of Thomas
Aquinas, Albert the Great, and the via of the 'modern masters' John Buridan and Marsilius of Inghen. See Robert Pasnau,
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said "They have a taste for 'desert landscapes.'" They try to express everything that they want to explain without using universals such as "catness" or "greenness."
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in set theory assures us that any matching pair of curly braces enclosing one or more instances of the same individuals denote the same set. Hence {
219:... 'Man', and indeed every general predicate, signifies not an individual, but some quality, or quantity or relation, or something of that sort. (
5261:
867:
is the hypothesis that science, properly interpreted, already dispenses with mathematical objects (entities) such as numbers and sets. Meanwhile,
1868:, 2nd ed. Harvard University Press. (Ch. 1 includes the classic treatment of virtual sets and relations, a nominalist alternative to set theory.)
520:
455:
Nominalism denies the existence of universals. The motivation for this flows from several concerns, the first one being where they might exist.
1130:
408:). As such, the "cow" class, for example, is composed of all exclusions common to individual cows: they are all non-horse, non-elephant, etc.
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64:, that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g.,
5286:
1994:
1964:
1950:
1931:
1524:
1475:
Strawson, P. F. "Conceptualism." Universals, concepts and qualities: new essays on the meaning of predicates. Ashgate
Publishing, 2006.
598:. A trope is a particular instance of a property, like the specific greenness of a shirt. One might argue that there is a primitive,
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unfold in an existential fissure that is both objective and material. The result of this fissure will be the essays to establish the
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famously held, on one interpretation, that there is a realm of abstract forms or universals apart from the physical world (see
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665:, which was itself a reaction to the paradoxes associated with Cantorian set theory. Leśniewski denied the existence of the
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encompasses various realist and nominalist traditions. Certain orthodox Hindu schools defend the realist position, notably
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264:, who was the most influential and thorough nominalist. Abelard's and Ockham's version of nominalism is sometimes called
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1560:) be taught at the University of Paris, and ordering that the books of various 'renovating scholars', including Ockham,
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68:), while others are concrete entities – entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, and bananas).
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Most nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only
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Lately, some scholars have been questioning what kind of influences nominalism might have had in the conception of
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Aristotle famously rejected certain aspects of Plato's Theory of Forms, but he clearly rejected nominalism as well:
57:
specifically denies the existence of abstract objects – objects that do not exist in space and time.
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256:(c. 1050 – c. 1125) was an early, prominent proponent of nominalism. Nominalist ideas can be found in the work of
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1641:(2011). "A Burgessian Critique of Nominalistic Tendencies in Contemporary Mathematics and its Historiography".
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653:(see especially Goodman 1940 and 1977), who argued that concrete and abstract entities having no parts, called
1251:""Nelson Goodman: The Calculus of Individuals in its different versions", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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1780:(2011) A Burgessian Critique of Nominalistic Tendencies in Contemporary Mathematics and its Historiography.
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773:(see especially Quine 1969), one making possible all elementary operations on sets except that the
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Burgess, John (1983). Why I am not a nominalist. Notre Dame J. Formal Logic 24, no. 1, 93–105.
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There are various forms of nominalism ranging from extreme to almost-realist. One extreme is
268:, which presents itself as a middle way between nominalism and realism, asserting that there
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within them. However, the name "nominalism" emerged from debates in medieval philosophy with
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912:'s foundational contribution to analysis that dispensed with Cauchy's infinitesimals.
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1893:. Ed. Robert E. Bjork. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Vol. III, p. 1000.
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which he coined specially for the purpose of discussing the problem of universals.
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foreshadowing the eventual rejection of scholasticism in the seventeenth century.
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The
Platonic universals corresponding to the names "bed" and "beautiful" were the
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745:} }, and any combination of matching curly braces and one or more instances of
83:, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars, and to the
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The Oxford
Dictionary of Philosophy. Simon Blackburn. Oxford University Press
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607:. Primitive trope resemblance may thus be accounted for in terms of causal
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The first philosophers to explicitly describe nominalist arguments were the
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193:. Platonic Forms were the first universals posited as such in philosophy.
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A Imagem
Estilhaçada: Breve Ensaio sobre Realismo, Nominalismo e Filosofia
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are names of individuals and not of collections of individuals. Goodman,
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523:; where in some languages the equivalent words for blue and green may be
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in 1474 commanding that realism alone (as contained in scholars such as
1378:"Searching for the semantic boundaries of the Japanese colour term 'AO'"
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2607:
2489:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2165:
1549:
1462:
1134:
604:
5278:
2043:
1752:, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.). Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, & Co. (
1536:
The classic starting point of nominalism has been the edict issued by
784:, nominalism has come to mean doing mathematics without assuming that
5978:
5585:
5002:
3624:
3545:
3275:
2934:
2924:
2622:
2524:
2232:
2227:
2212:
2110:
1873:
1025:
909:
797:
769:
all advocated reasoning about collectivities by means of a theory of
388:
so, it should not be accepted that words apprehend reality as it is.
230:
65:
2015:
in The Oxford
Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic (2007)
1972:
1178:
1100:
565:
cat closely enough to be classed together with it as members of its
557:
believe that 'cat' applies to both cats because Fluffy and Kitzler
5806:
4488:
3440:
3102:
2388:
1657:
456:
404:
369:
147:
103:
29:
534:
populated with only the bare minimum of types of entities, or as
87:
substance theory of Aristotle, which asserts that universals are
2160:
2115:
2020:
Medieval Nominalism and the Literary Questions: Selected Studies
1876:
and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to
942:
509:
379:
Buddhists take the nominalist position, especially those of the
5282:
5067:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
4421:
4083:
2825:
2363:
2325:
2047:
2034:
1700:(2 volumes) Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1987.
1235:
Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals
435:
answer is that all the green things are green in virtue of the
3285:
788:
in the mathematical sense exist. In practice, this means that
2321:
1606:
1604:
1844:
Price, H. H. (1953). "Universals and Resemblance", Ch. 1 of
713:} are all the same set. For Goodman and other proponents of
1976:
1058:
sense, it implies the rejection of abstract objects" (§1).
777:
of a quantified variable cannot contain any virtual sets.
196:
Our term "universal" is due to the English translation of
1975:, entry by Mary C. MacLeod and Eric M. Rubenstein in the
1488:, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
1264:
Donald Cary Williams, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
487:
of God. To complicate things, what is the nature of the
1906:
Williams, D. C. (1953). "On the Elements of Being: I",
467:
assert that nothing is outside of space and time. Some
1217:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2014.
1199:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.
2023:
by Richard Utz, with the assistance of Terry Barakat
1569:
represents the truer philosophy. See Robert Pasnau,
1215:
Pierre Gassendi (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
124:, nominalism finds its application in what is called
1097:
Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy
504:
hold a position intermediate between nominalism and
5987:
5784:
5561:
5531:
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5412:
5405:
5316:
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2598:
2551:
2523:
2475:
2447:
2374:
2246:
2081:
1441:Quinton, Anthony (1957). "Properties and Classes".
1197:
Thomas Hobbes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1082:
An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy
1179:"Chrysippus (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
1510:(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2023).
1355:(2d, rev. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
394:formulated a nominalist theory of meaning called
185:of the Bed and the Form of the Beautiful, or the
1880:Debates at Oxford in the Late Fourteenth Century
892:re-reconstruction of Weierstrassian analysis by
1803:An Examination of William Hamilton's Philosophy
508:, saying that universals exist only within the
1332:Sonam Thakchoe (2022). Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
428:makes the grass, the shirt, and Kermit green.
5294:
4433:
2337:
2059:
512:and have no external or substantial reality.
8:
1715:(1960). "De las alegorías a las novelas" in
1274:
1272:
621:has also argued that much of what is called
1740:: An Introduction to His Life and Writings
1521:Nominalism in the Philosophy of Mathematics
483:) that universals are contained within the
5409:
5301:
5287:
5279:
5157:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4440:
4426:
4418:
4106:
4097:
4080:
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3483:
3255:
2892:
2833:
2822:
2371:
2360:
2344:
2330:
2322:
2066:
2052:
2044:
2031:
530:Finally, many philosophers prefer simpler
71:Nominalism is primarily a position on the
1656:
900:; and the hermeneutic reconstruction, by
859:Nominalist reconstructions in mathematics
117:"there is nothing general except names".
1382:Australian Review of Applied Linguistics
1302:
1300:
1283:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1137:'s Archimedes Project online version of
851:, realism, with the nominalist ideas of
580:classes as "natural classes" is held by
452:itself wherever there are green things.
2013:Rosen, Burgess: Nominalism Reconsidered
1443:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
1233:""Review of Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra,
1012:
225:xxii, 178b37, trans. Pickard-Cambridge)
27:Philosophy emphasizing names and labels
1899:(1912). "The World of Universals," in
424:are Fluffy and Kitzler both cats, and
1889:Utz, Richard, "Literary Nominalism."
1431:See, for example, H. H. Price (1953).
1422:MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3b.
1413:MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3a.
1226:
1224:
637:A notion that philosophy, especially
7:
1986:"The Medieval Problem of Universals"
1891:Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
1281:The Theological Origins of Modernity
1231:MacBride, Fraser (7 February 2004).
416:Nominalism arose in reaction to the
1995:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1978:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1965:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1951:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1932:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1817:The Harvest of Medieval Theology:
1525:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1338:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1334:"The Theory of Two Truths in India"
2003:Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism
1848:, Hutchinson's University Library.
335:and contemporaneity. According to
286:Modern and contemporary philosophy
158:, i.e., non-nominalist, position:
25:
1279:Gillespie, Michael Allen (2008).
835:, associated with realism, and a
6065:
6053:
5947:Stratification of emotional life
5396:
5390:
5384:
4401:
4400:
4387:
1771:The Social Construction of What?
1376:Conlan, Francis (January 2003).
471:, such as the pagan philosopher
150:was perhaps the first writer in
1854:(1961). "On What There is," in
1573:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p. 85.
1311:. Rio de Janeiro: Editora ViV.
443:thing that, in this case, is a
260:and reached their flowering in
208:is a contraction of the phrase
5097:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1858:, 2nd/ed. N.Y: Harper and Row.
1686:References and further reading
1625:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1612:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1596:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
1571:Metaphysical Themes, 1274-1671
817:Historical origins of the term
594:Another form of nominalism is
475:and the Christian philosopher
1:
4978:Principle of compositionality
1742:, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978.
1732:. Princeton University Press.
1728:& Rosen, Gideon. (1997).
1627:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p86.
1614:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p84.
1598:, (New York: OUP, 2011), p84.
649:owes much to the writings of
249:, the French philosopher and
113:summarised nominalism in his
5127:Philosophical Investigations
3873:Ordinary language philosophy
1921:Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo.
1856:From a Logical Point of View
1841:, New York University Press.
1821:and Late Medieval Nominalism
1705:American Heritage Dictionary
1455:10.1093/aristotelian/58.1.33
1048:Mill (1872); Bigelow (1998).
294:, nominalism was revived by
5539:Theological intellectualism
4968:Modality (natural language)
3923:Contemporary utilitarianism
3838:Internalism and externalism
1923:"Nominalism in Metaphysics"
1773:, Harvard University Press.
1764:The Structure of Appearance
1508:Le second âge de l'individu
6129:
5917:Principle of double effect
5107:Language, Truth, and Logic
4847:Theological noncognitivism
4732:Contrast theory of meaning
4727:Causal theory of reference
4458:Index of language articles
3187:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1903:, Oxford University Press.
1901:The Problems of Philosophy
1884:Cambridge University Press
1832:The Ascent from Nominalism
1497:Hacking (1999), pp. 80–84.
1351:Chatterjee, A. K. (1975).
782:foundations of mathematics
354:
312:, it has been defended by
212:, meaning "on the whole".
135:
6048:
5382:
5247:
5192:Philosophy of information
4792:Mediated reference theory
4455:
4381:
4096:
4079:
3486:
2832:
2821:
2409:Philosophy of mathematics
2399:Philosophy of information
2370:
2359:
2193:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
2041:
2036:Links to related articles
2007:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1910:, vol. 17, pp. 3–18.
1839:Greek Philosophical Terms
1790:10.1007/s10699-011-9223-1
1667:10.1007/s10699-011-9223-1
1168:or in some other manner."
1067:Feibleman (1962), p. 211.
643:philosophy of mathematics
439:of a universal: a single
412:The problem of universals
126:constitutional nominalism
5117:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1866:Set Theory and Its Logic
1750:Dictionary of Philosophy
1748:(1962). "Nominalism" in
1730:A Subject with no Object
1588:University of Heidelberg
975:Psychological nominalism
896:that dispensed with the
869:revolutionary nominalism
725:} is also identical to {
143:Ancient Greek philosophy
6098:Naturalism (philosophy)
5544:Theological voluntarism
4918:Use–mention distinction
4762:Direct reference theory
3878:Postanalytic philosophy
3819:Experimental philosophy
1882:, Cambridge, England:
1846:Thinking and Experience
1834:, D. Reidel Publishing.
1735:Courtenay, William J.
1709:, Fourth Edition, 2000.
1707:of the English Language
1394:10.1075/aral.26.1.06con
1148:A Greek-English Lexicon
1032:Oxford University Press
995:Universal (metaphysics)
949:Ideas Have Consequences
715:mathematical nominalism
633:Mathematical nominalism
357:Difference (philosophy)
337:Michael Allen Gillespie
222:Sophistical Refutations
6060:Catholicism portal
4852:Theory of descriptions
4787:Linguistic determinism
4449:Philosophy of language
4011:Social constructionism
3023:Hellenistic philosophy
2439:Theoretical philosophy
2414:Philosophy of religion
2404:Philosophy of language
1782:Foundations of Science
1644:Foundations of Science
1519:Bueno, Otávio, 2013, "
1307:Bruno, Victor (2020).
1121:Peters (1967), p. 100.
1086:, Chapter XVII, p. 50.
898:law of excluded middle
865:hermeneutic nominalism
847:, nominalism, and the
645:, should abstain from
623:social constructionism
555:resemblance nominalism
521:blue-green distinction
479:, imply (anticipating
227:
179:
170:
168:596a–b, trans. Grube)
79:philosophies, such as
37:
6093:Metaphysical theories
6072:Philosophy portal
5887:Infused righteousness
4963:Mental representation
4898:Linguistic relativity
4782:Inquisitive semantics
4394:Philosophy portal
3913:Scientific skepticism
3893:Reformed epistemology
2419:Philosophy of science
2248:Theories of deduction
1908:Review of Metaphysics
1823:, Grand Rapids, MI:
1776:Karin Usadi Katz and
1769:Hacking, Ian (1999).
1692:Adams, Marilyn McCord
1592:University of Cologne
1353:The Yogācāra Idealism
1112:Penner (1987), p. 24.
1028:UK English Dictionary
970:Problem of universals
955:Linguistic relativity
938:Concrete (philosophy)
763:Richard Milton Martin
418:problem of universals
217:
171:
160:
73:problem of universals
33:
6113:Theories of language
6020:Doctor of the Church
5902:Ontological argument
5147:Naming and Necessity
5057:De Arte Combinatoria
4856:Definite description
4817:Semantic externalism
3814:Critical rationalism
3521:Edo neo-Confucianism
3365:Acintya bheda abheda
3344:Renaissance humanism
3055:School of the Sextii
2429:Practical philosophy
2424:Political philosophy
1940:Maurin, Anna-Sofia.
980:Realism (philosophy)
884:that dispensed with
790:quantified variables
659:Stanisław Leśniewski
548:predicate nominalism
400:theory of exclusions
75:. It is opposed to
5847:Divine illumination
5503:Augustinian realism
5371:Theological virtues
5310:Catholic philosophy
5197:Philosophical logic
5187:Analytic philosophy
4993:Sense and reference
4872:Verification theory
4827:Situation semantics
3385:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3296:Korean Confucianism
3043:Academic Skepticism
2075:Philosophical logic
1871:Robson, John Adam,
1837:Peters, F. (1967).
1830:Penner, T. (1987).
1746:Feibleman, James K.
1717:Otras inquisiciones
1637:Usadi Katz, Karin;
1623:See Robert Pasnau,
1610:See Robert Pasnau,
1038:on August 26, 2021.
960:Literary nominalism
461:theory of the forms
310:analytic philosophy
247:medieval philosophy
241:Medieval philosophy
154:to clearly state a
6015:Islamic philosophy
5969:Trademark argument
5862:Formal distinction
5812:Augustinian values
5485:Analytical Thomism
5465:Christian humanism
5047:Port-Royal Grammar
4943:Family resemblance
4862:Theory of language
4837:Supposition theory
4006:Post-structuralism
3908:Scientific realism
3863:Quinean naturalism
3843:Logical positivism
3799:Analytical Marxism
3018:Peripatetic school
2930:Chinese naturalism
2457:Aesthetic response
2384:Applied philosophy
2139:Unity of opposites
1713:Borges, Jorge Luis
1582:For example, when
1099:97 (2011), 44–77,
669:and held that any
200:'s technical term
152:Western philosophy
38:
6080:
6079:
5995:Catholic theology
5942:Seven deadly sins
5912:Peripatetic axiom
5822:Cartesian dualism
5557:
5556:
5523:Scotistic realism
5480:Neo-scholasticism
5276:
5275:
5270:
5269:
4772:Dynamic semantics
4415:
4414:
4377:
4376:
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4368:
4075:
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4066:
3794:Analytic feminism
3766:
3765:
3728:Kierkegaardianism
3690:Transcendentalism
3650:Neo-scholasticism
3496:Classical Realism
3473:
3472:
3245:
3244:
3060:Neopythagoreanism
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2434:Social philosophy
2319:
2318:
2171:List of fallacies
2156:Explanatory power
2083:Critical thinking
1897:Russell, Bertrand
1766:, 3rd ed. Kluwer.
1697:William of Ockham
1562:Gregory of Rimini
1484:"Conceptualism."
1211:"Pierre Gassendi"
1000:William of Ockham
908:, and others, of
853:William of Ockham
828:William of Ockham
677:The principle of
661:, especially his
516:Moderate realists
362:Indian philosophy
351:Indian philosophy
292:modern philosophy
262:William of Ockham
122:philosophy of law
48:is the view that
35:William of Ockham
16:(Redirected from
6120:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6058:
6057:
5882:Homo unius libri
5827:Cogito, ergo sum
5817:Cardinal virtues
5518:Moderate realism
5410:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5326:Cardinal virtues
5303:
5296:
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5232:Formal semantics
5180:Related articles
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4812:Relevance theory
4807:Phallogocentrism
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4404:
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4391:
4390:
4107:
4098:
4081:
3971:Frankfurt School
3918:Transactionalism
3868:Normative ethics
3848:Legal positivism
3824:Falsificationism
3809:Consequentialism
3804:Communitarianism
3777:
3645:New Confucianism
3484:
3291:Neo-Confucianism
3256:
3065:Second Sophistic
3050:Middle Platonism
2893:
2834:
2823:
2666:Epiphenomenalism
2533:Consequentialism
2467:Institutionalism
2372:
2361:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2301:Platonic realism
2068:
2061:
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1999:
1990:Zalta, Edward N.
1969:
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1946:Zalta, Edward N.
1936:
1927:Zalta, Edward N.
1679:
1678:
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1639:Katz, Mikhail G.
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1034:. Archived from
1017:
990:Substantial form
882:Karl Weierstrass
878:Richard Dedekind
609:indiscernibility
596:trope nominalism
577:Class nominalism
191:Beautiful Itself
111:John Stuart Mill
81:Platonic realism
54:abstract objects
21:
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3951:Critical theory
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3933:Wittgensteinian
3829:Foundationalism
3762:
3699:
3680:Social contract
3536:Foundationalism
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3451:
3435:Illuminationism
3420:Aristotelianism
3406:
3395:Vishishtadvaita
3348:
3300:
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3008:Megarian school
3003:Eretrian school
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2905:Agriculturalism
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2578:Incompatibilism
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1852:Quine, W. V. O.
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792:may range over
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613:David Armstrong
582:Anthony Quinton
544:
493:exemplification
414:
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300:Pierre Gassendi
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102:stems from the
89:immanently real
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6105:
6100:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6062:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:Pascal's wager
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Guardian angel
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5422:Augustinianism
5418:
5416:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:Divine command
5328:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5123:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Presupposition
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Deconstruction
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4197:Middle Eastern
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Existentialism
3958:
3956:Deconstruction
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Applied ethics
3785:
3783:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:Nietzscheanism
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3695:Utilitarianism
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:Transcendental
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Existentialism
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Augustinianism
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:Zoroastrianism
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3075:Church Fathers
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2590:Libertarianism
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Metaphilosophy
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Constructivism
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:informal logic
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1984:Klima, Gyula.
1981:
1970:
1956:
1937:
1916:
1915:External links
1913:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1887:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1825:Baker Academic
1813:Oberman, Heiko
1810:
1796:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1629:
1616:
1600:
1575:
1566:Peter of Ailly
1564:, Buridan and
1529:
1512:
1506:Mark Hunyadi,
1499:
1490:
1477:
1468:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1324:
1318:978-6588972021
1317:
1296:
1290:978-0226293516
1289:
1268:
1256:
1242:
1220:
1202:
1184:
1170:
1166:Platonic Forms
1160:John Sellars,
1153:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1088:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
917:
914:
890:constructivist
886:infinitesimals
860:
857:
818:
815:
813:
810:
679:extensionality
651:Nelson Goodman
634:
631:
553:Proponents of
543:
540:
536:W. V. O. Quine
502:Conceptualists
413:
410:
352:
349:
326:D. C. Williams
318:Nelson Goodman
287:
284:
275:Ockham's razor
242:
239:
144:
141:
133:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6125:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6040:Phenomenology
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Rota Fortunae
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Occam's razor
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Head of a pin
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Actus Essendi
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Chateaubriand
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Conceptualism
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Scholasticism
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5377:
5376:Virtue ethics
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Seven virtues
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Scholasticism
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Structuralism
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Descriptivism
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Contrastivism
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:Miscellaneous
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:Miscellaneous
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Structuralism
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
4001:Postmodernism
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Phenomenology
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:Vienna Circle
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Moral realism
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Phenomenology
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Individualism
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3465:Judeo-Islamic
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Shuddhadvaita
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Scholasticism
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Conceptualism
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Particularism
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Functionalism
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Eliminativism
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Compatibilism
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Particularism
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:Burgess, John
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:(1865/1877).
1078:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Conceptualism
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Errett Bishop
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
834:
829:
825:
816:
811:
809:
807:
806:ordered pairs
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
767:Willard Quine
764:
760:
756:
753:, as long as
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
592:
589:
588:Conceptualism
585:
583:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
494:
490:
489:instantiation
486:
482:
481:conceptualism
478:
474:
470:
469:Neoplatonists
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:Purva Mimamsa
363:
358:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Rudolf Carnap
311:
308:
303:
301:
297:
296:Thomas Hobbes
293:
285:
283:
280:
276:
271:
267:
266:conceptualism
263:
259:
258:Peter Abelard
255:
252:
248:
240:
238:
236:
233:, especially
232:
226:
224:
223:
216:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
169:
167:
166:
159:
157:
153:
149:
142:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
6010:Neoplatonism
5932:Ressentiment
5927:Quinque viae
5892:Memento mori
5852:Double truth
5797:Actus primus
5563:Philosophers
5507:
5470:Cartesianism
5165:
5155:
5145:
5135:
5125:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5075:
5065:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5017:
4958:Metalanguage
4953:Logical form
4908:Truth-bearer
4867:Unilalianism
4796:
4777:Expressivism
4604:Wittgenstein
4549:von Humboldt
4466:Philosophers
4399:
4385:
4056:
4047:Postcritique
4037:Kyoto School
3996:Posthumanism
3976:Hermeneutics
3831: /
3772:Contemporary
3748:Newtonianism
3711:Cartesianism
3670:Reductionism
3506:Conservatism
3501:Collectivism
3439:
3167:Sarvāstivadā
3145:Anekantavada
3070:Neoplatonism
3038:Epicureanism
2971:Pythagoreans
2910:Confucianism
2876:Contemporary
2866:Early modern
2794:
2770:Anti-realism
2724:Universalism
2681:Subjectivism
2477:Epistemology
2295:
2281:Intuitionism
2266:Fictionalism
2025:Perspicuitas
2024:
2018:
2006:
1993:
1977:
1963:
1960:"Nominalism"
1949:
1930:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1819:Gabriel Biel
1816:
1807:Chapter XVII
1802:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1738:Adam Wodeham
1736:
1729:
1719:(pg 153–56).
1716:
1703:
1695:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1595:
1586:visited the
1578:
1570:
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1397:. Retrieved
1388:(1): 71–86.
1385:
1381:
1371:
1352:
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1337:
1327:
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1280:
1259:
1245:
1234:
1214:
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1126:
1117:
1108:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1036:the original
1024:
1021:"nominalism"
1015:
947:
874:Georg Cantor
868:
864:
862:
848:
844:
841:
836:
832:
824:John Buridan
820:
804:, primitive
779:
771:virtual sets
770:
758:
754:
750:
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734:
730:
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345:nation state
341:
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307:contemporary
304:
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220:
218:
214:
209:
205:
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195:
190:
186:
180:
174:
172:
164:
161:
146:
138:Anti-realism
125:
119:
106:
99:
97:
70:
61:
59:
45:
39:
6030:Rationalism
6025:Renaissance
5957:Augustinian
5842:Disputation
5837:Differentia
5802:Actus purus
5706:Malebranche
5621:Bonaventure
5356:Personalism
5351:Natural law
5346:Probabilism
5202:Linguistics
5167:Limited Inc
5087:On Denoting
4913:Proposition
4564:de Saussure
4529:Ibn Khaldun
4042:Objectivism
3981:Neo-Marxism
3943:Continental
3853:Meta-ethics
3833:Coherentism
3738:Hegelianism
3675:Rationalism
3635:Natural law
3615:Materialism
3541:Historicism
3511:Determinism
3402:Navya-Nyāya
3177:Sautrāntika
3172:Pudgalavada
3108:Vaisheshika
2961:Presocratic
2861:Renaissance
2800:Physicalism
2785:Materialism
2691:Normativity
2676:Objectivism
2661:Emergentism
2651:Behaviorism
2600:Metaphysics
2566:Determinism
2505:Rationalism
2261:Dialetheism
2151:Explanation
2121:Credibility
1805:, 4th ed.,
1799:Mill, J. S.
1558:Bonaventure
1554:Duns Scotus
1084:, Volume II
923:Abstraction
849:via antiqua
845:via moderna
837:via moderna
833:via antiqua
655:individuals
619:Ian Hacking
465:naturalists
381:Sautrāntika
374:Vaisheshika
322:H. H. Price
254:Roscellinus
93:Roscellinus
85:hylomorphic
42:metaphysics
6087:Categories
6035:Empiricism
5857:Evil demon
5631:Chesterton
5508:Nominalism
5495:Universals
5336:Just price
5262:Discussion
5257:Task Force
5207:Pragmatics
4998:Speech act
4928:Categories
4842:Symbiosism
4797:Nominalism
4709:Watzlawick
4589:Bloomfield
4509:Chrysippus
4341:Amerindian
4248:Australian
4187:Vietnamese
4167:Indonesian
3716:Kantianism
3665:Positivism
3655:Pragmatism
3630:Naturalism
3610:Liberalism
3588:Subjective
3526:Empiricism
3430:Avicennism
3375:Bhedabheda
3259:East Asian
3182:Madhyamaka
3162:Abhidharma
3028:Pyrrhonism
2795:Nominalism
2790:Naturalism
2719:Skepticism
2709:Relativism
2699:Absolutism
2628:Naturalism
2538:Deontology
2510:Skepticism
2495:Naturalism
2485:Empiricism
2449:Aesthetics
2353:Philosophy
2306:Pragmatism
2296:Nominalism
2203:Propaganda
2178:Hypothesis
2131:Antithesis
1973:Universals
1878:Scholastic
1801:, (1872).
1362:8120803159
1131:"katholou"
1077:Mill, J.S.
902:Carl Boyer
812:Criticisms
647:set theory
532:ontologies
525:colexified
355:See also:
251:theologian
235:Chrysippus
210:kata holou
187:Bed Itself
136:See also:
109:, "name".
100:nominalism
50:universals
46:nominalism
18:Nominalist
6000:Platonism
5974:Univocity
5872:Haecceity
5751:Ratzinger
5716:Montaigne
5696:MacIntyre
5651:Dionysius
5646:Descartes
5606:Augustine
5460:Salamanca
5239:Semiotics
5227:Semantics
5077:Alciphron
5013:Statement
4948:Intension
4888:Ambiguity
4767:Dramatism
4747:Cratylism
4499:Eubulides
4494:Aristotle
4474:Confucius
4220:Pakistani
4182:Taiwanese
4129:Ethiopian
4102:By region
4088:By region
3903:Scientism
3898:Systemics
3758:Spinozism
3685:Socialism
3620:Modernism
3583:Objective
3491:Anarchism
3425:Averroism
3314:Christian
3266:Neotaoism
3237:Zurvanism
3227:Mithraism
3222:Mazdakism
2993:Cyrenaics
2920:Logicians
2553:Free will
2515:Solipsism
2462:Formalism
2276:Formalism
2238:Vagueness
2218:Relevance
2213:Reasoning
2126:Dialectic
2101:Ambiguity
1675:119250310
1658:1104.0375
1651:: 51–89.
1523:" in the
1449:: 33–58.
1399:April 17,
794:universes
671:singleton
667:empty set
663:mereology
600:objective
542:Varieties
477:Augustine
450:manifests
437:existence
433:Platonist
396:apohavada
333:modernity
279:correctly
198:Aristotle
98:The term
6108:Ontology
6103:Occamism
5962:Irenaean
5952:Theodicy
5922:Quiddity
5785:Concepts
5711:Maritain
5681:Krasicki
5671:Gassendi
5661:Eriugena
5616:Boethius
5591:Anscombe
5581:Albertus
5475:Molinism
5442:Occamism
5414:Medieval
5341:Just war
5252:Category
5212:Rhetoric
5037:Cratylus
5008:Sentence
4983:Property
4903:Language
4881:Concepts
4719:Theories
4684:Strawson
4669:Davidson
4659:Hintikka
4654:Anscombe
4599:Vygotsky
4554:Mauthner
4524:Averroes
4514:Zhuangzi
4504:Diodorus
4484:Cratylus
4406:Category
4361:Yugoslav
4351:Romanian
4258:Scottish
4243:American
4172:Japanese
4152:Buddhist
4134:Africana
4124:Egyptian
3966:Feminist
3888:Rawlsian
3883:Quietism
3781:Analytic
3733:Krausism
3640:Nihilism
3605:Kokugaku
3568:Absolute
3563:Idealism
3551:Humanism
3339:Occamism
3306:European
3251:Medieval
3197:Yogacara
3157:Buddhist
3150:Syādvāda
3033:Stoicism
2998:Cynicism
2986:Sophists
2981:Atomists
2976:Eleatics
2915:Legalism
2856:Medieval
2780:Idealism
2734:Ontology
2714:Nihilism
2618:Idealism
2376:Branches
2365:Branches
2291:Logicism
2271:Finitism
2223:Rhetoric
2208:Prudence
2146:Evidence
2106:Argument
2096:Analysis
2027:, (2004)
1942:"Tropes"
1864:(1969).
1542:Averroes
1538:Louis XI
1162:Stoicism
916:See also
775:universe
641:and the
639:ontology
563:exemplar
559:resemble
496:relation
473:Plotinus
441:abstract
385:Yogācāra
206:Katholou
202:katholou
189:and the
175:Republic
165:Republic
115:apothegm
62:post res
5988:Related
5776:Wojtyła
5756:Scheler
5701:Maistre
5691:Lombard
5676:Isidore
5656:Erasmus
5636:Clement
5601:Aquinas
5571:Abelard
5437:Scotism
5432:Thomism
5406:Schools
5019:more...
4923:Concept
4664:Dummett
4639:Gadamer
4634:Chomsky
4619:Derrida
4609:Russell
4594:Bergson
4579:Tillich
4539:Leibniz
4479:Gorgias
4356:Russian
4325:Spanish
4320:Slovene
4310:Maltese
4305:Italian
4285:Finland
4253:British
4235:Western
4225:Turkish
4210:Islamic
4205:Iranian
4157:Chinese
4144:Eastern
4111:African
4058:more...
3743:Marxism
3573:British
3516:Dualism
3412:Islamic
3370:Advaita
3360:Vedanta
3334:Scotism
3329:Thomism
3271:Tiantai
3214:Persian
3202:Tibetan
3192:Śūnyatā
3133:Cārvāka
3123:Ājīvika
3118:Mīmāṃsā
3098:Samkhya
3013:Academy
2966:Ionians
2940:Yangism
2897:Chinese
2888:Ancient
2851:Western
2846:Ancient
2805:Realism
2762:Reality
2752:Process
2633:Realism
2613:Dualism
2608:Atomism
2490:Fideism
2311:Realism
2198:Premise
2188:Opinion
2183:Inquiry
2166:Fallacy
2005:, from
1992:(ed.).
1948:(ed.).
1929:(ed.).
1886:, 1961.
1827:, 2001.
1762:(1977)
1550:Aquinas
1463:4544588
1139:Liddell
1135:Harvard
798:numbers
780:In the
605:physics
571:vicious
506:realism
392:Dignāga
156:realist
132:History
77:realist
66:numbers
5979:Utopia
5771:Suárez
5761:Scotus
5746:Rahner
5736:Pascal
5726:Newman
5666:Ficino
5596:Anselm
5586:Alcuin
5452:Modern
5318:Ethics
5171:(1988)
5161:(1982)
5151:(1980)
5141:(1967)
5131:(1953)
5121:(1951)
5111:(1936)
5101:(1921)
5091:(1905)
5081:(1732)
5071:(1668)
5061:(1666)
5051:(1660)
5041:(n.d.)
5003:Symbol
4704:Searle
4694:Putnam
4644:Kripke
4629:Austin
4614:Carnap
4559:Ricœur
4544:Herder
4534:Hobbes
4315:Polish
4295:German
4290:French
4275:Danish
4265:Canada
4215:Jewish
4177:Korean
4162:Indian
3704:People
3625:Monism
3578:German
3546:Holism
3479:Modern
3457:Jewish
3380:Dvaita
3353:Indian
3276:Huayan
3128:Ajñana
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2935:Taoism
2925:Mohism
2871:Modern
2838:By era
2827:By era
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1874:Wyclif
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4300:Greek
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