97:
75:
43:
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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;
436:
differences, biologists may identify these as separate subspecies; a subspecies is a recognized local variant of a species. Botanists and mycologists have the choice of ranks lower than subspecies, such as variety (varietas) or form (forma), to recognize smaller differences between populations.
477:
that differ from each other so that a separate description is warranted. These distinct groups do not interbreed as they are isolated from another, but they can interbreed and have fertile offspring, e.g. in captivity. These subspecies, races, or populations, are usually
431:
A subspecies is a taxonomic rank below species – the only such rank recognized in the zoological code, and one of three main ranks below species in the botanical code. When geographically separate populations of a species exhibit recognizable
332:, but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of
511:
among the apparently separate groups that make up the population(s). Populations that have a steady, substantial gene flow among them are likely to represent a monotypic species, even when a fair degree of genetic variation is
895:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012).
368:, when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subspecies" or "nominate subspecies", which repeats the same name as the species. For example,
196:
226:
A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies. A common criterion for recognizing two distinct populations as subspecies rather than full species is the ability of them to
503:
The variation among individuals is noticeable and follows a pattern, but there are no clear dividing lines among separate groups: they fade imperceptibly into one another. Such
899:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
338:
216:
633:
Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the
Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group".
42:
500:
The individuals vary considerably, but the variation is essentially random and largely meaningless so far as genetic transmission of these variations is concerned.
262:
and the second denoting the species. The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the
824:
264:
184:
770:
168:), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated as
1113:
403:
When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus
311:, and subform. To identify the rank, the subspecific name must be preceded by "subspecies" (which can be abbreviated to "subsp." or "ssp."), as in
821:"International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria: Bacteriological Code, 1990 Revision. - Chapter 3: Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations"
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species, all populations exhibit the same genetic and phenotypical characteristics. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:
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96:
276:, and comprises three words, namely the binomen followed by the name of the subspecies. For example, the binomen for the
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All members of the species are very similar and cannot be sensibly divided into biologically significant subcategories.
85:
445:
164:, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (
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31:
924:
223:, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks.
48:
1517:
365:
722:
Systema naturae, sive, Regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species
52:
1353:
579:
479:
388:
820:
47:
739:
International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature: Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences
412:
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251:
231:
51:
50:
238:. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species.
220:
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Full text available from PDF link at this page; direct URL to PDF is auto-generated and expires.
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187:, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In
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and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are").
53:
230:
even if some male offspring may be sterile. In the wild, subspecies do not interbreed due to
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978:
Populations, Species, and
Evolution: An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution
792:
745:(Fourth ed.). London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
837:
Parker, Charles T.; Tindall, Brian J.; Garrity, George M. (20 November 2015) .
524:
346:
is conventionally abbreviated as "subsp.", and is used in the scientific name:
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species has two or more genetically and phenotypically divergent subspecies,
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The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in
30:
This article is about the biological term. For the film series, see
839:"International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (2008 Revision)"
1406:
1091:
538:
444:
255:
135:
41:
843:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
299:, subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as
1030:
The
Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds
465:
In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a
419:, while others consider it a full species and therefore call it
1095:
197:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
942:
Russell, Peter J.; Hertz, Paul E.; McMillan, Beverly (2011).
902:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
395:", and the subspecific taxon as the "autonymous subspecies".
675:
Monroe, B. L. (1982). "A modern concept of the subspecies".
849:(ICSP Matters ed.). "Names of Subspecies: Rule 13a".
423:(and the user of the notation is not taking a position).
292:. All components of the trinomen are written in italics.
1010:
A Passion for Birds: American
Ornithology after Audubon
931:. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
879:
International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 47
272:), the scientific name of a subspecies is termed a
1055:(Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc.
975:
339:International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
656:Mayr, E. (1982). "Of what use are subspecies?".
360:Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms
45:
486:by zoologists, botanists and microbiologists.
1107:
1012:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
929:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
825:National Center for Biotechnology Information
736:Ride, W. D. L.; Corliss, J. O., eds. (1999).
265:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
185:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
65:. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
8:
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1100:
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771:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
854:
376:) is the nominotypical subspecies of the
336:are taken to be names of subspecies (see
1033:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
950:. Brooks/Cole California. p. 456.
793:"Subspecies, semispecies, superspecies"
619:
507:variation always indicates substantial
890:
888:
886:
923:Rosenberg, Gary; et al. (eds.).
27:Taxonomic rank subordinate to species
7:
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725:. Lugduni Batavorum: Theodor Haak.
25:
1151:
1140:
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1053:Principles of Systematic Zoology
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405:Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus
120:
109:), the nominotypical (nominate)
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82:Terpsiphone paradisi ceylonensis
73:
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417:Larus argentatus smithsonianus
415:species and therefore call it
258:words, the first denoting the
254:or binomen, and comprises two
160:: subspecies) is a rank below
88:subspecies native to Sri Lanka
1:
1082:The dictionary definition of
565:Glossary of scientific naming
982:. Harvard University Press.
948:Biology: The Dynamic Science
827:. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
800:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
80:Ceylon paradise flycatcher (
637:. Special Issue 11: 66–69.
314:Schoenoplectus californicus
113:subspecies native to Africa
1539:
288:denotes a subspecies, the
86:Indian paradise flycatcher
29:
1129:
1051:; Ashlock, P. D. (1991).
1001:General and cited sources
767:"Scientific Nomenclature"
150:biological classification
138:subspecies native to the
59:biological classification
18:Nominotypical subspecies
1523:Zoological nomenclature
699:Encyclopedia Britannica
366:zoological nomenclature
1513:Botanical nomenclature
1008:Barrow, M. V. (1998).
856:10.1099/ijsem.0.000778
791:James, Mallet (2007).
695:"Species – Speciation"
580:Polymorphism (biology)
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389:botanical nomenclature
217:bacterial nomenclature
107:Panthera pardus pardus
66:
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409:American herring gull
286:Panthera pardus fusca
56:
455:Rhinoceros unicornis
232:geographic isolation
1508:Biology terminology
1180:Infrakingdom/Branch
421:Larus smithsonianus
391:as the subspecies "
372:(often abbreviated
370:Motacilla alba alba
207:, may be named. In
201:infraspecific ranks
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1027:Lewis, D. (2012).
719:Linné, C. (1735).
463:
342:). As in botany,
250:of a species is a
221:virus nomenclature
132:P. tigris sondaica
128:Sunda Island tiger
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349:Bacillus subtilis
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57:The hierarchy of
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32:
1371:Infrafamily
1354:Superfamily
1268:Subterclass
1237:Microphylum
1232:Infraphylum
1227:Subdivision
1189:Superphylum
643:10088/32616
475:populations
1503:Subspecies
1497:Categories
1456:Subspecies
1397:Infratribe
1380:Supertribe
1329:Infraorder
1312:Superorder
1283:Division (
1263:Infraclass
1246:Superclass
1212:Division (
1175:Subkingdom
1150:Subrealm (
1085:subspecies
802:. Elsevier
776:20 January
752:0853010064
609:References
434:phenotypic
407:means the
374:M. a. alba
354:spizizenii
344:subspecies
330:subspecies
305:subvariety
228:interbreed
203:, such as
166:morphology
154:subspecies
33:Subspecies
1462:Variety (
1419:Section (
1366:Subfamily
1344:Section (
1334:Parvorder
1307:Magnorder
1273:Parvclass
1223:Subphylum
614:Citations
575:Phenotype
546:in botany
509:gene flow
491:monotypic
480:described
467:polytypic
459:monotypic
1430:Series (
1413:Subgenus
1392:Subtribe
1324:Suborder
1258:Subclass
1049:Mayr, E.
974:(1970).
972:Mayr, E.
865:26596770
806:27 April
704:20 April
635:Cat News
570:Landrace
544:Cultivar
517:See also
512:obvious.
461:species.
427:Criteria
274:trinomen
252:binomial
213:virology
199:, other
193:mycology
1450:Species
1169:Kingdom
1139:Realm (
677:The Auk
658:The Auk
550:Ecotype
457:) is a
393:autonym
352:subsp.
334:variety
316:subsp.
301:variety
278:leopard
205:variety
181:zoology
162:species
111:leopard
1473:Form (
1360:Family
1298:Cohort
1293:Legion
1205:Phylum
1161:Domain
1059:
1037:
1016:
986:
954:
906:
863:
749:
505:clinal
318:tatora
297:botany
189:botany
170:subsp.
84:), an
1407:Genus
1386:Tribe
1318:Order
1252:Class
796:(PDF)
743:(PDF)
539:Breed
489:In a
484:named
471:races
260:genus
256:Latin
136:tiger
134:), a
1475:bot.
1464:bot.
1432:bot.
1421:bot.
1346:zoo.
1285:zoo.
1214:bot.
1196:bot.
1152:vir.
1141:vir.
1057:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1014:ISBN
984:ISBN
952:ISBN
904:ISBN
861:PMID
808:2018
778:2021
747:ISBN
706:2021
482:and
449:The
309:form
270:ICZN
246:The
219:and
211:and
191:and
174:ssp.
851:doi
639:hdl
384:).
364:In
324:In
295:In
280:is
234:or
179:In
172:or
158:pl.
148:In
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