141:
209:, defiant behavior, inattention, or lack of effort. Early researchers in the syndrome of NVLD Johnson and Myklebust characterize how the children appear in a classroom: "An example is the child who fails to learn the meaning of the actions of others We categorize this child as having a deficiency in social perception, meaning that he has an inability which precludes acquiring the significance of basic nonverbal aspects of daily living, though his verbal level of intelligence falls within or above the average."
381:
of presentations involving "mainly visual cognitive processing," social imperception, a gap between higher verbal ability and lower nonverbal processing, as well as difficulty with handwriting. Later neuropsychologist Byron Rourke sought to develop consistent criteria with a theory and model of brain functioning that would establish NVLD as a distinct syndrome (1989).
216:, organization, and social interactions increase, students with NVLD begin to struggle. They focus on separate details and struggle to summarize information or to integrate ideas into a coherent whole, and they struggle to apply knowledge to other situations, to infer implicit information, to make predictions, and to organize information logically.
300:"The majority of researchers and clinicians agree that the profile of NLD clearly exists but they disagree on the need for a specific clinical category and on the criteria for its identification." (One researcher notes: "just because we cannot reasonably place such children into our present classification scheme does not mean they do not exist.")
380:
As presented in 1967, "nonverbal disabilities" (p. 44) or "disorders of nonverbal learning" was a category encompassing non-linguistic learning problems. "Nonverbal learning disabilities" were further discussed by
Myklebust in 1975 as representing a subtype of learning "disability" with a range
307:, the overlap can be significant; a major clinical difference is that NVLD criteria do not mention the presence or absence of either repetitive behaviors or narrow subject-matter interests, which is part of the diagnostic criteria for autism. These overlapping conditions include, among others:
100:
and significantly lower nonverbal intelligence. A review of papers found that proposed diagnostic criteria were inconsistent. Proposed additional diagnostic criteria include intact verbal intelligence, and deficits in the following: visuoconstruction abilities, speech prosody,
448:
Margolis, Amy E.; Broitman, Jessica; Davis, John M.; Alexander, Lindsay; Hamilton, Ava; Liao, Zhijie; Banker, Sarah; Thomas, Lauren; Ramphal, Bruce; Salum, Giovanni A.; Merikangas, Kathleen; Goldsmith, Jeff; Paus, Tomas; Keyes, Katherine; Milham, Michael P. (2020).
2487:
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While various nonverbal learning difficulties were recognized since early studies in child neurology, there is ongoing debate as to whether (or the extent to which) existing conceptions of NVLD provide a valid diagnostic framework.
894:
Fine, Jodene
Goldenring; Musielak, Kayla A.; Semrud-Clikeman, Margaret (2014). "Smaller splenium in children with nonverbal learning disability compared to controls, high-functioning autism and ADHD".
219:
As adults, tasks such as driving a car or navigating to an unfamiliar location may be difficult. Difficulty with keeping track of responsibilities or managing social interactions may affect
1205:
Solodow, William; Sandy, Sandra V.; Leventhal, Fern; Beszylko, Scott; Shepherd, Margaret Jo; Cohen, Jonathan; Goldman, Shoshana; Perry, Richard; Chang, Jennifer J.; Nass, Ruth (Fall 2006).
364:
There is diagnostic overlap between nonverbal learning disorder and autism, and some clinicians and researchers consider them to be the same condition. Some claim that some diagnoses of
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2153:
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Semrud-Clikeman, Margaret; Hynd, George W. (1990). "Right hemisphere dysfunction in nonverbal learning disabilities: Social, academic, and adaptive functioning in adults and children".
190:
to tell time. "Clumsiness" is common in people with NVLD, especially children, and it may take a child with NVLD longer than usual to learn how to tie shoelaces or to ride a bicycle.
1549:
1696:
Admin, LD I. "DSM-V to
Exclude Asperger's, PDD-NOS & NLD in 2013; Wait, What? | Life Development Institute." Life Development Institute. N.p., 2 June 2011. Web. 06 Sept. 2016.
702:
Fine, Jodene
Goldenring; Semrud-Clikeman, Margaret; Bledsoe, Jesse C.; Musielak, Kayla A. (March 2013). "A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder".
1230:"A model of assessment and intervention for Non-Verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) in the Australian education system: an educational and developmental psychologist perspective"
404:
399:
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Tsur, V. G.; Shalev, R. S.; Manor, O.; Amir, N. (1995). "Developmental Right-Hemisphere
Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum of the Nonverbal Learning Disability".
269:) is characterized by core deficits in visualspatial processing and social impairment. Additional proposed diagnostic criteria include average to superior
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Rourke, B. P.; Conway, J. A. (1997). "Disabilities of
Arithmetic and Mathematical Reasoning: Perspectives From Neurology and Neuropsychology".
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Assorted diagnoses have been discussed as sharing symptoms with NVLD. In some cases, especially the form of autism previously called
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2006:
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Forrest, Bonny J. (2011). "Developmental
Gerstmann Syndrome". In Kreutzer, Jeffrey S.; DeLuca, John; Caplan, Bruce (eds.).
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2563:
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once the shapes of the letters are learned. A child with NVLD's average or superior verbal skills can be misattributed to
1709:
Myklebust, Helmer R. (1975). Myklebust, Helmer R. (ed.). "Nonverbal learning disabilities: Assessment and intervention".
1555:
668:
The
Massachusetts General Hospital Guide to Learning Disabilities: Assessing Learning Needs of Children and Adolescents
561:
140:
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1960:
NLD from the Inside Out: Talking to
Parents, Teachers, and Teens about Growing Up with Nonverbal Learning Disabilities
1207:"Frequency and Diagnostic Criteria for Nonverbal Learning Disabilities in a General Learning Disability School Cohort"
89:
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836:"Contributions of Cerebellar White Matter Microstructure to Social Difficulty in Nonverbal Learning Disability"
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1971:
Employment for
Individuals with Asperger Syndrome or Non-Verbal Learning Disability: Stories and Strategies
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1538:"The Developmental Social-Emotional Processing Disorder Is Associated with Right Hemisphere Abnormalities"
384:
Questions remain about how best to frame the perceptual, cognitive and motor issues associated with NVLD.
193:
At the beginning of their school careers, children with symptoms of NVLD struggle with tasks that require
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1414:
1300:
Fine, Jodene Goldenring; Semrud-Clikeman, Margaret; Bledsoe, Jesse C.; Musielak, Kayla A. (March 2013).
1697:
501:
Fisher, Prudence W.; Reyes-Portillo, Jazmin A.; Riddle, Mark A.; Litwin, Hillary D. (1 February 2022).
450:
425:
NVLD and developmental visual-spatial disorder in children: clinical guide to assessment and treatment
3337:
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2837:
2814:
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2042:
1229:
451:"Estimated Prevalence of Nonverbal Learning Disability Among North American Children and Adolescents"
132:. For this reason, some claim a diagnosis of NVLD is more appropriate in some subset of these cases.
53:
Developmental visual–spatial disorder, Nonverbal learning difficulties, Nonverbal learning disability
834:
Ramphal, Bruce; Pagliaccio, David; Thomas, Lauren V.; He, Xiaofu; Margolis, Amy E. (15 April 2021).
155:
discrepancy between average to superior verbal abilities and impaired nonverbal abilities, such as:
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1016:"Mathematical disabilities: Reflections on cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components"
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735:
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358:
584:"An analysis of the criteria used to diagnose children with Nonverbal Learning Disability (NLD)"
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In the adolescent years, when schoolwork becomes more abstract and the executive demands for
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Research suggests that there is an association with an imbalance of neural activity in the
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1843:
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities in Children: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice
1427:
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93:
148:
Considered to be neurologically based, nonverbal learning disorder is characterized by:
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1772:
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1606:
1503:
Tsatsanis, Katherine (2013). "Right-Hemisphere Syndrome". In Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.).
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1145:. In Umphred, Darcy A.; Lazaro, Rolando T.; Roller, Margaret L.; et al. (eds.).
941:
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144:
Using an analog clock to tell time is difficult for people with symptoms of NVLD.
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1974:. with other writers. London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
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Spreen, Otfried (2011). "Nonverbal learning disabilities: A critical review".
1401:
Dobbins, Mary; Theodore Sunder, M. D.; Stephen Soltys, M. D. (1 August 2007).
685:
562:"Does your patient have a psychiatric illness or nonverbal learning disorder?"
231:
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1989:
1914:
Treating NVLD in Children Professional Collaborations for Positive Outcomes
1819:
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1170:
Clayton, MC; Dodd, JL (2005). "Nonverbal neurodevelopmental dysfunctions".
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Broitman, Jessica; Melcher, Miranda; Margolis, Amy; Davis, John M. (2020).
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608:
1302:"A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder"
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Gardner-Medwin, David (1990). "John Walton". In Ashwal, Stephen (ed.).
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Manoach, Dara Sue; Sandson, Thomas A.; Weintraub, Sandra (April 1995).
649:
647:
645:
643:
202:
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2058:
1357:"Diagnostic Criteria | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD | CDC"
317:
289:
121:
1698:
http://discoverldi.com/dsm-v-to-exclude-aspergers-pdd-nos-wait-what/
1274:
Horn, Nnifer L., PhD, HSPP. "An Overview of Learning Disabilities."
507:
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
30:
For the autism condition where a person never learns to speak, see
1999:
Screwed up Somehow but Not Stupid, Life with a Learning Disability
1958:
1403:"Nonverbal Learning Disabilities and Sensory Processing Disorders"
285:
139:
110:
753:
Dupaul, George J.; Gormley, Matthew J.; Laracy, Seth D. (2013).
92:
characterized by core deficits in non-verbal skills, especially
3127:
3049:
2694:
2656:
2031:
1143:"Learning Disabilities and Developmental Coordination Disorder"
284:"While NVLD is not classified into any distinct diagnosis in
670:. H. Kent Wilson, Ellen Braaten. Cham, Switzerland: Humana.
1774:
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model
1542:
Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology & Behavioral Neurology
1113:
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model
947:
Learning disabilities: educational principles and practices
1736:
Donders, Jacobus (2011). "Obituary for Dr. Byron Rourke".
1443:"Sandy Smith: Marching to the Tune of a Different Drummer"
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
197:, such as coloring and using scissors, but often excel at
2027:
1474:. In Reynolds, Cecil R.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine (eds.).
226:
People with NVLD may also fit the diagnostic criteria of
3166:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2154:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
178:
People with NVLD may have trouble understanding charts,
1895:
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: A Clinical Perspective
1381:
1379:
1377:
666:
Doty, Nathan (2019). "Nonverbal Learning Disability".
96:. People with this condition have normal or advanced
2022:
1228:
Brenchley, Celia; Costello, Shane (2 January 2018).
3419:
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3300:
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3228:
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2501:
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2342:
2277:
2174:
2131:
2065:
405:
Deficits in attention, motor control and perception
67:
57:
49:
44:
1287:
1278:San Mateo, CA: Schwab Learning, 2002. N. pag. Web.
1141:Szklut, Stacey E.; Philbert, Darby Breath (2013).
653:
503:"Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability"
277:, mathematical reasoning, visuospatial memory and
105:, mathematical reasoning, visuospatial memory and
1447:Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Casebook
940:Johnson, Doris J.; Myklebust, Helmer R. (1967).
400:Children's Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale
368:would be more appropriately classified as NVLD.
1276:http://beaconindiana.com/pdfs/OverviewOfLDs.pdf
1108:"Patterns of Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic"
950:. New York: Grune & Stratton. p. 272.
889:
887:
829:
827:
825:
582:Mammarella, Irene C.; Cornoldi, Cesare (2014).
1963:(Third ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
2668:
2043:
846:(6) (published December 2021): 931–937, 931.
296:, 1992), it does have a robust research base.
273:and deficits in visuoconstruction abilities,
8:
1149:(6th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 379–418.
288:(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) or
71:Currently unknown, estimated to be around 3%
1876:The Source for Nonverbal Learning Disorders
1234:Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties
350:and developmental right hemisphere syndrome
120:NVLD symptoms can overlap with symptoms of
3330:
3135:
3124:
3046:
2704:
2691:
2675:
2661:
2653:
2595:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
2050:
2036:
2028:
1912:Broitman, Jessica; Davis, John M. (2013).
1841:Davis, John M.; Broitman, Jessica (2011).
1482:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 769–70.
1396:
1394:
1361:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
935:
933:
41:
3193:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
2287:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
1505:Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
1039:
867:
607:
474:
3061:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2292:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1608:Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology
556:
554:
552:
496:
494:
396:– difficulty with understanding emotions
366:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
312:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
207:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2478:Multiple complex developmental disorder
415:
2559:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
1423:
1412:
697:
695:
152:impairments in visuospatial processing
2923:High-context and low-context cultures
7:
3272:Computer processing of body language
1385:
816:
354:social-emotional processing disorder
113:and is not clinically distinct from
3287:List of facial expression databases
3277:Emotion recognition in conversation
2309:Developmental coordination disorder
1020:Learning and Individual Differences
332:developmental coordination disorder
1878:. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.
25:
3475:Pervasive developmental disorders
3171:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2569:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
2387:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
2159:Childhood disintegrative disorder
1711:Progress in Learning Disabilities
1478:Encyclopedia of Special Education
1405:. Psychiatric Times Vol 24 No 9.
942:"Nonverbal Disorders of Learning"
467:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2551
2139:Pervasive developmental disorder
1065:Journal of Learning Disabilities
973:Journal of Learning Disabilities
759:Journal of Learning Disabilities
109:. NVLD is not recognised by the
1647:The Founders of Child Neurology
1507:. Springer. pp. 2596–600.
427:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
2590:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
1957:Murphy, Michael Brian (2016).
1622:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1540
1513:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1587
1288:Mammarella & Cornoldi 2014
654:Mammarella & Cornoldi 2014
250:of the brain connected to the
201:verbal content, spelling, and
1:
2564:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
2412:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
2302:obsessive–compulsive disorder
2234:Pathological demand avoidance
2118:Societal and cultural aspects
1670:Pollak, Jerrold (July 2011).
1246:10.1080/19404158.2018.1467936
1184:10.3928/0090-4481-20050401-13
348:right hemisphere brain damage
343:social communication disorder
263:Nonverbal learning disability
1933:Nonverbal Learning Disorders
1812:10.1080/09297049.2010.546778
1750:10.1080/09297049.2011.617105
1318:10.1080/09297049.2011.648923
1032:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.10.008
908:10.1080/09297049.2013.854763
755:"Comorbidity of LD and ADHD"
716:10.1080/09297049.2011.648923
600:10.1080/09297049.2013.796920
88:) is a proposed category of
18:Non-verbal learning disorder
3188:Nonverbal learning disorder
2766:Speech-independent gestures
2739:Facial Action Coding System
2554:Autism Diagnostic Interview
2324:Sensory processing disorder
2189:Autism and LGBTQ identities
1717:. Grune and Stratton: 85–.
1649:. Norman. pp. 862–70.
1583:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.196
1470:Riccio, Cynthia A. (2007).
1147:Neurological Rehabilitation
1116:. Guilford Press. pp.
90:neurodevelopmental disorder
78:Nonverbal learning disorder
45:Nonverbal learning disorder
27:Neurodevelopmental disorder
3491:
2928:Interpersonal relationship
2729:Body-to-body communication
2432:Tuberous sclerosis complex
2422:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
2397:MECP2 duplication syndrome
2377:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
2329:Global developmental delay
1931:Whitney, Rondalyn (2008).
1441:Wilmshurst, Linda (2014).
1077:10.1177/002221949502800202
985:10.1177/002221949703000103
852:10.1007/s12311-021-01265-4
519:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.04.003
29:
3333:
3134:
3123:
3056:
3045:
2703:
2690:
2511:Facilitated communication
2352:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
2001:. Peter Flom Consulting.
1897:. New York: W.W. Norton.
1771:Rourke, Byron P. (1989).
1106:Rourke, Byron P. (1989).
294:World Health Organization
94:visual-spatial processing
3343:Behavioral communication
2585:Autism-spectrum quotient
2402:Neurofibromatosis type I
1893:Palombo, Joseph (2006).
1449:. Sage. pp. 89–99.
1290:, pp. 255–280, 256.
1014:Geary, David C. (2010).
771:10.1177/0022219412464351
2783:Interpersonal synchrony
2684:Nonverbal communication
2516:Lancet MMR autism fraud
2458:Critical autism studies
2357:22q13 deletion syndrome
2319:Intellectual disability
2269:Emotional dysregulation
2166:High-functioning autism
1355:CDC (2 November 2022).
322:high-functioning autism
275:fine motor coordination
162:fine motor coordination
103:fine motor coordination
3380:Monastic sign lexicons
3071:Emotional intelligence
2526:Rapid prompting method
2468:Double empathy problem
2453:Autism rights movement
1916:. New York: Springer.
1874:Thompson, Sue (1997).
1571:Psychological Bulletin
1422:Cite journal requires
166:mathematical reasoning
145:
3470:Learning disabilities
3370:Impression management
2611:Autism-related topics
2175:Associated conditions
1935:. New York: Perigee.
1800:Child Neuropsychology
1738:Child Neuropsychology
1672:"Differentiating NLD"
1612:. Springer. pp.
1306:Child Neuropsychology
896:Child Neuropsychology
704:Child Neuropsychology
588:Child Neuropsychology
195:eye–hand coordination
172:socioemotional skills
143:
3385:Verbal communication
3338:Animal communication
3256:Targeted advertising
2773:Haptic communication
2616:Fictional characters
2344:Associated syndromes
1997:Flom, Peter (2016).
1968:Fast, Yvona (2004).
1951:By authors with NVLD
63:Neurology/psychiatry
3394:Non-verbal language
3282:Gesture recognition
3129:Further information
3019:Emotion recognition
2970:Silent service code
2493:Violence and autism
2279:Comorbid conditions
1682:(7). Archived from
819:, pp. 103–106.
656:, pp. 255–280.
271:verbal intelligence
169:visuospatial memory
98:verbal intelligence
3420:Art and literature
3375:Meta-communication
3363:Passive-aggressive
3292:Sentiment analysis
2993:Non-verbal leakage
2392:Fragile X syndrome
2199:Autistic catatonia
1777:. Guilford Press.
1676:Current Psychiatry
569:Current Psychiatry
359:Gerstmann syndrome
146:
136:Signs and symptoms
115:learning disorders
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3151:Asperger syndrome
3119:
3118:
3101:Social competence
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
2843:Emotional prosody
2749:Subtle expression
2734:Facial expression
2650:
2649:
2547:Diagnostic scales
2437:Williams syndrome
2362:Angelman syndrome
2244:Special interests
2209:Autistic meltdown
2149:Asperger syndrome
1852:978-1-4419-8213-1
1784:978-0-89862-378-9
1656:978-0-930405-26-7
1631:978-0-387-79948-3
1522:978-1-4419-1698-3
1489:978-0-471-67798-7
1456:978-1-4833-2268-1
1156:978-0-323-26649-9
1127:978-0-89862-378-9
957:978-0-8089-0219-5
677:978-3-319-98643-2
455:JAMA Network Open
434:978-3-030-56107-9
305:Asperger syndrome
158:visuoconstruction
75:
74:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3482:
3331:
3308:Ray Birdwhistell
3136:
3125:
3051:Broader concepts
3047:
3024:First impression
2705:
2692:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2642:Sensory friendly
2578:Screening scales
2427:Timothy syndrome
2334:Verbal Dyspraxia
2297:Anxiety disorder
2229:Nonverbal autism
2204:Autistic masking
2194:Autistic burnout
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2012:
1993:
1964:
1946:
1927:
1908:
1889:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1686:on 16 July 2019.
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1172:Pediatric Annals
1167:
1161:
1160:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1011:
1005:
1004:
968:
962:
961:
937:
928:
927:
891:
882:
881:
871:
831:
820:
814:
791:
790:
750:
744:
743:
699:
690:
689:
663:
657:
651:
638:
637:
611:
579:
573:
572:
566:
558:
547:
546:
498:
489:
488:
478:
445:
439:
438:
420:
327:bipolar disorder
248:right hemisphere
126:bipolar disorder
42:
32:Nonverbal autism
21:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3441:
3432:Mimoplastic art
3415:
3406:Tactile signing
3389:
3322:
3296:
3260:
3224:
3197:
3130:
3115:
3091:Social behavior
3052:
3033:
2997:
2988:Microexpression
2974:
2958:One-bit message
2937:
2889:
2824:
2744:Microexpression
2699:
2686:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2637:Autism-friendly
2625:
2599:
2573:
2542:
2497:
2441:
2407:Noonan syndrome
2367:CHARGE syndrome
2338:
2273:
2239:Savant syndrome
2176:
2170:
2127:
2108:Pathophysiology
2061:
2056:
2019:
2009:
1996:
1982:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1943:
1930:
1924:
1911:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1863:Further reading
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1735:
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1708:
1707:
1703:
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1691:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1568:
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1535:
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1523:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1421:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1299:
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1294:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1013:
1012:
1008:
970:
969:
965:
958:
939:
938:
931:
893:
892:
885:
833:
832:
823:
815:
794:
752:
751:
747:
701:
700:
693:
678:
665:
664:
660:
652:
641:
581:
580:
576:
564:
560:
559:
550:
500:
499:
492:
447:
446:
442:
435:
422:
421:
417:
413:
390:
374:
260:
244:
221:job performance
214:time management
186:, and using an
138:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:Charles Darwin
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Affect display
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2895:Social context
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:Pupil dilation
2800:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2630:Accommodations
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2488:TEACCH program
2485:
2483:Neurodiversity
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Discrimination
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2446:Related issues
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Cohen syndrome
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Classic autism
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Sex and gender
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:External links
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1980:
1965:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1923:978-1461461791
1922:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1885:978-0760601631
1884:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1630:
1596:
1577:(2): 196–209.
1561:
1528:
1521:
1495:
1488:
1462:
1455:
1433:
1424:|journal=
1390:
1388:, p. 110.
1373:
1347:
1312:(2): 190–223.
1292:
1280:
1267:
1220:
1197:
1162:
1155:
1133:
1126:
1098:
1055:
1026:(2): 130–133.
1006:
963:
956:
929:
883:
840:The Cerebellum
821:
792:
745:
710:(2): 190–223.
691:
676:
658:
639:
594:(3): 255–280.
574:
548:
513:(2): 159–186.
490:
461:(4): e202551.
440:
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362:
361:
356:
351:
345:
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335:
329:
324:
315:
259:
256:
243:
240:
184:jigsaw puzzles
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
159:
153:
137:
134:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3487:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Sign language
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Freudian slip
3244:
3242:
3241:Lie detection
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3220:Mirror neuron
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:Limbic system
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:Rett syndrome
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Social skills
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:People skills
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Communication
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:Multi-faceted
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Display rules
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2883:Voice quality
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:Body language
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2503:Controversies
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Rett syndrome
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Down syndrome
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:and phenomena
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:9780692611692
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:9781846420153
1977:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:9780399534676
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1904:9780393704785
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(5): 418–43.
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
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1627:
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1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1548:(2): 99–105.
1547:
1543:
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1529:
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1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
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1473:
1472:"Dyscalculia"
1466:
1463:
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948:
943:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
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905:
902:(6): 641–61.
901:
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865:
861:
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609:11577/2668053
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319:
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279:social skills
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107:social skills
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83:
79:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3236:Cold reading
3229:Applications
3203:Neuroanatomy
3187:
2848:Paralanguage
2093:Heritability
2083:Epidemiology
2023:NVLD Project
1998:
1970:
1959:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1845:. Springer.
1842:
1836:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1692:
1684:the original
1679:
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1640:
1607:
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1564:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1504:
1498:
1477:
1465:
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1436:
1415:cite journal
1406:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1283:
1270:
1240:(1): 67–86.
1237:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1178:(4): 321–7.
1175:
1171:
1165:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1101:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1023:
1019:
1009:
979:(1): 34–46.
976:
972:
966:
946:
899:
895:
843:
839:
765:(1): 43–51.
762:
758:
748:
707:
703:
667:
661:
591:
587:
577:
568:
510:
506:
458:
454:
443:
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418:
383:
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375:
363:
302:
297:
283:
266:
262:
261:
252:white matter
245:
225:
218:
211:
192:
188:analog clock
180:reading maps
177:
147:
119:
85:
81:
77:
76:
36:
3215:Limbic lobe
2980:Unconscious
2963:Missed call
2933:Social norm
2908:Conventions
2798:Eye contact
2521:MMR vaccine
2249:Infodumping
2224:Monotropism
2219:Late talker
2184:Alexithymia
2088:Epigenetics
1217:(1): 17–33.
1071:(2): 80–6.
394:Alexithymia
338:dyscalculia
334:(dyspraxia)
228:dyscalculia
50:Other names
3464:Categories
3348:Aggressive
3318:Paul Ekman
3301:Key people
3265:Technology
3251:Poker tell
3096:Social cue
2903:Chronemics
2853:Intonation
2697:Modalities
2531:Thiomersal
2473:Employment
2264:Echopraxia
2214:Hyperlexia
1744:(5): 417.
686:1080078884
411:References
232:dysgraphia
199:memorizing
3353:Assertive
3161:Fragile X
3146:Aprosodia
3139:Disorders
3086:Semiotics
3014:Deception
2820:Proxemics
2810:Olfaction
2793:Oculesics
2778:Imitation
2536:Chelation
2259:Echolalia
2132:Diagnoses
2123:Therapies
2078:Diagnosis
1758:145142840
1723:0079-6387
1386:Doty 2019
1326:0929-7049
1262:150281995
1254:1940-4158
860:1473-4222
817:Doty 2019
787:206423076
724:0929-7049
618:0929-7049
543:233382776
527:0890-8567
258:Diagnosis
236:dyspraxia
68:Frequency
59:Specialty
3183:Dyssemia
3029:Intimacy
2949:Emoticon
2858:Loudness
2788:Laughter
2724:Kinesics
2715:Blushing
2708:Physical
2314:Epilepsy
2254:Stimming
1990:61493670
1828:31974898
1820:21462003
1342:12655825
1334:22385012
1211:Thalamus
1192:15871436
1093:46398326
1050:20161681
1001:46413188
924:15495423
916:24215424
878:33856654
779:23144063
740:12655825
732:22385012
634:34107811
626:23705673
535:33892110
485:32275324
388:See also
3437:Subtext
3358:Passive
3327:Related
2918:Habitus
2863:Prosody
2815:Posture
2756:Gesture
2621:Schools
2098:History
1591:2181523
1556:3510330
1366:8 April
1085:7884301
1041:2821095
993:9009877
869:8530438
476:7148441
372:History
203:reading
3411:Tadoma
3156:Autism
3111:Unsaid
3076:Nunchi
2953:Smiley
2873:Stress
2868:Rhythm
2838:Affect
2830:Speech
2103:Memory
2073:Causes
2059:Autism
2005:
1988:
1978:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1849:
1826:
1818:
1781:
1756:
1721:
1653:
1628:
1589:
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1519:
1486:
1453:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1260:
1252:
1190:
1153:
1124:
1091:
1083:
1048:
1038:
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954:
922:
914:
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866:
858:
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777:
738:
730:
722:
684:
674:
632:
624:
616:
541:
533:
525:
483:
473:
431:
318:autism
314:(ADHD)
290:ICD-10
128:, and
122:autism
2942:Other
2604:Lists
1868:Books
1824:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1550:INIST
1338:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1089:S2CID
997:S2CID
920:S2CID
783:S2CID
736:S2CID
630:S2CID
565:(PDF)
539:S2CID
286:DSM-5
242:Cause
234:, or
111:DSM-5
3427:Mime
2878:Tone
2761:List
2066:Main
2003:ISBN
1986:OCLC
1976:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1816:PMID
1779:ISBN
1719:ISSN
1651:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1616:–7.
1587:PMID
1517:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1428:help
1368:2023
1330:PMID
1322:ISSN
1250:ISSN
1188:PMID
1151:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1118:20–9
1081:PMID
1046:PMID
989:PMID
952:ISBN
912:PMID
874:PMID
856:ISSN
775:PMID
728:PMID
720:ISSN
682:OCLC
672:ISBN
622:PMID
614:ISSN
531:PMID
523:ISSN
481:PMID
429:ISBN
267:NVLD
130:ADHD
82:NVLD
1808:doi
1746:doi
1618:doi
1614:826
1579:doi
1575:107
1509:doi
1314:doi
1242:doi
1180:doi
1073:doi
1036:PMC
1028:doi
981:doi
904:doi
864:PMC
848:doi
767:doi
712:doi
604:hdl
596:doi
515:doi
471:PMC
463:doi
86:NLD
84:or
3466::
3213:/
2951:/
2722:/
1984:.
1822:.
1814:.
1804:17
1802:.
1752:.
1742:17
1740:.
1713:.
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1585:.
1573:.
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