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Stage 5 – Developing
Parallel Institutions to take over functions and services of government and commerce. In order to create a new society without violence, oppression, environmental destruction, discrimination and one that is environmentally sustainable, nonviolent, democratic, equitable, tolerant,
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in 2018 was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with protests throughout the streets on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 11 April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed
President Omar al-Bashir after thirty years
2015:
in 1998 and 2000, respectively, characterized by civic mobilization through get-out-the-vote campaigns and unification of the political opposition. The protesters in Serbia didn't adopt a colour or specific symbol (the most recognizable symbol of the revolution was a stylized fist), and despite the
1407:
Stage 3 – Confrontation: Organized and sustained campaigns of picketing, strikes, sit-ins, marches, boycotts, die-ins, blockades to disrupt business as usual in institutions and government. By putting one's body on the line nonviolently the rising movement stops the normal gears of government and
924:
regimes were bloody or violent uprisings is not borne out by historical analysis. Nonviolent
Revolutions came to the international forefront in the 20th century by the independence movement of India under the leadership of Gandhi with civil disobedience being the tool of nonviolent resistance. An
1403:
Stage 2 – Building
Organizations: As training, education and consciousness raising continues, the need to form organizations. Affinity groups or nonviolent revolutionary groups are organized to provide support, maintain nonviolent discipline, organize and train other people into similar affinity
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acknowledged a theoretical possibility of "peaceful" revolutions, but the Fourth
International articles also say "The development and preservation of good relations with the military forces is one of the absolute priorities of preparatory revolutionary work". Some have argued that a nonviolent
2213:
fought to change their government, by underground movements. Also, by rejecting sexual advances from the president himself. Three sisters were ordered to be killed by the president at the time, Rafael
Trujillo, and only one survived to tell the story. There is also a movie made about their
2007:. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the revolutions that followed in Georgia and Ukraine; however, the Serbs adopted an approach that had already been used in parliamentary elections in
900:
without the use or threat of violence. While many campaigns of civil resistance are intended for much more limited goals than revolution, generally a nonviolent revolution is characterized by simultaneous advocacy of
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revolutions, has documented and described over 198 different methods of nonviolent action that nonviolent revolutionaries might use in struggle. He argues that no government or institution can rule without the
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An effective campaign of civil resistance, and even the achievement of a nonviolent revolution, may be possible in a particular case despite the government in power taking brutal measures against
1400:
Stage 1 – Cultural
Preparation or "Conscientization": Education, training and consciousness raising of why there is a need for a nonviolent revolution and how to conduct a nonviolent revolution.
2177:. Unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, this movement did not seek to overturn disputed election results, but did cause the pro-Syrian government of Lebanon to fall.
1118:
following independence, and numerous revolutionary uprisings which were not under Gandhi's control, India's independence was achieved through legal processes after a period of national
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One theory of democracy is that its main purpose is to allow peaceful revolutions. The idea is that majorities voting in elections approximate the result of a coup. In 1962,
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Stage 4 – Mass Non
Cooperation: Similar affinity groups and networks of affinity groups around the country and world, engage in similar actions to disrupt business as usual.
925:
important non-violent revolution was in Sudan in
October 1964 which overthrew a military dictatorship. Later it become more successful and more common in the 1980s as
2016:
commonalities, many others refer to
Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "colour revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement
1985:. Each of these had massive street protests and/or followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be
2601:
JFK's "Address on the First Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress," White House reception for diplomatic corps of the Latin American republics, March 13, 1962.
1415:
and fair, alternative organizations and structures including businesses must be created to provide the needed services and goods that citizens of a society need.
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and was transported out of the country on April 24. Protesters also intended to depose the Congress after accusing the body of alleged corruption as well.
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as the most promising means of opposing entrenched authoritarian regimes. The use of various forms of unofficial exchange of information, including by
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George Lakey in his 1973 book and in his 1976 "A Manifesto for Nonviolent Revolution", laid out a five-stage strategy for nonviolent revolution:
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in power and ultimately leading to a "Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration" legally transitioning to a civilian democracy.
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students who demanded a non-communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by President
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Historical examples of nonviolent resistance for significant political change go back as far as Ancient Rome. The majority
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refuse to use violence, it is known as a nonviolent revolution. If the revolutionists are willing to use force, but the
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Even though many of these revolutions did not take place entirely in 1989, they are usually grouped together as such.
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revolution would require fraternisation with military forces, like in the relatively nonviolent Portuguese
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famously said, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable."
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Lakey, George. (1976) A Manifesto For Nonviolent Revolution. Training For Change: Philadelphia, PA (
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Arguments should also be reviewed by an expert in the area, in light of other sources/references.
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JFK : Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable
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and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—the leader of the opposition
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Lakey, George. (2002) Strategizing For A Living Revolution. retrieved on October 26, 2011 from
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of 1987. It led to the end of military rule in South Korea and the establishment of democracy.
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were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by the civic resistance movement,
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198:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2762:
Nonviolent Social Change – the Bulletin of the Manchester College Peace Studies Institute
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of the new government won 88% of the vote. However, it is not common to refer to it as a
2267:. Previously, the National Assembly was dominated by representatives from provinces of
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1989:. Almost all of them used a particular colour or a flower to be their symbol of unity.
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or bloodless coup is an overthrow of a government that occurs without violence. If the
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popular resistance to communist rule, though progress is halted by the imposition of
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Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application.
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In December 1989, inspired by the anti-communist revolutions in Eastern Europe, the
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started civil resistance against the government, but were initially crushed by the
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Lakey, George.(1973) Strategy For A Living Revolution. Grossman: New York, NY.
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of 1990. Prior to the demonstrations, Taiwan was under one-party rule by the
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from the 1989 student occupation of Beijing's Tienanmen Square (2014-06-09),
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reinforced the concept (with the notable exception of the notoriously bloody
2453:
Why civil resistance works : the strategic logic of nonviolent conflict
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967:, from which the term 'people power' came to be widely used, especially in
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2693:"7 Egypt: Nonviolent Resistance in the Rise of a Nation-State, 1805–1922"
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could not hold elections in mainland China after the Kuomintang lost the
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of 2001, a four-day popular revolt that peacefully overthrew Philippine
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7 Egypt: Nonviolent Resistance in the Rise of a Nation-State, 1805–1922
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Nonviolent revolutions : civil resistance in the late 20th century
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2159:
2107:
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2012:
1714:
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1317:
1241: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
955:, expanded. Two major revolutions during the 1980s strongly influenced
920:. The commonly held belief that most revolutions that have happened in
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countries experienced what were effectively non-violent revolutions.
2017:
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1062:
1016:
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896:, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and
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1183:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2289:
from mainland China, supported the students' goals and instituted
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1898:
1829:
1805:
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1510:
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999:. The Revolutions of 1989 provided the template for the so-called
2522:
Civil Resistance: Comparative Perspectives on Nonviolent Struggle
1699:
led to the resulted in the downfall of the communist government.
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Nonviolent revolution was popularized in the 20th century by the
2118:, held seven months after the resignation of the former leader,
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453:
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to force changes in the written constitution of the Republic.
2524:. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. p. 43.
1532:
Demanding immediate independence for India from British rule.
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1210:
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31:
2421:"Nonviolence and the Case of the Extremely Ruthless Opponent"
2645:
http://www.trainingforchange.org/manifesto_for_nv_revolution
1977:
Europe and other new countries that were part of the former
27:
Civil resistance to bring about the departure of governments
1742:
led to the effect of a revolution, was mostly non-violent.
1685:
leading to the downfall of the communist government there.
1034:(MDU) organized popular street protests and hunger strikes
2166:
in 2005. Chiefly, the movement demanded the withdrawal of
888:
conducted primarily by unarmed civilians using tactics of
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in Ukraine, which was highlighted by a series of acts of
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http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lakeylivrev.html
1431:
or oppressed as that is the source of nonviolent power.
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which effectively transformed Taiwan into a democracy.
1622:
a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a
2148:, and their supporters, to adopt similar symbology.
2585:"East Germany 1989 - the march that KO'd communism"
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2487:"Corazon Aquino 1933–2009: The Saint of Democracy"
2691:Abdalla, Amr; Arafa, Yasmine (February 1, 2013),
947:, and in some other countries, began to focus on
2162:followed the assassination of opposition leader
1296:Peaceful revolutions that have occurred are the
2768:Nonviolent Resistance, Reform, & Revolution
2518:"Defending Freedom in the Early Roman Republic"
2271:who effectively held lifelong terms since the
2209:– "The Butterflies" or "Las Mariposas". The
939:In the 1970s and 1980s, intellectuals in the
861:
8:
2450:Chenoweth, Erica; Stephan, Maria J. (2011).
2066:, followed the disputed second round of the
1122:rather than through a military revolution.
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1752:
1547:
1451:
1053:Recent nonviolent revolutions include the
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854:
232:
2078:. The Orange Revolution was supported by
1377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1289:to divert armed conflict, it is called a
1257:Learn how and when to remove this message
1199:Learn how and when to remove this message
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2557:"Your guide to the Carnation Revolution"
2311:in January 2001, self-organized through
2131:List of nonviolent revolutions by region
1571:a period of political liberalization in
997:that year's Polish legislative elections
194:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2764:- a journal on nonviolent social change
2456:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2376:
1087:class of Rome held general strikes and
244:
2770:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive (U.S.)
2741:peace news – for nonviolent revolution
1069:organized by the opposition movement.
959:that followed. The first was the 1986
2091:, which began with the nomination of
1443:List of nonviolent revolutions by era
7:
1454:
1239:adding citations to reliable sources
1040:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
101:adding citations to reliable sources
2774:12 Lessons in Nonviolent Resistance
2425:Global Change, Peace & Security
2390:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2605:– John F. Kennedy (1962), p. 223.
2384:Nepstad, Sharon Erickson. (2011).
2126:, nor do its leaders use the term.
2074:was declared President, defeating
25:
2678:The Politics of Nonviolent Action
2571:"30 YEARS OF PEACEFUL REVOLUTION"
2485:Beech, Hannah (August 17, 2009).
2140:The media attention given to the
2035:2003 Georgia legislative election
991:), beginning with the victory of
47:This article has multiple issues.
2003:, which led to the overthrow of
1939:
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1891:
1870:
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1019:, somewhat in the manner of the
975:nations. Three years later, the
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2603:Public Papers of the Presidents
2220:– The impeachment of President
1738:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
1226:needs additional citations for
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
2194:, as well as other succeeding
2170:troops from Lebanon, ending a
2144:has inspired movements in the
1681:– the bloodless revolution in
1114:. Despite the violence of the
1007:states, which tended to use a
1:
2681:. Porter-Sargent: Boston, MA.
2366:2020–2021 Belarusian protests
2186:Drawing inspiration from the
1544:In nations of the Warsaw Pact
1422:, who influenced many in the
1038:. In 1990, dissidents in the
892:, including various forms of
2356:2007 Georgian demonstrations
2341:Peaceful transition of power
2088:Velvet Revolution in Armenia
1934:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
1693:The bloodless revolution in
1036:against the communist regime
2351:1908 Venezuelan coup d'état
2104:Republican Party of Armenia
1494:in an attempt to annul the
1352:. The specific problem is:
1179:the claims made and adding
1102:, who guided the people of
2820:
2750:, documentary directed by
2650:November 19, 2011, at the
2257:Wild Lily student movement
2068:2004 presidential election
2037:, led to the overthrow of
1963:
1749:Outside of the Warsaw Pact
1662:German Democratic Republic
1498:and declare independence.
1496:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910
1324:As it relates to democracy
1076:
1032:Mongolian Democratic Union
913:in the country concerned.
2747:How to Start a Revolution
2709:10.1515/9781626372641-008
2437:10.1080/14781159408412772
2033:, following the disputed
1970:These are revolutions in
188:This article needs to be
2701:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1515:An attempt to overthrow
1474:An attempt to overthrow
2188:People Power Revolution
2102:and against the ruling
2041:and his replacement by
1910:People Power Revolution
1841:1973 Afghan coup d'état
1770:The October Revolution
1666:fall of the Berlin Wall
1429:consent of the governed
1306:People Power Revolution
961:People Power Revolution
301:By other characteristic
112:"Nonviolent revolution"
18:Non-violent revolutions
2799:Nonviolent revolutions
2516:Howes, Dustin (2015).
2361:2011 Bahraini uprising
2302:Second EDSA Revolution
2291:constitutional reforms
1759:nonviolent revolution
1554:Nonviolent revolution
1458:Nonviolent revolution
1437:Martin Luther King Jr.
2419:Summy, Ralph (1994).
1439:argued this as well.
1079:Nonviolent resistance
911:national independence
882:nonviolent revolution
603:Bulgarian unification
279:Counter-revolutionary
2757:Right to Nonviolence
2703:, pp. 125–142,
2675:Sharp, Gene. (1973)
1996:Bulldozer Revolution
1955:Post–Cold War period
1865:Carnation Revolution
1404:groups and networks.
1359:improve this section
1348:to meet Knowledge's
1298:Carnation Revolution
1235:improve this article
1139:Carnation Revolution
1130:Fourth International
375:Contentious politics
246:Political revolution
97:improve this article
2591:. October 13, 2019.
2573:. October 28, 2019.
2327:Sudanese Revolution
2198:movements, several
2043:Mikhail Saakashvili
2039:Eduard Shevardnadze
1887:The April Intifada
1817:al-Fateh Revolution
1793:Egyptian Revolution
1656:Peaceful Revolution
1585:Revolutions of 1989
1528:Quit India movement
1470:Egyptian revolution
1314:Peaceful Revolution
1271:peaceful revolution
1145:Peaceful revolution
1044:Soviet Armed Forces
989:Romanian Revolution
977:Revolutions of 1989
957:political movements
930:political alliances
844:Politics portal
2497:on August 10, 2009
2207:Dominican Republic
2005:Slobodan Milošević
1960:Colour revolutions
1727:June 1990 Mineriad
1618:Singing Revolution
1487:March 1st Movement
1164:possibly contains
1116:Partition of India
1089:abandoned the city
1059:civil disobedience
936:governance waned.
894:nonviolent protest
819:Second Arab Spring
2718:978-1-62637-264-1
2463:978-0-231-15682-0
2397:978-0-19-977820-1
2277:Chinese Civil War
2273:Republic of China
2265:National Assembly
2142:color revolutions
2124:Colour Revolution
2116:National Assembly
2076:Viktor Yanukovych
2072:Viktor Yushchenko
2059:Orange Revolution
1966:Colour revolution
1952:
1951:
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1677:Velvet Revolution
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1350:quality standards
1341:This section may
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1166:original research
1125:According to the
1055:Orange Revolution
1021:Velvet Revolution
1001:color revolutions
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412:Mass mobilization
402:Guerrilla warfare
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945:Communist states
932:which supported
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1162:This section
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1048:Black January
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464:Strike action
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397:Direct action
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385:Demonstration
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114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2781:
2778:Chris Hedges
2745:
2722:, retrieved
2696:
2686:
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2659:
2639:
2630:
2613:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2565:
2551:
2540:
2521:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2490:
2480:
2452:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2386:
2379:
2325:Sudan - The
2284:
2281:Lee Teng-hui
2185:
2171:
2164:Rafik Hariri
2153:
2139:
2086:
2057:
2024:
1994:
1979:Soviet Union
1969:
1717:in April by
1624:living chain
1418:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1364:
1357:Please help
1353:
1342:
1295:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1244:
1233:Please help
1228:verification
1225:
1195:
1186:
1163:
1124:
1108:independence
1093:
1082:
1052:
1029:
985:Eastern Bloc
979:that ousted
941:Soviet Union
938:
915:
907:human rights
881:
879:
730:People Power
447:Disobedience
316:
217:
201:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2298:Philippines
2286:waishengren
2243:South Korea
2192:Philippines
2146:Middle East
2136:Middle East
2085:2018 - The
2056:2004 – The
2023:2003 – The
1993:2000 – The
1983:Warsaw Pact
1923:Philippines
1854:Afghanistan
1723:Ion Iliescu
1626:across the
1606:martial law
1424:Arab Spring
1361:if you can.
1316:of 1989 in
1310:Philippines
1300:of 1974 in
965:Philippines
922:dictatorial
792:Arab Spring
390:Human chain
380:Coup d'état
289:Proletarian
2793:Categories
2724:August 18,
2607:Wikisource
2372:References
2315:messaging.
2261:Kuomintang
2175:occupation
2001:Yugoslavia
1644:Baltic Way
1599:Solidarity
1420:Gene Sharp
1367:March 2014
1312:, and the
1247:March 2014
1189:March 2014
1173:improve it
1120:resistance
1096:satyagraha
1077:See also:
1050:massacre.
1003:in mainly
993:Solidarity
943:and other
934:status quo
918:protesters
886:revolution
814:Euromaidan
762:Bolivarian
710:Nicaraguan
690:Guatemalan
628:Young Turk
608:Philippine
437:Nonviolent
432:Resistance
407:Insurgency
317:Nonviolent
312:From above
284:Democratic
204:March 2021
153:March 2011
123:newspapers
52:improve it
2472:660804982
2406:707267312
2306:president
2120:the party
2112:elections
2093:President
1719:Bucharest
1636:Lithuania
1601:movement
1594:1980–1989
1408:business.
1287:surrender
1283:negotiate
1279:loyalists
1177:verifying
1134:Karl Marx
1127:socialist
981:communist
903:democracy
767:Bulldozer
720:Carnation
715:Argentine
658:1917–1923
646:Communist
591:Hungarian
427:Rebellion
365:Civil war
327:Permanent
274:Communist
269:Bourgeois
196:talk page
58:talk page
2783:Truthdig
2648:Archived
2589:BBC News
2431:: 1–29.
2335:See also
2172:de facto
2009:Slovakia
1947:Mongolia
1878:Portugal
1762:Country
1709:Golaniad
1695:Bulgaria
1539:Cold War
1343:require
1302:Portugal
1085:plebeian
1073:Overview
969:Hispanic
953:samizdat
927:Cold War
824:Sudanese
802:Egyptian
797:Tunisian
750:Romanian
651:Cultural
637:Chinese
612:Iranian
581:February
502:American
497:Atlantic
486:Examples
459:Samizdat
263:By class
238:a series
236:Part of
2624:YouTube
2501:May 20,
2218:Ecuador
2214:ordeal.
2160:Lebanon
2114:to the
2108:country
2064:Ukraine
2031:Georgia
2013:Croatia
1715:Romania
1660:in the
1632:Estonia
1345:cleanup
1318:Germany
1171:Please
1112:Britain
1063:sit-ins
1046:in the
963:in the
755:Singing
705:Rwandan
680:Spanish
675:Siamese
663:Russian
633:Mexican
559:Belgian
534:Serbian
522:Haitian
507:Brabant
492:English
422:Protest
355:Boycott
349:Methods
322:Passive
190:updated
137:scholar
2715:
2528:
2470:
2460:
2404:
2394:
2320:Africa
2300:– The
2255:– The
2253:Taiwan
2245:– The
2230:Brazil
2168:Syrian
2045:after
2018:Otpor!
1944:
1920:
1896:
1875:
1851:
1827:
1803:
1779:
1756:Dates
1640:Latvia
1557:Notes
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1478:rule.
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1455:Dates
1304:, the
1065:, and
1017:symbol
1013:flower
909:, and
807:Yemeni
787:Kyrgyz
777:Orange
745:Velvet
740:Yogurt
685:August
668:German
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474:Terror
417:Mutiny
332:Social
307:Colour
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1830:Libya
1806:Egypt
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1511:India
1492:Korea
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1110:from
1104:India
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1009:color
973:Asian
884:is a
782:Tulip
700:Cuban
616:First
566:Texas
539:Greek
512:Liège
442:Civil
144:JSTOR
130:books
2726:2024
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2491:Time
2468:OCLC
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1932:The
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735:1989
725:Saur
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554:July
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544:1820
454:Riot
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