377:, if a defendant is entitled to a jury trial, the trial must be by jury unless the defendant waives a jury trial in writing. In the various state court systems, waiver of jury trial can vary by jurisdiction. Missouri has Missouri Supreme Court Rule 27.01(b), "The defendant may, with the assent of the court, waive a trial by jury and submit the trial of any criminal case to the court..."; the prosecution need not consent.
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are the same in a bench trial as in a jury trial. Bench trials, however, are frequently more informal than jury trials. It is often less necessary to protect the record with objections, and sometimes evidence is accepted
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can be called. They are not randomly selected, as juries are. They are professional, although not legally trained as jurists, and vote as judges. One notable exception, from French law, is
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cases designed to test the constitutionality of a law). These cases are usually faster than jury trials because of the fewer formalities required. For example, there is no
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A bench trial (whether criminal or civil) that is presided over by a judge has some distinctive characteristics, but it is similar to a jury trial. For example, the
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allows a bench trial for indictable offences, but is rarely used, having been exercised only two times since its inception.
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and cannot be waived without certain requirements. In the federal court system, under rule 23 of the
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The majority of civil trials proceed without a jury and are heard by a judge sitting alone.
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Summary criminal trials are conducted by a sheriff in a sheriff court or a
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is usually a matter of course as it is a constitutional right under the
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Interim Report of the
Commissioner the Right Honourable Sir Robin Auld
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Summary criminal trials may be heard by a single district judge (
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With bench trials, the judge plays the role of the jury as
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all cases are heard before a judge or a panel of judges.
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to distinguish the type of trial. Many legal systems (
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