270:
31:
606:
383:
357:, but there is no corresponding term for nonmetals. A loose definition such as this is often the common useage, but can also be inaccurate. For instance, in this useage plastics are nonmetals, but in fact there are (electrically) conducting polymers which should formally be described as metals. Similar, but slightly more complex, many materials which are (nonmetal) semiconductors behave like metals when they contain a high concentration of
110:
454:
330:
567:
546:
Stellar interior specialists use 'metals' to designate any element other than hydrogen and helium, and in consequence ‘metal abundance’ implies all elements other than the first two. For spectroscopists this is very misleading, because they use the word in the chemical sense. On the other hand
519:
in the solar atmosphere. Their observations were in the visible range where the strongest lines come from metals such as Na, K, Fe. In the early work on the chemical composition of the sun the only elements that were detected in spectra were hydrogen and various metals, with the term
49:. Depending upon context it is used in slightly different ways. In everyday life it would be a generic term for those materials such as plastics, wood or ceramics which are not typical metals such as the iron alloys used in bridges. In some areas of chemistry, particularly the
61:
conditions. It is also sometimes used to describe broad classes of dopant atoms in materials. In general usage in science, it refers to materials which do not have electrons that can readily move around, more technically there are no available states at the
1927:
265:
called orbitals, which are the single-particle like solutions for a system with hundreds to thousands of electrons. Although accurate calculations remain a challenge, reasonable results are now available in many cases.
304:
is not positive under a certain environmental condition,' the material is metallic under that environmental condition. A material which does not satisfy these requirements is not metallic under that environmental
551:, who observe combined effects of all lines (i.e. without distinguishing the different elements) often use this word 'metal abundance', in which case it may also include the effect of the hydrogen lines.
433:
of specific elements types in compounds, alloys or combinations of materials, using the periodic table classification. For instance metalloids are often used in high-temperature alloys, and nonmetals in
229:
In early work this band structure interpretation was based upon a single-electron approach with the Fermi level in the band gap as illustrated in the Figure, not including a complete picture of the
202:. In contrast, a metal would have at least one partially occupied band at the Fermi level; in a semiconductor or insulator there are no delocalized states at the Fermi level, see for instance
621:
is a solid lubricants used in space. There are some properties specific to them not having electrons at the Fermi energy. The main ones, for which more details are available in the links are:
1953:
81:
Variations in the environment, particularly temperature and pressure can change a nonmetal into a metal, and vica versa; this is always associated with some major change in the structure, a
1766:"Electrically conducting polymers: a review of the electropolymerization reaction, of the effects of chemical structure on polymer film properties, and of applications towards technology"
410:
in terms of conduction and the Fermi level. The approach based upon the elements is often used in teaching to help students understand the periodic table of elements, although it is a
2373:"Spectrum analysis in its aqplication to terrestrial substances and the physical constitution of the heavenly bodies : familiarly explained / by H. Schellen ..."
394:
is also used for those elements which are not metallic in their normal ground state; compounds are sometimes excluded from consideration. Some textbooks use the term
1647:
Kim, Sangtae; Lee, Miso; Hong, Changho; Yoon, Youngchae; An, Hyungmin; Lee, Dongheon; Jeong, Wonseok; Yoo, Dongsun; Kang, Youngho; Youn, Yong; Han, Seungwu (2020).
377:
742:
309:
Band structure definitions of metallicity are the most widely used, and apply both to single elements such as insulating boron as well as compounds such as
257:
would be a metal if a single-electron approach was used, but in fact has quite a large band gap. As of 2024 it is more common to use an approach based upon
2174:"Bestimmung des Brechungs- und des Farben-Zerstreuungs - Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernröhre"
1985:
1963:
292:,it is also important in practice to consider the temperatures at which both metals and nonmetals are used. Yonezawa provides a general definition:
2176:(Determination of the refractive and color-dispersing power of different types of glass, in relation to the improvement of achromatic telescopes),
512:
2988:
2923:
2712:
2442:
2417:
2215:
2157:
1911:
1748:
1721:
1230:
893:
858:
824:
269:
776:
524:
frequently used when describing them. In contemporary usage all the extra elements beyond just hydrogen and helium are termed metallic.
703:
582:
which forms under very high pressures. There are many other cases as discussed by Mott, Inada et al and more recently by
Yonezawa.
3015:
2963:
2508:
764:
578:
There are many cases where an element or compound is metallic under certain circumstances, but a nonmetal in others. One example is
480:
is used for all elements heavier than helium, so the only nonmetals are hydrogen and helium. This is a historical anomaly. In 1802,
58:
689:
747:
2728:
561:
223:
70:, with just hydrogen and helium as nonmetals. The term may also be used as a negative of the materials of interest such as in
3040:
496:. He mapped over 570 lines, designating the most prominent with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters.
511:
identifies in the spectra of heated chemical elements. They inferred that dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by
753:
680:. This is similar to the effect of temperature, but with the photons exciting electrons into partially occupied states.
715:
666:
164:
122:
3020:
2149:
709:
438:
in steels and other alloys. Here the description implicitly includes information on whether the dopants tend to be
30:
34:
Clay bird shaped ritual vessel archmus
Heraklion, 2300-1900 BCE, one of the earlier uses of nonmetallic materials.
3010:
2309:"Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht"
1220:
258:
114:
2311:[On the relation between the emissive power and the absorptive power of bodies towards heat and light].
1064:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
1015:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character
758:
684:
362:
648:, where there is a coupling between strain gradients and polarization. This plays a role in the generation of
1305:"Importance of the Kinetic Energy Density for Band Gap Calculations in Solids with Density Functional Theory"
3035:
590:
435:
285:
172:
152:
85:. Other external stimuli such as electric fields can also lead to a local nonmetal, for instance in certain
2111:
548:
481:
238:
2781:
785:
727:
605:
586:
485:
2694:
2124:
414:. Those elements towards the top right of the periodic table are nonmetals, those towards the center (
66:, the equilibrium energy of electrons. For historical reasons there is a very different definition of
2860:
2793:
2606:
2555:
2520:
2471:
2320:
2281:
2077:
2022:
1855:
1660:
1613:
1602:"Photoemission study of the electronic structure of stoichiometric and substoichiometric TiN and ZrN"
1566:
1446:
1381:
1316:
1269:
1167:
1120:
1071:
1022:
975:
925:
653:
639:
618:
234:
187:
86:
2348:
1893:
875:
214:, and the equivalent definition at other temperatures is also commonly used as in textbooks such as
3025:
721:
278:
246:
242:
211:
203:
2245:
1804:
1500:"β-Rhombohedral Boron: At the Crossroads of the Chemistry of Boron and the Physics of Frustration"
1439:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1374:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
382:
3030:
2850:
2655:
1259:
1155:
1108:
649:
310:
90:
2460:"Recent progress in the phase-transition mechanism and modulation of vanadium dioxide materials"
2383:
313:. (There are many compounds which have states at the Fermi level and are metallic, for instance
1248:"Approximation to density functional theory for the calculation of band gaps of semiconductors"
593:
where an electric field can lead to a region where there are no electrons at the Fermi energy (
2984:
2959:
2919:
2884:
2876:
2819:
2708:
2675:
2624:
2575:
2536:
2489:
2438:
2413:
2372:
2234:
2211:
2207:
2173:
2153:
2093:
2046:
2038:
1907:
1871:
1824:
1785:
1744:
1717:
1694:
1676:
1649:"A band-gap database for semiconducting inorganic materials calculated with hybrid functional"
1629:
1582:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1480:
1462:
1415:
1397:
1350:
1332:
1285:
1226:
1183:
1136:
1089:
1040:
991:
941:
889:
854:
820:
677:
579:
508:
443:
439:
230:
118:
2951:
2911:
2868:
2809:
2801:
2700:
2665:
2614:
2567:
2528:
2479:
2379:
2328:
2289:
2195:
2085:
2030:
1899:
1863:
1816:
1777:
1684:
1668:
1621:
1574:
1511:
1470:
1454:
1405:
1389:
1340:
1324:
1277:
1175:
1128:
1079:
1030:
983:
933:
881:
659:
645:
635:
571:
516:
500:
493:
447:
415:
314:
254:
98:
94:
82:
54:
2642:
Vazirisereshk, Mohammad R.; Martini, Ashlie; Strubbe, David A.; Baykara, Mehmet Z. (2019).
261:
where the many-body terms are included. Rather than single electrons, the filling involves
2838:
2619:
2594:
1738:
736:
411:
366:
350:
289:
2805:
1553:
Reihl, B.; Bednorz, J. G.; Müller, K. A.; Jugnet, Y.; Landgren, G.; Morar, J. F. (1984).
488:
independently rediscovered the lines and began to systematically study and measure their
2864:
2797:
2610:
2524:
2475:
2324:
2285:
2081:
2026:
1859:
1664:
1617:
1570:
1450:
1385:
1320:
1273:
1171:
1124:
1075:
1026:
979:
929:
2902:
Kasap, Safa; Koughia, Cyril; Ruda, Harry E. (2017), Kasap, Safa; Capper, Peter (eds.),
1689:
1648:
1475:
1434:
1410:
1369:
1345:
1304:
770:
767: – Distribution within a group of stars of the ratio of iron to hydrogen in a star
628:, approximately equivalent to alignment of local dipoles with an electric field, as in
594:
535:
531:
250:
195:
50:
2757:"Electrostriction | Piezoelectricity, Ferroelectricity, Magnetostriction | Britannica"
2756:
2407:
2010:
1765:
1247:
1179:
1132:
963:
773: – Materials classically predicted to be conductors, that are actually insulators
353:
and similar as metals, and other materials as nonmetals; fabricating metals is termed
3004:
2196:
913:
504:
262:
207:
168:
156:
1601:
109:
2872:
2732:
2571:
1843:
1554:
706: – Measure of the relative occurrences of chemical elements in a given context
528:
403:
354:
333:
A turret lathe operator machining metallic parts for transport planes in the 1940s.
219:
75:
63:
2125:"A method of examining refractive and dispersive powers, by prismatic reflection,"
484:
noted the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum. In 1814,
317:.) There are many experimental methods of checking for nonmetals by measuring the
17:
1820:
206:. These definitions are equivalent to stating that metals conduct electricity at
2915:
2203:
673:
570:
Small changes in positions and d-levels lead to a metal-insulator transition in
477:
467:
329:
199:
163:; however, in semiconductors the bands are near enough to the Fermi level to be
142:
67:
2239:
Monatsbericht der Königlichen
Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
2065:
1672:
1281:
987:
683:
Transmit electric fields as in the capacitor figure above; in a metal there is
453:
2903:
2704:
2670:
2643:
2484:
2459:
2241:(Monthly report of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin), 662–665.
1156:"Semi-conductors with partially and with completely filled 3 d -lattice bands"
937:
730: – Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
625:
489:
419:
338:
71:
2880:
2823:
2679:
2628:
2579:
2540:
2493:
2333:
2293:
2097:
2042:
1875:
1828:
1789:
1680:
1633:
1625:
1586:
1523:
1499:
1466:
1401:
1336:
1328:
1289:
1187:
1140:
1093:
1044:
995:
945:
739: – Strongly correlated system with a narrow band gap at low temperatures
2556:"Field Effect Transistors-A review of their growth and the state of the art"
2034:
1895:
Chemistry of the Non-Metals: Syntheses - Structures - Bonding - Applications
1867:
1578:
877:
Chemistry of the Non-Metals: Syntheses - Structures - Bonding - Applications
629:
473:
423:
342:
186:
The original approach to conduction and nonmetals was a band-structure with
138:
2945:
2888:
2050:
1698:
1539:
1484:
1458:
1419:
1393:
1354:
1084:
1059:
1035:
1010:
2955:
2252:(Proceedings of the Natural History / Medical Association in Heidelberg),
2184:: 193–226; see especially pages 202–205 and the plate following page 226.
1903:
885:
665:
A decreased resistance with temperature, due to having more carriers (via
365:. A general introduction to much of this can be found in the 2017 book by
391:
318:
302:
the temperature coefficient of the electric conductivity of that material
191:
160:
2814:
2089:
614:
358:
282:
2729:"Dielectric | Definition, Properties, & Polarization | Britannica"
2532:
1531:
1515:
2250:
Verhandlungen des naturhistorisch-medizinischen
Vereins zu Heidelberg
1958:
613:
Nonmetals have a wide range of properties, for instance the nonmetal
430:
2308:
2269:
2178:
Denkschriften der Königlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München
1954:"'The Scientific Method' Is A Myth, Long Live The Scientific Method"
1781:
788: – State of matter with insulating bulk but conductive boundary
2855:
2660:
2595:"Review of Modern Field Effect Transistor Technologies for Scaling"
585:
There can also be local transitions to a nonmetal, particularly in
507:
noticed that several
Fraunhofer lines coincide with characteristic
121:
for a certain energy in the material listed. The shade follows the
1264:
638:, a change in volume due to an electric field, or more accurately
604:
566:
565:
452:
346:
328:
134:
113:
Filling of the electronic states in various types of materials at
108:
46:
29:
1202:
1844:"Theory of the Band Structure of Very Degenerate Semiconductors"
1433:
Edwards, P. P.; Lodge, M. T. J.; Hensel, F.; Redmer, R. (2010).
1368:
Edwards, P. P.; Lodge, M. T. J.; Hensel, F.; Redmer, R. (2010).
2780:
Zubko, Pavlo; Catalan, Gustau; Tagantsev, Alexander K. (2013).
1986:"To Prove Econ 101 Is Wrong You Do Need To Understand Econ 101"
962:
Imada, Masatoshi; Fujimori, Atsushi; Tokura, Yoshinori (1998).
277:
It is also common to nuance somewhat the early definitions of
190:(i.e. spread out in space). In this approach a nonmetal has a
819:. Fort Worth Philadelphia San Diego : Saunders college publ.
273:
Room temperature electrical resistivity of various materials.
1600:
Höchst, H.; Bringans, R. D.; Steiner, P.; Wolf, Th. (1982).
1246:
Ferreira, Luiz G.; Marques, Marcelo; Teles, Lara K. (2008).
457:
Solar spectrum with Fraunhofer lines as it appears visually.
2509:"On the Possibility of a Metallic Modification of Hydrogen"
422:) and the left are metallic. An intermediate designation
1498:
Ogitsu, Tadashi; Schwegler, Eric; Galli, Giulia (2013).
2458:
Shao, Zewei; Cao, Xun; Luo, Hongjie; Jin, Ping (2018).
781:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
732:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
178:
2910:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 1,
2908:
Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials
2412:. Internet Archive. Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press.
2180:(Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Munich),
1805:"Review on Conducting Polymers and Their Applications"
672:
Increased conductivity when illuminated with light or
2437:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
712: – Nonmetal due to charge transfer between atoms
669:) available in partially occupied higher energy bands
662:, a coupling between polarization and linear strains.
2904:"Electrical Conduction in Metals and Semiconductors"
687:
that prevents this beyond very small distances, see
1219:Gross, Eberhard K. U.; Dreizler, Reiner M. (2013).
321:, or by ab-initio quantum mechanical calculations.
253:was that these could not be ignored. For instance,
2837:Mizzi, C. A.; Lin, A. Y. W.; Marks, L. D. (2019).
617:is the hardest known material, while the nonmetal
27:How the term nonmetal is used in many disciplines
2114:Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 31 March 2013
1060:"The theory of electronic semi-conductors. - II"
429:The term is sometimes also used when describing
2839:"Does Flexoelectricity Drive Triboelectricity?"
2128:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1109:"Discussion of the paper by de Boer and Verwey"
2194:Jenkins, Francis A.; White, Harvey E. (1981).
1435:"'… a metal conducts and a non-metal doesn't'"
1370:"'… a metal conducts and a non-metal doesn't'"
761: – Different known phase of states matter
378:Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
743:List of data references for chemical elements
8:
1555:"Electronic structure of strontium titanate"
815:Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1976).
117:. Here, height is energy while width is the
1809:Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering
2699:(4 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1011:"The theory of electronic semi-conductors"
93:which are only found in nonmetals such as
2854:
2813:
2669:
2659:
2618:
2483:
2332:
1928:"1.8: Introduction to the Periodic Table"
1716:(2. ed., repr ed.). London: Arnold.
1688:
1474:
1409:
1344:
1263:
1225:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1083:
1034:
1740:Materials and processes in manufacturing
779: – Type of quantum phase transition
718: – Models for electric current flow
381:
268:
2644:"Solid Lubrication with MoS2: A Review"
1714:An introduction to metallurgy: SI units
798:
407:
2507:Wigner, E.; Huntington, H. B. (1935).
2349:"Kirchhoff and Bunsen on Spectroscopy"
472:A quite different approach is used in
2751:
2749:
2599:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2406:Meadows, A. J. (Arthur Jack) (1970).
2401:
2399:
1887:
1885:
1803:Das, Tapan K.; Prusty, Smita (2012).
1743:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
851:Physics of metal-nonmetal transitions
7:
2983:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NY: Wiley.
2806:10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121634
1154:Boer, J H de; Verwey, E J W (1937).
957:
955:
907:
905:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
45:, refers to materials which are not
2786:Annual Review of Materials Research
2270:"Ueber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien"
2235:"Ueber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien"
2011:"The Hotter the Engine, the Better"
1764:Waltman, R. J.; Bargon, J. (1986).
1309:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1303:Tran, Fabien; Blaha, Peter (2017).
1160:Proceedings of the Physical Society
1113:Proceedings of the Physical Society
777:Superconductor-insulator transition
281:and Mott. As discussed by both the
151:lies inside at least one band. In
704:Abundance of the chemical elements
25:
2134:: 365–380; see especially p. 378.
765:Metallicity distribution function
534:, and the stellar astronomer and
59:standard temperature and pressure
2782:"Flexoelectric Effect in Solids"
2433:Jaschek, C; Jascheck, M (1990).
2172:Joseph Fraunhofer (1814 - 1815)
601:Properties specific to nonmetals
538:Mercedes Jaschek, in their book
2696:Introduction to Electrodynamics
2620:10.1088/1742-6596/1617/1/012054
2513:The Journal of Chemical Physics
750: – Manufacturing processes
748:List of manufacturing processes
609:A polarised dielectric material
2873:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.116103
2572:10.1080/09747338.1975.11450118
2123:William Hyde Wollaston (1802)
1737:DeGarmo, E. Paul, ed. (2003).
1107:Mott, N F; Peierls, R (1937).
1:
1770:Canadian Journal of Chemistry
964:"Metal-insulator transitions"
853:. Washington, DC: IOS Press.
249:. A key addition by Mott and
241:terms can matter, as well as
2979:Jackson, John David (2009).
2693:Griffiths, David J. (2017).
2070:Metallurgical Transactions A
1821:10.1080/03602559.2012.710697
914:"Metal-Insulator Transition"
754:List of materials properties
724: – Degree of insulation
176:
159:the Fermi level is inside a
53:, it is used for just those
2950:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
2916:10.1007/978-3-319-48933-9_2
2435:The Classification of Stars
2009:Perepezko, John H. (2009).
1180:10.1088/0959-5309/49/4S/307
1133:10.1088/0959-5309/49/4S/308
880:. De Gruyter. p. 154.
716:Charge transport mechanisms
540:The Classification of Stars
426:is used for some elements.
412:teaching oversimplification
400:Chemistry of the Non-Metals
288:and colleagues, as well as
224:metal–insulator transitions
216:Chemistry of the Non-Metals
119:density of available states
41:or in nontechnical terms a
3057:
2246:"Ueber das Sonnenspektrum"
2150:Cambridge University Press
1673:10.1038/s41597-020-00723-8
1282:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.125116
988:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.1039
710:Charge-transfer insulators
562:Metal–insulator transition
559:
556:Metal-insulator transition
492:, and they are now called
465:
375:
57:which are not metallic at
2981:Classical electrodynamics
2705:10.1017/9781108333511.008
2671:10.3390/lubricants7070057
2560:IETE Journal of Education
2485:10.1038/s41427-018-0061-2
2248:(On the sun's spectrum),
2237:(On Fraunhofer's lines),
2146:The analysis of starlight
2066:"Precipitation hardening"
1898:. De Gruyter. p. 4.
1222:Density Functional Theory
968:Reviews of Modern Physics
938:10.1103/RevModPhys.40.677
918:Reviews of Modern Physics
849:Yonezawa, Fumiko (2017).
690:Classical Electrodynamics
363:degenerate semiconductors
259:density functional theory
3016:Condensed matter physics
2334:10.1002/andp.18601850205
2294:10.1002/andp.18601850115
2244:Gustav Kirchhoff (1859)
2233:Gustav Kirchhoff (1859)
2144:Hearnshaw, J.B. (1986).
1626:10.1103/PhysRevB.25.7183
1329:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02882
759:List of states of matter
685:electric-field screening
300:' and at the same time '
198:of the electrons at the
173:intrinsic semiconductors
123:Fermi–Dirac distribution
2947:Essentials of Photonics
2843:Physical Review Letters
2554:Kushwah, D. S. (1975).
2035:10.1126/science.1179327
1868:10.1103/PhysRev.126.405
1712:Cottrell, Alan (1985).
1579:10.1103/PhysRevB.30.803
626:Dielectric polarization
591:field-effect transistor
450:or electron acceptors.
436:precipitation hardening
372:Periodic table elements
341:is to consider various
171:. "intrin." indicates
133:: no state filled). In
2731:. 2021. Archived from
2198:Fundamentals of Optics
2112:William Hyde Wollaston
2064:Ardell, A. J. (1985).
1984:Worstall, Tim (2015).
1952:Worstall, Tim (2015).
1892:Steudel, Ralf (2020).
1459:10.1098/rsta.2009.0282
1394:10.1098/rsta.2009.0282
1201:Burke, Kieron (2007).
1085:10.1098/rspa.1931.0196
1058:Wilson, A. H. (1931).
1036:10.1098/rspa.1931.0162
1009:Wilson, A. H. (1931).
874:Steudel, Ralf (2020).
667:Fermi–Dirac statistics
610:
575:
499:About 45 years later,
482:William Hyde Wollaston
462:Nonmetals in astronomy
458:
446:compounds rather than
406:, which also uses the
387:
334:
274:
183:
129:: all states filled,
89:. There are also many
35:
3041:Solid-state chemistry
2956:10.1201/9781315222042
2944:Rogers, Alan (2009).
2593:Zhang, Shubo (2020).
2307:G. Kirchhoff (1860).
2268:G. Kirchhoff (1860).
1904:10.1515/9783110578065
1842:Wolff, P. A. (1962).
886:10.1515/9783110578065
786:Topological insulator
728:Electrical conduction
608:
587:semiconductor devices
569:
486:Joseph von Fraunhofer
456:
385:
332:
325:Functional definition
272:
188:delocalized electrons
112:
87:semiconductor devices
39:Nonmetallic material,
33:
2256:(7) : 251–255.
2110:Melvyn C. Usselman:
1932:Chemistry LibreTexts
912:Mott, N. F. (1968).
654:triboelectric effect
640:polarization density
619:molybdenum disulfide
396:nonmetallic elements
392:nonmetal (chemistry)
243:relativistic effects
2865:2019PhRvL.123k6103M
2798:2013AnRMS..43..387Z
2611:2020JPhCS1617a2054Z
2525:1935JChPh...3..764W
2476:2018npgAM..10..581S
2409:Early solar physics
2325:1860AnP...185..275K
2286:1860AnP...185..148K
2082:1985MTA....16.2131A
2027:2009Sci...326.1068P
2021:(5956): 1068–1069.
1860:1962PhRv..126..405W
1665:2020NatSD...7..387K
1618:1982PhRvB..25.7183H
1571:1984PhRvB..30..803R
1451:2010RSPTA.368..941E
1386:2010RSPTA.368..941E
1321:2017JPCA..121.3318T
1274:2008PhRvB..78l5116F
1172:1937PPS....49...59B
1125:1937PPS....49...72M
1076:1931RSPSA.134..277W
1027:1931RSPSA.133..458W
980:1998RvMP...70.1039I
930:1968RvMP...40..677M
817:Solid state physics
722:Dielectric strength
589:. One example is a
279:Alan Herries Wilson
247:spin-orbit coupling
212:Nevill Francis Mott
204:Ashcroft and Mermin
165:thermally populated
68:metals in astronomy
2761:www.britannica.com
2464:NPG Asia Materials
2313:Annalen der Physik
2274:Annalen der Physik
2090:10.1007/BF02670416
676:radiation, called
650:static electricity
611:
576:
459:
440:electron acceptors
408:general definition
388:
386:The periodic table
337:An alternative in
335:
311:strontium titanate
275:
210:, as suggested by
184:
167:with electrons or
105:General definition
91:physical phenomena
36:
18:Nonmetal (physics)
3021:Materials science
2990:978-0-471-30932-1
2925:978-3-319-48933-9
2714:978-1-108-33351-1
2533:10.1063/1.1749590
2444:978-0-521-26773-1
2419:978-0-08-006653-0
2353:www.chemteam.info
2217:978-0-07-256191-3
2159:978-0-521-39916-6
2076:(12): 2131–2165.
1913:978-3-11-057806-5
1815:(14): 1487–1500.
1750:978-0-471-65653-1
1723:978-0-7131-2510-8
1612:(12): 7183–7191.
1606:Physical Review B
1559:Physical Review B
1516:10.1021/cr300356t
1445:(1914): 941–965.
1380:(1914): 941–965.
1315:(17): 3318–3325.
1252:Physical Review B
1232:978-1-4757-9975-0
895:978-3-11-057806-5
860:978-1-61499-786-3
826:978-0-03-083993-1
678:photoconductivity
580:metallic hydrogen
542:, observed that:
517:chemical elements
444:covalently bonded
296:When a material '
231:many-body problem
181:
55:chemical elements
16:(Redirected from
3048:
3011:Chemical physics
2995:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2858:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2265:
2259:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2202:(4th ed.).
2201:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2141:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1510:(5): 3425–3449.
1504:Chemical Reviews
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:"The ABC of DFT"
1198:
1192:
1191:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1070:(823): 277–287.
1055:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1021:(822): 458–491.
1006:
1000:
999:
974:(4): 1039–1263.
959:
950:
949:
909:
900:
899:
871:
865:
864:
846:
831:
830:
812:
782:
733:
660:Piezoelectricity
646:Flexoelectricity
636:Electrostriction
572:vanadium dioxide
501:Gustav Kirchhoff
494:Fraunhofer lines
448:metallic bonding
416:transition metal
351:aluminium alloys
315:titanium nitride
177:
99:flexoelectricity
95:piezoelectricity
83:phase transition
21:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2519:(12): 764–770.
2506:
2505:
2501:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2384:2027/hvd.hn3317
2371:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1848:Physical Review
1841:
1840:
1836:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1782:10.1139/v86-015
1763:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1653:Scientific Data
1646:
1645:
1641:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1008:
1007:
1003:
961:
960:
953:
911:
910:
903:
896:
873:
872:
868:
861:
848:
847:
834:
827:
814:
813:
800:
795:
780:
737:Kondo insulator
731:
700:
603:
564:
558:
476:where the term
470:
464:
380:
374:
367:Fumiko Yonezawa
361:, being called
345:alloys such as
327:
290:Fumiko Yonezawa
182:
150:
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:Periodic table
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2971:
2964:
2936:
2924:
2894:
2849:(11): 116103.
2829:
2792:(1): 387–421.
2772:
2745:
2720:
2713:
2685:
2634:
2585:
2566:(3): 126–132.
2546:
2499:
2470:(7): 581–605.
2450:
2443:
2425:
2418:
2395:
2364:
2340:
2319:(2): 275–301.
2299:
2280:(1): 148–150.
2260:
2258:
2257:
2242:
2223:
2216:
2186:
2165:
2158:
2152:. p. 27.
2136:
2116:
2103:
2056:
2001:
1976:
1944:
1919:
1912:
1881:
1854:(2): 405–412.
1834:
1795:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1639:
1592:
1565:(2): 803–806.
1545:
1490:
1425:
1360:
1295:
1258:(12): 125116.
1238:
1231:
1211:
1193:
1146:
1099:
1050:
1001:
951:
924:(4): 677–683.
901:
894:
866:
859:
832:
825:
797:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
783:
774:
771:Mott insulator
768:
762:
756:
751:
745:
740:
734:
725:
719:
713:
707:
699:
696:
695:
694:
681:
670:
663:
657:
643:
633:
602:
599:
595:depletion zone
560:Main article:
557:
554:
553:
552:
536:spectroscopist
532:Carlos Jaschek
509:emission lines
466:Main article:
463:
460:
373:
370:
326:
323:
307:
306:
263:quasiparticles
251:Rudolf Peierls
157:semiconductors
148:
106:
103:
51:periodic table
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3053:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2965:9781315222042
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2735:on 2021-04-27
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:(1): 012054.
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2148:. Cambridge:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1966:on 2015-11-12
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:(4S): 59–71.
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:(4S): 72–73.
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
902:
897:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
870:
867:
862:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
828:
822:
818:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
799:
792:
787:
784:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
755:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
735:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
697:
692:
691:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
620:
616:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
573:
568:
563:
555:
550:
549:photometrists
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
530:
529:astrophysicst
525:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Robert Bunsen
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
461:
455:
451:
449:
445:
442:that lead to
441:
437:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
384:
379:
371:
369:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
303:
299:
295:
294:
293:
291:
287:
286:Peter Edwards
284:
280:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:absolute zero
205:
201:
197:
196:energy levels
193:
189:
180:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2980:
2974:
2946:
2939:
2929:, retrieved
2907:
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