342:(67 inches, 170 cm) high. Whether he possessed all of the conformational traits attributed to him – a list that includes most major failings – is hard to know. The qualities of his descendants suggest that he had, at the very least, a very plain head. "Without special beauty in looks," Nonius at first did not serve many mares at Mezőhegyes. It was not until his offspring began to show that they were not so unfortunate as their sire, and additionally possessed uncommon endurance and power, that his popularity began to rise. Going forward, his mates at Mezőhegyes were the fashionable daughters of Spanish-Neapolitan stallions, descended from the Arabian-impressed Hungarian stock.
279:, was founded in 1784 to help meet the demand for horses. At the time, Hungary was home to 1.5 million horses, with the Hungarian cavalry requiring between 10,000 and 15,000 new mounts per year. Different horses fulfilled different roles: courtiers and aristocrats wanted agile, responsive, impressive riding horses for their military endeavors, resilient mounts for hunting on horseback, and elegant carriage horses. Fulfilling these demands led Mezőhegyes to develop several different breeds and strains: the Arab-influenced
361:-quality and 1 was stallion-quality. However, with more experimentation, the Nonius breed emerged as a uniformly heavy but elegant military driving and carting horse. In 1865, Arabian and Thoroughbred stallions were bred to Nonius Senior's female descendants in the hopes of correcting a lack of balance and elegance among the Nonius horses. Nonius Senior stood at stud for 22 years. By the end of his breeding life, he had served mares of
209:. The breed exhibits traits common to heavy-boned driving and light draft horses: powerful and arched high-set neck, broad and muscular back, open but powerful loin, deep and sloping hindquarters. The chest is broad rather than deep, and is usually more shallow than the hindquarters. The hooves and joints are large and the legs are dry. Nonius horses stand between 155 to 165 centimetres (15.1 to 16.1
40:
385:
462:. The popularity of driving sport in Hungary rose sharply during the 1970s and 1980s. The Combined Driving World Championships are held every 2 years, and the most competitive event features teams of four horses. Of the 6 champions named between 1974 and 1984, all but one were Hungarian. The Nonius is slower and less suitable for other riding sports like
242:
horses were elegant and active, and left their mark on the stock of
Hungarian horses. Even after the Ottoman occupation of Hungary ended in 1699, the attachment between Hungary and the Arabian horse remained. During the 18th century, the Hungarian court and aristocracy began to follow the tastes of
417:
displaced the Nonius as a military horse, and it was then directed towards agriculture instead. However, the depredations of the war severely damaged the breed, and by the time the war was over, there were only around 50 mares of the breed left. However, the damage that the property, supplies, and
221:
measurement of 180–210 cm (71–83 in) and a cannon circumference of 22–24 cm (8.7–9.4 in). Nonius horses are also known for a kind, even temperament and great willingness and capacity for work both in harness and under saddle. In addition they are usually easy keepers with high
259:. These Austrian breeds are known for the features of their Spanish-Neapolitan ancestors: thick, high-set neck, elegant but heavy head, short back and agility. Demand for suitable mounts for the courtiers and aristocrats outstripped the production by private breeders, and so during his reign
418:
livestock of Mezőhegyes suffered during the war were steadily rebuilt up through the 1960s, and by 1954 there were 120 mares at the Mezőhegyes stud alone. Communist
Hungary was not supportive of horseback riding, and in the years between 1947 and 1961, more Hungarian horses were killed for
442:. In 2000, the State Stud-Farm Estate of Mezöhegyes was added to the UNESCO Tentative List (which makes it eligible to be nominated for the WHL), due to being a "major centre and organisational example of the highest standard horse-breeding and animal husbandry."
470:
than lighter horses. Smaller members of the breed with larger amounts of
Arabian blood in their ancestry are more sought after as riding horses. The heavier horses are still commonly used for draft work, and are well-adapted to the "heavy terrain" of the
397:
The roles and popularity of the Nonius breed were affected by periods of social and political upheaval. In 1900 the utilitarian quality and modest appearance of the Nonius horses won the breed the title of "Ideal Horse" at the Paris
445:
Today estimates put the population of Nonius horses at about 450 mares and 80 stallions. The largest population is found at Mezőhegyes, with other herds in
Romania, Bulgaria, and the Serbian province of
478:
The Nonius is commonly crossed with
Thoroughbreds to create riding horses with improved jumping ability. Members of the breed have also been crossed with Furioso-North Star, Thoroughbred and
426:
emerged as a popular horse-sport at which the Nonius could excel. In 1989 the Nonius Horse
Breeders National Association was formed to protect the purebred Nonius horse. In 1999,
349:, who in 1854 became the head of Mezőhegyes, stressed the importance of fixing the type – that is, making the characteristics of a breed of animal genetically
295:
The Nonius breed owes its name to its foundation sire, though since his male descendants share his name, he is called "Nonius Senior". Nonius was born in 1810 in
157:
significantly reduced the Nonius' population, and in the decades after the war, a downturn in the usage of horses in
Hungary sent many members of the breed to
918:
578:
406:
developed their own strain of the breed, beginning in 1948. This variety, which tended to be heavier than many of the Mezőhegyes Nonius', was called
230:
Horse-breeding has been an important facet of
Hungarian culture since its settlement, due largely to its geographic location and open plains. The
422:
than were casualties of the war. Attempts to produce sport-oriented horses from Nonius stock were largely unsuccessful, though during the 1970s
878:
607:
357:, though the one season that Nonius Senior served his own daughters was notably unsuccessful: of the 33 foals, 11 died while only 2 were
402:. In 1947 Nonius horses began to be imported. The Mezőhegyes Stud continued to hold the main population of Nonius horses. The stud at
735:
767:
399:
260:
686:
783:
528:
431:
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234:, beginning in 1526, saw an influx of eastern, desert-type horses traditionally described as "oriental." These
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sports. The largest numbers of Nonius horses are still found at Mezőhegyes, with representatives in other
381:
blood. Fifteen of Nonius's sons in turn stood at stud, and 122 of his daughters were used as broodmares.
913:
812:
472:
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119:
438:(WHL), due in part to its history of livestock breeding, including such breeds as the Nonius horse and
181:
have contributed to a recognizable and reliably-transmitted type in the Nonius. The vast majority are
201:. The breed is also known for the heavy but proportional head with a convex profile called either a
886:
615:
435:
312:
284:
190:
116:
104:
303:, France. His sire was named Orion, and, while sources differ on his breeding, he was either a
763:
731:
161:. Today the breed is bred by preservationists and is used in agriculture, leisure riding, and
150:
459:
423:
374:
248:
178:
162:
153:, the breed became a useful agricultural horse during the 20th century. The depredations of
125:. Generally dark in color, it is a muscular and heavy-boned breed, similar in type to other
320:
308:
214:
158:
130:
479:
239:
194:
166:
907:
362:
324:
276:
244:
235:
182:
138:
76:
Dark coat with few white markings, convex facial profile and powerful, high-set neck.
467:
414:
410:
or the
Hortobagy Landrace. The two sub-types were combined into one breed in 1961.
370:
304:
154:
146:
662:
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or a combination of the two. Nonius Senior's dam was a Norman mare, making him an
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339:
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210:
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126:
112:
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17:
762:(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 154–156.
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149:. Originally bred to serve as a light draft and utility horse for Hungary's
134:
177:
Close linebreeding during the breed's establishment and continued use of a
694:
463:
403:
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with white. Bay individuals are more common among the Nonius horses from
791:
536:
458:
They are used today in agricultural work, light draft and the sport of
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61:
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280:
614:. Hannover School of Veterinary Medicine. 2001-08-16. Archived from
383:
86:
331:
122:
275:
The State Stud of the
Hungarian Royal and Imperial Court,
885:. Fédération Equestre Internationale. Archived from
72:
67:
57:
49:
730:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 312–313.
353: – of the horses. This goal was achieved by
251:imports of the time sparked the creation of the
133:horses. The breed was developed at the Imperial
334:he was considered ugly. At maturity, the light
523:
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263:instructed the building of a number of state
8:
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32:
721:
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717:
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681:
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271:Mezőhegyes State Stud of the Imperial Court
879:"World Championships Four In Hand Driving"
815:. Hungarian National Commission for UNESCO
728:International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
656:
654:
652:
315:. He was captured from the French Stud at
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31:
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665:. Hungarian Horse Association of America
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413:The military technological advances of
217:driving horses, the ideal Nonius has a
44:Black Nonius horse at Mezőhegyes Stud
7:
919:Horse breeds originating in Hungary
661:Egon Kamarasy. Ellen Walker (ed.).
25:
388:1898 lithograph of a Nonius horse
834:"Stud-Farm Estate of Mezöhegyes"
585:. Hortobágyi Kht. Archived from
213:; 61 to 65 in). One of the
758:Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994).
663:"A History of Hungarian Horses"
338:stallion stood about 16.3
193:, either unmarked or modestly
1:
760:The Encyclopedia of the Horse
612:EAAP Animal Genetic Data Bank
883:Driving Champions and Medals
243:their western neighbors for
53:NĂłniusz, Hungarian Half-bred
393:Development and present day
935:
726:Hendricks, Bonnie (2007).
287:, and the heavier Nonius.
813:"Hortobágy National Park"
80:
37:
788:State Stud of Mezőhegyes
691:State Stud of Mezőhegyes
533:State Stud of Mezőhegyes
583:Hortobágy National Park
432:Hortobágy National Park
247:types. The Spanish and
199:Hortobágy National Park
73:Distinguishing features
400:Exposition Universelle
389:
108:
473:Great Hungarian Plain
387:
173:Breed characteristics
317:Rosières-aux-Salines
87:Equus ferus caballus
486:in Czechoslovakia.
436:World Heritage List
163:competitive driving
34:
608:"Nonius (Hungary)"
390:
313:Anglo-Norman horse
285:Furioso-North Star
215:heaviest warmblood
855:"Tentative Lists"
408:Hortobagyi Nonius
169:nations as well.
111:) is a Hungarian
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58:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
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790:. Archived from
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693:. Archived from
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579:"Máta Stud Farm"
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535:. Archived from
529:"Horse Breeding"
525:
460:combined driving
424:combined driving
232:Ottoman Conquest
167:eastern European
115:named after its
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482:blood to breed
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323:and brought to
321:Napoleonic Wars
309:Norfolk Trotter
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179:closed studbook
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480:Shagya Arabian
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440:Mangalitsa pig
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345:The Prince of
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27:Breed of horse
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18:Nonius (horse)
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889:on 2008-04-03
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794:on 2007-07-04
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737:9780806138848
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539:on 2007-07-04
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291:Nonius Senior
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914:Horse breeds
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
882:
859:. Retrieved
849:
838:. Retrieved
828:
817:. Retrieved
807:
796:. Retrieved
792:the original
787:
778:
759:
727:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
690:
667:. Retrieved
620:. Retrieved
616:the original
611:
602:
591:. Retrieved
587:the original
582:
541:. Retrieved
537:the original
532:
477:
468:show jumping
457:
444:
415:World War II
412:
407:
396:
371:Thoroughbred
355:linebreeding
344:
329:
305:Thoroughbred
294:
283:, half-bred
274:
229:
206:
202:
176:
155:World War II
147:linebreeding
117:Anglo-Norman
100:
98:
84:
29:
319:during the
222:endurance.
145:by careful
127:light draft
113:horse breed
50:Other names
908:Categories
893:2008-09-30
861:2014-03-06
840:2014-03-06
819:2014-03-06
798:2008-09-29
769:1564586146
701:2008-09-29
669:2014-03-06
622:2008-09-30
593:2008-09-29
543:2008-09-29
490:References
484:warmbloods
430:named the
351:homogenous
330:Even as a
325:Mezőhegyes
277:Mezőhegyes
265:stud farms
253:Lipizzaner
249:Neapolitan
207:Roman nose
203:ram's head
139:Mezőhegyes
120:foundation
784:"History"
448:Vojvodina
359:broodmare
347:Lobkowitz
327:in 1816.
261:Joseph II
257:Kladruber
159:slaughter
105:Hungarian
857:. UNESCO
836:. UNESCO
464:dressage
404:Debrecen
367:Lipizzan
301:Normandy
297:Calvados
187:dark bay
151:military
434:to the
375:Spanish
363:Arabian
245:Iberian
240:Turkish
236:Arabian
226:History
143:Hungary
131:driving
109:NĂłniusz
62:Hungary
766:
734:
687:"Home"
428:UNESCO
379:Norman
281:Gidrán
195:marked
101:Nonius
68:Traits
33:Nonius
340:hands
219:girth
211:hands
191:brown
183:black
764:ISBN
732:ISBN
466:and
454:Uses
420:meat
377:and
332:foal
307:, a
255:and
238:and
135:Stud
129:and
123:sire
99:The
336:bay
205:or
189:or
137:at
910::
881:.
870:^
786:.
746:^
710:^
689:.
678:^
631:^
610:.
581:.
552:^
531:.
498:^
475:.
450:.
373:,
369:,
365:,
299:,
267:.
185:,
141:,
107::
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843:.
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801:.
772:.
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704:.
672:.
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596:.
546:.
103:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
