1445:
1499:
as estimated from a (more accurate) log-normal distribution. As seen in the diagram, a difference ratio of 0.1 is reached for the lower limit at a coefficient of variation of 0.213 (or 21.3%), and for the upper limit at a coefficient of variation at 0.413 (41.3%). The lower limit is more affected by increasing coefficient of variation, and its "critical" coefficient of variation of 0.213 corresponds to a ratio of (upper limit)/(lower limit) of 2.43, so as a rule of thumb, if the upper limit is more than 2.4 times the lower limit when estimated by assuming normal distribution, then it should be considered to do the calculations again by log-normal distribution.
3396:
1305:
346:
2887:
healthy state, then a test result from that individual that turns out to be lower or higher than the reference range can be interpreted as that there is less than 2.5% probability that this would have occurred by random variability in the absence of disease or other condition, which, in turn, is strongly indicative for considering an underlying disease or condition as a cause.
2049:
2221:
3334:
With this and uncompensated factors in mind, the ideal interpretation method of a test result would rather consist of a comparison of what would be expected or optimal in the individual when taking all factors and conditions of that individual into account, rather than strictly classifying the values
3030:
with a probability of 100%, resulting adjusted probabilities of at least 4.6% that primary hyperparathyroidism has caused the hypercalcemia, at least 0.7% for cancer, at least 1.9% for other conditions and up to 92.8% for that there is no disease and the hypercalcemia is caused by random variability.
2886:
Reference ranges aid in the evaluation of whether a test result's deviation from the mean is a result of random variability or a result of an underlying disease or condition. If the reference group used to establish the reference range can be assumed to be representative of the individual person in a
2827:
from the measurements of the whole reference group rather than just the measurements at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Still, this variance decreases with increasing size of the reference group, and therefore, this method may be optimal where a large reference group easily can be gathered, and the
298:
However, reference ranges may also be established by taking samples from the whole population, with or without diseases and conditions. In some cases, diseased individuals are taken as the population, establishing reference ranges among those having a disease or condition. Preferably, there should be
2850:(seen at right), it is useful to find out why this is the case. Two reference ranges can be established for the two different groups of people, making it possible to assume a normal distribution for each group. This bimodal pattern is commonly seen in tests that differ between men and women, such as
1502:
Taking the example from previous section, the standard deviation (s.d.) is estimated at 0.42 and the arithmetic mean (m) is estimated at 5.33. Thus the coefficient of variation is 0.079. This is less than both 0.213 and 0.413, and thus both the lower and upper limit of fasting blood glucose can most
264:
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger
2815:
Reference ranges can also be established directly from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the measurements in the reference group. For example, if the reference group consists of 200 people, and counting from the measurement with lowest value to highest, the lower limit of the reference range would
1498:
In practice, it can be regarded as necessary to use the establishment methods of a log-normal distribution if the difference ratio becomes more than 0.1, meaning that a (lower or upper) limit estimated from an assumed normal distribution would be more than 10% different from the corresponding limit
1347:
As shown in diagram at right, this phenomenon has relatively small effect if the standard deviation (as compared to the mean) is relatively small, as it makes the log-normal distribution appear similar to a normal distribution. Thus, the normal distribution may be more appropriate to use with small
1331:
An explanation for this log-normal distribution for biological parameters is: The event where a sample has half the value of the mean or median tends to have almost equal probability to occur as the event where a sample has twice the value of the mean or median. Also, only a log-normal distribution
2379:
An alternative method of establishing a reference range with the assumption of log-normal distribution is to use the arithmetic mean and standard deviation. This is somewhat more tedious to perform, but may be useful in cases where a study presents only the arithmetic mean and standard deviation,
3261:
caused by various definitions of the parameter. Also, as with standard reference ranges, there should be specific ranges for different determinants that affects the values, such as sex, age etc. Ideally, there should rather be an estimation of what is the optimal value for every individual, when
3248:
A problem with optimal health range is a lack of a standard method of estimating the ranges. The limits may be defined as those where the health risks exceed a certain threshold, but with various risk profiles between different measurements (such as folate and vitamin D), and even different risk
3025:
Using for example epidemiology and the individual's risk factors, let's say that the probability that the hypercalcemia would have been caused by primary hyperparathyroidism in the first place is estimated to be 0.00125 (or 0.125%), the equivalent probability for cancer is 0.0002, and 0.0005 for
3000:
in the blood, resulting in a value of 1.30 mmol/L, and a reference group that appropriately represents the individual has established a reference range of 1.05 to 1.25 mmol/L. The individual's value is higher than the upper limit of the reference range, and therefore has less than 2.5%
3314:
Instruments and lab techniques used, or how the measurements are interpreted by observers. These may apply both to the instruments etc. used to establish the reference ranges and the instruments, etc. used to acquire the value for the individual to whom these ranges is applied. To compensate,
3321:
such as age, diet, etc. that are not compensated for. Optimally, there should be reference ranges from a reference group that is as similar as possible to each individual they are applied to, but it is practically impossible to compensate for every single determinant, often not even when the
1885:
282:
Regarding the target population, if not otherwise specified, a standard reference range generally denotes the one in healthy individuals, or without any known condition that directly affects the ranges being established. These are likewise established using reference groups from the healthy
2060:
331:, or directly from percentages of interest, as detailed respectively in following sections. When establishing reference ranges from bilateral organs (e.g., vision or hearing), both results from the same individual can be used, although intra-subject correlation must be taken into account.
1152:
997:
2894:, where potential candidate conditions are listed that may explain the finding, followed by calculations of how probable they are to have occurred in the first place, in turn followed by a comparison with the probability that the result would have occurred by random variability.
3285:
They may represent both standard ranges and optimal health ranges. Also, they may represent an appropriate value to distinguish healthy person from a specific disease, although this gives additional variability by different diseases being distinguished. For example, for
2713:
2514:
2380:
while leaving out the source data. If the original assumption of normal distribution is less appropriate than the log-normal one, then, using the arithmetic mean and standard deviation may be the only available parameters to determine the reference range.
2802:
3198:
Using the same probabilities that the hypercalcemia would have occurred in the first place by the other candidate conditions, the probability that hypercalcemia would have occurred in the first place is 0.00335, and given the fact that hypercalcemia
2597:
3222:) is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases, rather than the standard range based on normal distribution in the population.
3330:
Also, reference ranges tend to give the impression of definite thresholds that clearly separate "good" or "bad" values, while in reality there are generally continuously increasing risks with increased distance from usual or optimal values.
3274:, where it is generally without any clinical significance to have a value below what is usual in the population. Therefore, such targets are often given with only one limit of the reference range given, and, strictly, such values are rather
2822:
However, the reference range limits as estimated in this way have higher variance, and therefore less reliability, than those estimated by an arithmetic or log-normal distribution (when such is applicable), because the latter ones acquire
519:
This method is often acceptably accurate if the standard deviation, as compared to the mean, is not very large. A more accurate method is to perform the calculations on logarithmized values, as described in separate section later.
1444:
5100:
2837:
2366:
2295:
2044:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln({\text{lower limit}})&=\mu _{\log }-t_{0.975,n-1}\times {\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{n}}}\times \sigma _{\log }\\&=1.67-2.20\times {\sqrt {\frac {13}{12}}}\times 0.079=1.49,\end{aligned}}}
2216:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln({\text{upper limit}})&=\mu _{\log }+t_{0.975,n-1}\times {\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{n}}}\times \sigma _{\log }\\&=1.67+2.20\times {\sqrt {\frac {13}{12}}}\times 0.079=1.85\end{aligned}}}
3233:, but only the 2.5 percent that have the lowest levels will fall below the standard reference range. In this case, the actual folate ranges for optimal health are substantially higher than the standard reference ranges.
3026:
other conditions. With a probability given as less than 0.025 of no disease, this corresponds to a probability that the hypercalcemia would have occurred in the first place of up to 0.02695. However, the hypercalcemia
3262:
taking all significant factors of that individual into account - a task that may be hard to achieve by studies, but long clinical experience by a physician may make this method preferable to using reference ranges.
1503:
likely be estimated by assuming normal distribution. More specifically, the coefficient of variation of 0.079 corresponds to a difference ratio of 0.01 (1%) for the lower limit and 0.007 (0.7%) for the upper limit.
279:) that describes the interval between the smallest and largest values, many, including the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry prefer to use the expression reference interval rather than reference range.
236:
pathologic, and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically. Nonetheless, they are indicators of probable pathosis. Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious; in other cases, challenging
5085:
2897:
If the establishment of the reference range could have been made assuming a normal distribution, then the probability that the result would be an effect of random variability can be further specified as follows:
1005:
5090:
850:
349:
When assuming a normal distribution, the reference range is obtained by measuring the values in a reference group and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean. This encompasses ~95% of the total
3417:
3411:
2981:. For example, a standard score of 2.58 corresponds to a prediction interval of 99%, corresponding to a probability of 0.5% that a result is at least such far from the mean in the absence of disease.
1521:), derive the mean and standard deviation of these logarithms, determine the logarithms located (for a 95% prediction interval) 1.96 standard deviations below and above that mean, and subsequently
1340:), with the consequence that there is no definite limit to the size of outliers (extreme values) on the high side, but, on the other hand, they can never be less than zero, resulting in a positive
1296:
As a comparison, actual reference ranges used clinically for fasting plasma glucose are estimated to have a lower limit of approximately 3.8 to 4.0, and an upper limit of approximately 6.0 to 6.1.
3983:
Rappoport, Nadav; Paik, Hyojung; Oskotsky, Boris; Tor, Ruth; Ziv, Elad; Zaitlen, Noah; Butte, Atul J. (2017-11-04). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data".
2065:
1890:
4083:
3513:
Dybkaer, R (November 1982). "International federation of clinical chemistry (IFCC)1),2) the theory of reference values. Part 6. Presentation of observed values related to reference values".
3973:
By
Emmanuel Jairaj Moses, Sharifah A.I. Mokhtar, Amir Hamzah, Basir Selvam Abdullah, and Narazah Mohd Yusoff. Laboratory Medicine. 2011;42(2):75โ80. American Society for Clinical Pathology
1525:
using those two logarithms as exponents and using the same base as was used in logarithmizing, with the two resultant values being the lower and upper limit of the 95% prediction interval.
2608:
2415:
3373:
366:). However, in the real world, neither the population mean nor the population standard deviation are known. They both need to be estimated from a sample, whose size can be designated
1854:
515:
2721:
787:
2522:
840:
4006:
The procedures and vocabulary referring to reference intervals: CLSI (Committee for
Laboratory Standards Institute) and IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry)
1378:
The necessity to establish a reference range by log-normal distribution rather than normal distribution can be regarded as depending on how much difference it would make to
451:
1371:
can be estimated by assuming normal distribution, whereas reference ranges for those that vary significantly (coefficient of variation generally over 0.213) such as most
256:, mainly between normal versus pathological (or probably pathological). Establishment methods for cutoffs include using an upper or a lower limit of a reference range.
3837:
3499:
2909:
of the difference between the mean and either the upper or lower limit of the reference range is approximately 2 standard deviations (more accurately 1.96), and thus:
57:
3045:
of the difference between the mean and, for example, the upper limit of the reference range, is approximately 2 standard deviations (more accurately 1.96), and thus:
4076:
3187:
The probability that a value is of so much larger value than the mean as having a standard score of 3 corresponds to a probability of approximately 0.14% (given by
173:(ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses (such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels).
370:. The population standard deviation is estimated by the sample standard deviation and the population mean is estimated by the sample mean (also called mean or
299:
specific reference ranges for each subgroup of the population that has any factor that affects the measurement, such as, for example, specific ranges for each
1448:
Coefficient of variation versus deviation in reference ranges established by assuming normal distribution when there is actually a log-normal distribution.
5095:
4069:
295:
may not be appropriate as not everyone outside the interval is abnormal, and people who have a particular condition may still fall within this interval.
93:
1367:
Reference ranges for substances that are usually within relatively narrow limits (coefficient of variation less than 0.213, as detailed below) such as
3203:
gives adjusted probabilities of 37.3%, 6.0%, 14.9% and 41.8%, respectively, for primary hyperparathyroidism, cancer, other conditions and no disease.
2303:
2232:
3241:, having a level not exceeding the standard reference range still does not exclude the risk of getting gout or kidney stones. Furthermore, for most
2866:
whose results are of continuous values, reference ranges can be used in the interpretation of an individual test result. This is primarily used for
2819:
This method can be used even when measurement values do not appear to conform conveniently to any form of normal distribution or other function.
3474:
Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William
Leonard (2008).
1511:
A method to estimate the reference range for a parameter with log-normal distribution is to logarithmize all the measurements with an arbitrary
4652:
3890:
3864:
3766:
3712:
3605:
3483:
1147:{\displaystyle Upper~limit=m+t_{0.975,11}\times {\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{n}}}\times s.d.=5.33+2.20\times {\sqrt {\frac {13}{12}}}\times 0.42=6.3.}
992:{\displaystyle Lower~limit=m-t_{0.975,11}\times {\sqrt {\frac {n+1}{n}}}\times s.d.=5.33-2.20\times {\sqrt {\frac {13}{12}}}\times 0.42=4.4}
2807:
Subsequently, the logarithmized, and later non-logarithmized, lower and upper limit are calculated just as by logarithmized sample values.
4989:
4381:
4027:
1222:
Taking the example from the previous section, the number of samples is 12 and the standard deviation is 0.42 mmol/L, resulting in:
165:
The standard definition of a reference range (usually referred to if not otherwise specified) originates in what is most prevalent in a
4024: : A free set of Excel macros allowing the determination of reference intervals in accordance with the CLSI procedures. Based on:
3037:
The value is assumed to conform acceptably to a normal distribution, so the mean can be assumed to be 1.15 in the reference group. The
4015:
3682:
3383:
3356:
3351:
3295:
155:
47:
3913:
Boushey Carol J.; et al. (1995). "A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease".
3418:"Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle"
462:
358:
of the measured parameter, in which case it can be defined as the interval limited by 1.96 (often rounded up to 2) population
5003:
4871:
86:
1293:, which in this case can arise from, for example, the reference group not having fasted long enough before blood sampling.
1282:
Likewise, with similar calculations, the upper limit of the reference range can be written as 6.3 (90% CI 6.0โ6.6) mmol/L.
4582:
4338:
3257:) it is difficult to standardize. Subsequently, optimal health ranges, when given by various sources, have an additional
4686:
4028:"Reference Value Advisor: A new freeware set of macroinstructions to calculate reference intervals with Microsoft Excel"
3342:
system. In such a system, a higher population resolution can be achieved (e.g., age, sex, race and ethnicity-specific).
1352:
3730:
Reference range list from
Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
5110:
4274:
4236:
3019:
2708:{\displaystyle \mu _{\log }=\ln(5.33)-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \!\left(1+\!\left({\frac {0.42}{5.33}}\right)^{2}\right)=1.67}
800:
454:
4615:
3322:
reference ranges are established from multiple measurements of the same individual they are applied to, because of
3318:
4166:
2509:{\displaystyle \mu _{\log }=\ln(m)-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \!\left(1+\!\left({\frac {\text{s.d.}}{m}}\right)^{2}\right)}
4645:
4443:
2851:
1561:
1533:
1516:
79:
4866:
4791:
4316:
3339:
3315:
individual laboratories should have their own lab ranges to account for the instruments used in the laboratory.
3192:
1453:
340:
3270:
In many cases, only one side of the range is usually of interest, such as with markers of pathology including
169:
taken from the general (i.e. total) population. This is the general reference range. However, there are also
154:
to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient. Some important reference ranges in medicine are
5048:
5025:
4982:
4311:
4179:
4144:
3323:
3291:
3258:
2977:
The probability that a value is of a certain distance from the mean can subsequently be calculated from the
2797:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\log }={\sqrt {\ln \!\left(1+\!\left({\frac {0.42}{5.33}}\right)^{2}\right)}}=0.079}
1829:
1325:
1309:
475:
328:
4757:
4577:
4431:
4269:
4231:
3307:
3009:
3002:
2990:
2891:
2592:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\log }={\sqrt {\ln \!\left(1+\!\left({\frac {\text{s.d.}}{m}}\right)^{2}\right)}}}
1550:
1529:
539:
528:
238:
127:
4967:
762:
4820:
4371:
4348:
4333:
4264:
3831:
2875:
253:
3034:
In this case, further processing benefits from specification of the probability of random variability:
806:
4008:
CLSI - Defining, Establishing, and
Verifying Reference Intervals in the Laboratory; Approved guideline
3395:
4638:
4569:
4426:
4414:
4391:
4246:
4114:
3984:
3378:
3250:
2871:
2847:
2840:
1348:
standard deviations for convenience, and the log-normal distribution with large standard deviations.
4999:
4888:
4676:
4407:
4402:
4299:
4139:
3630:"Biological variation of cystatin C: Implications for the assessment of glomerular filtration rate"
1539:
1512:
417:
375:
355:
324:
312:
233:
151:
4975:
4691:
4124:
3934:
Morrison Howard I.; et al. (1996). "Serum folate and risk of fatal coronary heart disease".
3819:
3493:
3368:
3254:
3038:
2902:
2816:
correspond to the 5th measurement and the upper limit would correspond to the 195th measurement.
359:
276:
123:
3001:
probability of being a result of random variability, constituting a strong indication to make a
3022:
or malignancy, and therefore, it is reasonable to include these in the differential diagnosis.
1304:
1157:
Thus, the standard reference range for this example is estimated to be 4.4 to 6.3 mmol/L.
5105:
4509:
4488:
4156:
4151:
4050:
4011:
3951:
3886:
3860:
3850:
3811:
3772:
3762:
3708:
3678:
3651:
3601:
3573:
3522:
3479:
3442:
3338:
In a recent paper, Rappoport et al. described a novel way to redefine reference range from an
3230:
3219:
2824:
143:
3668:
3469:
4861:
4831:
4769:
4731:
4599:
4256:
4042:
3943:
3922:
3803:
3641:
3563:
3553:
3450:
3432:
1290:
1279:
Thus, the lower limit of the reference range can be written as 4.4 (90% CI 4.1โ4.7) mmol/L.
844:
Subsequently, the lower and upper limits of the standard reference range are calculated as:
345:
3623:
1879:
Subsequently, the still logarithmized lower limit of the reference range is calculated as:
4921:
4786:
4592:
4587:
3229:, since approximately 90 percent of North Americans may actually suffer more or less from
3018:(usually defined as a calcium level above the reference range) is mostly caused by either
3012:
is used, and its first step is to find candidate conditions that can explain the finding.
2997:
2867:
1333:
371:
232:
from being conflated with the statistical sense. Values outside a reference range are not
166:
3792:"Variability in calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis"
1359:
more accurately estimate the 95% prediction interval than their arithmetic counterparts.
4630:
4898:
4883:
4839:
4808:
4774:
4726:
4696:
4500:
4356:
4129:
4119:
3568:
3541:
3113:
3042:
2978:
2940:
2906:
2384:
1522:
1356:
1337:
363:
4021:
3294:, compared to the cut-off value used in distinguishing healthy babies from those with
5079:
4926:
4916:
4878:
4701:
4543:
4522:
4436:
4361:
4294:
4046:
3947:
3807:
3701:
3594:
3402:
3015:
4061:
3823:
4952:
4762:
4736:
4711:
4548:
4517:
4420:
4321:
4109:
2863:
2371:
Thus, the standard reference range for this example is estimated to be 4.4 to 6.4.
1368:
1286:
3745:
3245:, the standard reference range is generally lower than the level of toxic effect.
265:
than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.
3881:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
3646:
3629:
3290:, a lower cut-off value is used in distinguishing healthy babies from those with
2878:
may optimally be interpreted from previous tests of the same individual instead.
5043:
5020:
4942:
4857:
4849:
4366:
4326:
4306:
4241:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4101:
3740:
213:
209:
67:
62:
3970:
3906:
3558:
2361:{\displaystyle {\text{Upper limit}}=e^{\ln({\text{upper limit}})}=e^{1.85}=6.4}
2290:{\displaystyle {\text{Lower limit}}=e^{\ln({\text{lower limit}})}=e^{1.49}=4.4}
4906:
4752:
4721:
4662:
4286:
4226:
4213:
4134:
4093:
1431:
is the (lower or upper) limit as estimated by assuming log-normal distribution
1332:
can compensate for the inability of almost all biological parameters to be of
225:
159:
135:
131:
52:
3926:
3776:
3446:
268:
Reference ranges that are given by this definition are sometimes referred as
4911:
4816:
4716:
4681:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4376:
4174:
3437:
3287:
3238:
3234:
1312:(here shown with the measurements non-logarithmized), with the same means -
147:
17:
4054:
3815:
3791:
3577:
2226:
Conversion back to non-logarithmized values are subsequently performed as:
1440:
is the (lower or upper) limit as estimated by assuming normal distribution.
3955:
3655:
3526:
3454:
2996:
Let's say, for example, that an individual takes a test that measures the
5064:
4947:
4538:
4470:
4221:
2905:, if not given already, can be inversely calculated by the fact that the
1372:
1341:
1316:(as calculated after logarithmizing) but different standard deviations -
107:
3909:
by Hans R. Larsen, MSc ChE, retrieved on July 7, 2009. In turn citing:
3628:
Keevil, B. G.; Kilpatrick, E. S.; Nichols, S. P.; Maylor, P. W. (1998).
3306:
For standard as well as optimal health ranges, and cut-offs, sources of
3041:, if not given already, can be inversely calculated by knowing that the
27:
Measured values that are relatively normal for a particular medical test
5035:
5012:
4706:
4478:
803:, the 97.5% percentile with (12-1) degrees of freedom corresponds to
4483:
3271:
3226:
323:
Methods for establishing reference ranges can be based on assuming a
111:
5101:
Knowledge (XXG) articles published in peer-reviewed literature (J2W)
3703:
First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1)
1528:
The following example of this method is based on the same values of
1219:
where SD is the standard deviation, and n is the number of samples.
3989:
2836:
1196:
Upper limit of the confidence interval = percentile limit + 2.81 ร
1173:
Lower limit of the confidence interval = percentile limit - 2.81 ร
4781:
3675:
Tietz
Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
3242:
2602:
Following the exampled reference group from the previous section:
1303:
1169:
as estimated assuming a normal distribution can be calculated by:
139:
3857:
Data analysis with Excel: an introduction for physical scientists
241:
is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it.
3335:
as "good" or "bad" by using reference ranges from other people.
2890:
Such further consideration can be performed, for example, by an
1328:, rather than the normal distribution or Gaussian distribution.
4971:
4634:
4065:
2387:
can represent the arithmetic mean in this case, the parameters
291:(and sometimes "usual" ranges/values). However, using the term
5086:
Knowledge (XXG) articles published in peer-reviewed literature
3971:
Screening for
Congenital Heart Disease with NT-proBNP: Results
5091:
Knowledge (XXG) articles published in WikiJournal of
Medicine
2943:
for the individual's test can subsequently be calculated as:
4026:
Geffrรฉ, A.; Concordet, D.; Braun, J. P.; Trumel, C. (2011).
1375:
are more accurately established by log-normal distribution.
3542:"Reference ranges for clinical electrophysiology of vision"
3400:
This article was adapted from the following source under a
134:
measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of
3116:
for the individual's test is subsequently calculated as:
362:
from either side of the population mean (also called the
2979:
relation between standard score and prediction intervals
3515:
Journal of
Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry
3407:
3374:
Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine
3249:
aspects for one and the same measurement (such as both
1167:
confidence interval of a standard reference range limit
3476:
Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects
2724:
2611:
2525:
2418:
2306:
2235:
2063:
1888:
1832:
1452:
This difference can be put solely in relation to the
1008:
853:
809:
765:
478:
420:
3010:
epidemiology-based differential diagnostic procedure
2892:
epidemiology-based differential diagnostic procedure
2828:
distribution mode of the measurements is uncertain.
801:
table of selected values of Student's t-distribution
5057:
5034:
5011:
4935:
4897:
4848:
4830:
4807:
4800:
4745:
4669:
4608:
4568:
4561:
4531:
4508:
4499:
4469:
4390:
4347:
4285:
4255:
4212:
4165:
4100:
354:The 95% interval, is often estimated by assuming a
3700:
3593:
2858:Interpretation of standard ranges in medical tests
2796:
2707:
2591:
2508:
2360:
2289:
2215:
2043:
1848:
1146:
991:
834:
781:
509:
445:
2755:
2743:
2668:
2656:
2556:
2544:
2475:
2463:
1324:In reality, biological parameters tend to have a
3478:. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
3699:Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007).
2054:and the upper limit of the reference range as:
3237:has a similar tendency. In contrast, for e.g.
275:Since a range is a defined statistical value (
4983:
4646:
4077:
3859:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3592:Sterne, Jonathan; Kirkwood, Betty R. (2003).
2989:The method is described in further detail at
1382:do so, which can be described as the ratio:
531:taken from a reference group of 12 subjects:
374:). To account for these estimations, the 95%
87:
8:
3836:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3619:
3617:
3498:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
527:logarithmized) method is based on values of
3936:Journal of the American Medical Association
3915:Journal of the American Medical Association
3225:It may be more appropriate to use for e.g.
2401:can be estimated from the arithmetic mean (
1258:lower limit of the standard reference range
1231:lower limit of the standard reference range
4990:
4976:
4968:
4804:
4653:
4639:
4631:
4565:
4505:
4084:
4070:
4062:
94:
80:
29:
3988:
3726:
3724:
3645:
3567:
3557:
3436:
2775:
2761:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2688:
2674:
2643:
2616:
2610:
2576:
2562:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2495:
2481:
2450:
2423:
2417:
2346:
2329:
2319:
2307:
2305:
2275:
2258:
2248:
2236:
2234:
2185:
2157:
2130:
2109:
2096:
2077:
2064:
2062:
2010:
1982:
1955:
1934:
1921:
1902:
1889:
1887:
1833:
1831:
1120:
1070:
1055:
1007:
965:
915:
900:
852:
814:
808:
766:
764:
483:
477:
425:
419:
3677:(7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
2835:
1544:
1443:
533:
344:
3673:Carl A. Burtis, David E. Bruns (2014).
3462:
3191:, with 99.7% here being given from the
1532:as used in the previous section, using
32:
3829:
3790:Levitt H, Smith KG, Rosner MH (2009).
3491:
1849:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {0.0062}}=0.079}
1254:Upper limit of the confidence interval
1227:Lower limit of the confidence interval
510:{\displaystyle t_{0.975,n-1}\simeq 2.}
146:). It is a basis for comparison for a
130:of values that is deemed normal for a
2811:Directly from percentages of interest
1456:, as in the diagram at right, where:
799:As can be given from, for example, a
283:population, and are sometimes termed
7:
4382:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1825:Sum/(n-1) : 0.068/11 = 0.0062
1285:These confidence intervals reflect
782:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {0.18}}=0.42}
4010:- Third Edition. Document C28-A3 (
3540:Davis, C.Q.; Hamilton, R. (2021).
3132:(Mean) - (individual measurement)
3005:of possible causative conditions.
2959:(Mean) - (individual measurement)
1351:In a log-normal distribution, the
25:
5096:Externally peer reviewed articles
2882:Probability of random variability
2375:From arithmetic mean and variance
835:{\displaystyle t_{0.975,11}=2.20}
4047:10.1111/j.1939-165X.2011.00287.x
3948:10.1001/jama.1996.03530480035037
3907:Folic Acid: Don't Be Without It!
3808:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2009.00393.x
3624:Table 1. Subject characteristics
3394:
3384:Reference ranges for blood tests
3357:Reference ranges for urine tests
3352:Reference ranges for blood tests
3296:congenital nonspherocytic anemia
1507:From logarithmized sample values
160:reference ranges for urine tests
156:reference ranges for blood tests
523:The following example of this (
468:When the sample size is large (
4872:Urine protein/creatinine ratio
2637:
2631:
2444:
2438:
2334:
2326:
2263:
2255:
2082:
2074:
1907:
1899:
1:
4339:Comprehensive metabolic panel
4035:Veterinary Clinical Pathology
3600:. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1353:geometric standard deviations
446:{\displaystyle t_{0.975,n-1}}
192:). The limits are called the
3596:Essential medical statistics
3050:Standard deviation (s.d.) โ
2914:Standard deviation (s.d.) โ
1289:, but do not compensate for
1161:Confidence interval of limit
224:to prevent the nontechnical
4275:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
4237:Total iron-binding capacity
3759:Problems of relative growth
3020:primary hyperparathyroidism
1461:Coefficient of variation =
1336:(at least when measured on
453:is the 97.5% quantile of a
378:(95% PI) is calculated as:
5127:
4661:Components and results of
4616:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
3885:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
3757:Huxley, Julian S. (1932).
3647:10.1093/clinchem/44.7.1535
3559:10.1007/s10633-021-09831-1
3308:inaccuracy and imprecision
2988:
2405:) and standard deviation (
758:−1) = 1.95/11 =0.18
338:
216:sometimes prefer the word
178:within the reference range
144:partial pressure of oxygen
3416:Mikael Hรคggstrรถm (2014).
3218:(not to be confused with
2852:prostate specific antigen
1859:standard deviation of log
1488:is the standard deviation
792:standard deviation (s.d.)
4867:Albumin/creatinine ratio
4792:Urine electrolyte levels
3927:10.1001/jama.274.13.1049
3741:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3340:electronic health record
3266:One-sided cut-off values
1454:coefficient of variation
455:Student's t-distribution
5049:CSF/serum glucose ratio
5026:CSF/serum albumin ratio
4145:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
4022:Reference Value Advisor
3883:Robbins Basic Pathology
3707:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
3425:WikiJournal of Medicine
3292:acyanotic heart disease
3057:(Mean) - (Upper limit)
2921:(Mean) - (Upper limit)
1326:log-normal distribution
1310:log-normal distribution
1300:Log-normal distribution
329:log-normal distribution
4758:Urine specific gravity
4578:Elevated transaminases
4270:Thyroid function tests
4232:Transferrin saturation
4092:Clinical biochemistry
3746:Glucose tolerance test
3212:Optimal (health) range
3189:(100% − 99.7%)/2
3003:differential diagnosis
2991:differential diagnosis
2843:
2798:
2709:
2593:
2510:
2362:
2291:
2217:
2045:
1850:
1551:Fasting plasma glucose
1530:fasting plasma glucose
1494:is the arithmetic mean
1449:
1321:
1320:(after logarithmizing)
1148:
993:
836:
783:
540:Fasting plasma glucose
529:fasting plasma glucose
511:
447:
351:
239:differential diagnosis
4821:Microscopic hematuria
4372:Lactate dehydrogenase
4334:Basic metabolic panel
4265:ACTH stimulation test
4018:)Wayne, PA, USA, 2008
3438:10.15347/WJM/2014.001
3255:toxicity of vitamin A
2839:
2799:
2710:
2594:
2511:
2383:By assuming that the
2363:
2292:
2218:
2046:
1851:
1447:
1307:
1149:
994:
837:
784:
512:
448:
348:
339:Further information:
319:Establishment methods
254:binary classification
212:โrelated publishing,
206:lower limit of normal
202:lower reference limit
198:upper limit of normal
194:upper reference limit
171:optimal health ranges
4697:Urine pregnancy test
4392:Liver function tests
4247:Transferrin receptor
3855:Kirkup, Les (2002).
3379:Medical technologist
3207:Optimal health range
2848:bimodal distribution
2841:Bimodal distribution
2832:Bimodal distribution
2722:
2609:
2523:
2416:
2304:
2233:
2061:
1886:
1830:
1574:(FPG) deviation from
1006:
851:
807:
763:
476:
418:
252:is a limit used for
186:within normal limits
5000:Cerebrospinal fluid
4889:Bence Jones protein
4746:Chemical properties
4408:Serum total protein
4403:Human serum albumin
3272:cancer antigen 19-9
1387:Difference ratio =
376:prediction interval
360:standard deviations
356:normal distribution
335:Normal distribution
325:normal distribution
313:general determinant
260:Standard definition
152:health professional
114:-related fields, a
5111:Clinical pathology
4692:Leukocyte esterase
4180:Arterial blood gas
3634:Clinical Chemistry
3369:Clinical pathology
3216:therapeutic target
3039:standard deviation
2903:standard deviation
2844:
2794:
2705:
2589:
2506:
2358:
2287:
2213:
2211:
2041:
2039:
1846:
1450:
1322:
1308:Some functions of
1144:
989:
832:
779:
507:
463:degrees of freedom
443:
352:
277:Range (statistics)
120:reference interval
5073:
5072:
4998:Medical tests on
4965:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4832:White blood cells
4801:Abnormal findings
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4557:
4556:
4510:Blood sugar level
4489:Pancreatic lipase
4327:Total cholesterol
4157:Serum osmolal gap
4152:Plasma osmolality
3892:978-1-4160-2973-1
3866:978-0-521-79737-5
3768:978-0-486-61114-3
3714:978-0-07-149868-5
3607:978-0-86542-871-3
3485:978-0-443-10186-1
3302:General drawbacks
3231:folate deficiency
3220:biological target
3008:In this case, an
2825:statistical power
2786:
2769:
2682:
2651:
2587:
2570:
2566:
2489:
2485:
2458:
2332:
2310:
2261:
2239:
2195:
2194:
2148:
2147:
2080:
2020:
2019:
1973:
1972:
1905:
1877:
1876:
1838:
1585:Squared deviation
1130:
1129:
1088:
1087:
1026:
975:
974:
933:
932:
871:
797:
796:
771:
556:Squared deviation
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
5118:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4969:
4862:Microalbuminuria
4805:
4770:Urine osmolality
4655:
4648:
4641:
4632:
4600:Hyperproteinemia
4566:
4506:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4032:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3930:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3754:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3640:(7): 1535โ1539.
3621:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3422:
3412:reviewer reports
3405:
3398:
3280:threshold values
3190:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3121:Standard score (
3107:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2948:Standard score (
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2876:monitoring tests
2868:diagnostic tests
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2652:
2644:
2621:
2620:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2459:
2451:
2428:
2427:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2311:
2308:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2240:
2237:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2101:
2100:
2081:
2078:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1903:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1545:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1334:negative numbers
1291:systematic error
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1260:= 4.4 + 2.81 ร
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1024:
998:
996:
995:
990:
976:
967:
966:
934:
928:
917:
916:
911:
910:
869:
841:
839:
838:
833:
825:
824:
788:
786:
785:
780:
772:
767:
534:
516:
514:
513:
508:
500:
499:
452:
450:
449:
444:
442:
441:
409:
407:
406:
383:95% PI = mean ยฑ
96:
89:
82:
30:
21:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5053:
5030:
5007:
4996:
4966:
4957:
4931:
4922:Hyperuricosuria
4899:Small molecules
4893:
4844:
4826:
4809:Red blood cells
4796:
4787:Urine anion gap
4741:
4665:
4659:
4629:
4620:
4604:
4593:Hypoalbuminemia
4588:Hypoproteinemia
4553:
4527:
4501:Small molecules
4495:
4465:
4386:
4343:
4281:
4251:
4208:
4198:
4161:
4096:
4090:
4030:
4025:
4003:
4001:Further reading
3998:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3942:(24): 1893โ96.
3933:
3921:(13): 1049โ57.
3912:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3880:
3879:Table 20-4 in:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3828:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3769:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3490:
3486:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3420:
3415:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3365:
3348:
3304:
3268:
3209:
3193:68โ95โ99.7 rule
3188:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2998:ionized calcium
2994:
2987:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2884:
2860:
2834:
2813:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2342:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2271:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2210:
2209:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2133:
2105:
2092:
2085:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2037:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1958:
1930:
1917:
1910:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1801:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1555:
1553:
1509:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1438:
1429:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1365:
1338:absolute scales
1302:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:= 4.4 - 2.81 ร
1207:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1073:
1051:
1004:
1003:
918:
896:
849:
848:
810:
805:
804:
789:
761:
760:
759:
744:
557:
549:
544:
542:
479:
474:
473:
421:
416:
415:
397:
395:
393:
382:
372:arithmetic mean
343:
341:68โ95โ99.7 rule
337:
321:
270:standard ranges
262:
167:reference group
116:reference range
100:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4884:Hemoglobinuria
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4840:Eosinophiluria
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:Hypersthenuria
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Cardiac marker
4353:
4351:
4349:Cardiovascular
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:Hemoglobin A1c
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4130:Renal function
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4041:(1): 107โ112.
4019:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3990:10.1101/213892
3975:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3931:
3899:
3891:
3872:
3865:
3843:
3782:
3767:
3749:
3732:
3720:
3713:
3690:
3683:
3661:
3613:
3606:
3583:
3552:(2): 155โ170.
3546:Doc Ophthalmol
3532:
3505:
3484:
3461:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3303:
3300:
3276:cut-off values
3267:
3264:
3208:
3205:
3185:
3184:
3114:standard score
3110:
3109:
3043:absolute value
2986:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2941:standard score
2937:
2936:
2907:absolute value
2883:
2880:
2859:
2856:
2833:
2830:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2397:
2390:
2385:expected value
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2224:
2223:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2051:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1364:
1361:
1357:geometric mean
1301:
1298:
1277:
1276:
1250:
1249:
1217:
1216:
1193:
1192:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1000:
999:
988:
985:
982:
979:
973:
970:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
931:
927:
924:
921:
914:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
831:
828:
823:
820:
817:
813:
795:
794:
778:
775:
770:
752:
749:
734:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
554:
548:Deviation from
546:
537:
506:
503:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
412:
411:
387:
364:expected value
336:
333:
320:
317:
261:
258:
220:over the word
200:(ULN) and the
102:
101:
99:
98:
91:
84:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5123:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4927:Aminoaciduria
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:Bilirubinuria
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Myoglobinuria
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:Urinary casts
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Ketone bodies
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:Hyperuricemia
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4523:Hyperglycemia
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:AST/ALT ratio
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:transaminases
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Troponin test
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Triglycerides
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:Blood glucose
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:1-56238-682-4
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3802:(4): 518โ25.
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3697:Last page of
3694:
3691:
3686:
3684:9780323292061
3680:
3676:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3521:(11): 841โ5.
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:Hypercalcemia
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2874:tests, while
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:medical tests
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2846:In case of a
2842:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2071:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1896:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1864:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:(for example
1514:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1001:
986:
983:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
929:
925:
922:
919:
912:
907:
904:
901:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
847:
846:
845:
842:
829:
826:
821:
818:
815:
811:
802:
793:
776:
773:
768:
757:
753:
750:
747:
742:
738:
735:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
561:
555:
553:
547:
541:
538:
536:
535:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
504:
501:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
405:
401:
391:
386:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
347:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
311:or any other
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
290:
289:normal values
286:
285:normal ranges
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:physiological
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
97:
92:
90:
85:
83:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
31:
19:
5006:82000-84999)
4953:Crystalluria
4763:Isosthenuria
4712:Urobilinogen
4583:Elevated ALP
4549:Hypouricemia
4518:Hypoglycemia
4454:Unconjugated
4419:
4102:Electrolytes
4038:
4034:
4007:
3978:
3966:
3939:
3935:
3918:
3914:
3902:
3897:8th edition.
3882:
3875:
3856:
3846:
3832:cite journal
3799:
3796:Hemodial Int
3795:
3785:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3735:
3702:
3693:
3674:
3664:
3637:
3633:
3595:
3590:Page 48 in:
3586:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3475:
3465:
3428:
3424:
3393:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:variability.
3319:Determinants
3305:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3247:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3201:has occurred
3200:
3197:
3186:
3152:1.15 - 1.30
3122:
3111:
3077:1.15 - 1.25
3036:
3033:
3028:has occurred
3027:
3024:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2976:
2949:
2938:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2861:
2845:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2601:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2225:
2053:
1878:
1867:
1858:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1577:
1562:
1534:
1527:
1523:exponentiate
1517:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1451:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1379:
1377:
1369:electrolytes
1366:
1350:
1346:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1295:
1287:random error
1284:
1281:
1278:
1257:
1253:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1156:
843:
798:
791:
755:
745:
740:
736:
559:
551:
524:
522:
518:
469:
467:
458:
413:
403:
399:
389:
384:
367:
353:
322:
308:
304:
300:
297:
292:
288:
284:
281:
274:
269:
267:
263:
249:
245:
243:
229:
221:
217:
214:style sheets
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:) are those
181:
177:
175:
170:
164:
119:
115:
105:
42:
33:
18:Normal range
5044:CSF glucose
5021:CSF albumin
4943:Bacteriuria
4858:Albuminuria
4850:Proteinuria
4663:urine tests
4532:Nitrogenous
4367:CPK-MB test
4307:Lipid panel
4242:Transferrin
4190:Bicarbonate
4185:Base excess
4094:blood tests
3324:test-retest
3259:variability
2862:In case of
2331:upper limit
2309:Upper limit
2260:lower limit
2238:Lower limit
2079:upper limit
1904:lower limit
751:Mean = 0.00
737:Mean = 5.33
350:population.
234:necessarily
210:health care
68:Vital signs
5080:Categories
4907:Glycosuria
4753:Urinalysis
4722:Creatinine
4670:Components
4459:Conjugated
4287:Metabolism
4227:Serum iron
4214:Iron tests
4135:Creatinine
3761:. London.
3390:References
3251:deficiency
1810:Mean: 1.67
1799:Mean: 5.33
1779:Subject 12
1762:Subject 11
1745:Subject 10
1587:from mean
1428:log-normal
1411:log-normal
1396:log-normal
720:Subject 12
706:Subject 11
692:Subject 10
558:from mean
208:(LLN). In
136:creatinine
4912:Ketonuria
4817:Hematuria
4717:Bilirubin
4682:Myoglobin
4449:Bilirubin
4399:Proteins
4377:Myoglobin
4175:Anion gap
4167:Acid-base
4115:Potassium
3777:476909537
3494:cite book
3455:Q44275619
3447:2002-4436
3406:license (
3310:include:
3288:NT-proBNP
3239:uric acid
3235:Vitamin D
2872:screening
2727:σ
2641:−
2629:
2614:μ
2528:σ
2448:−
2436:
2421:μ
2324:
2253:
2198:×
2183:×
2155:σ
2151:×
2128:×
2120:−
2094:μ
2072:
2023:×
2008:×
2002:−
1980:σ
1976:×
1953:×
1945:−
1928:−
1919:μ
1897:
1791:0.000441
1774:0.004761
1757:0.003721
1740:0.014641
1728:Subject 9
1723:0.009801
1711:Subject 8
1706:0.002401
1694:Subject 7
1689:0.019881
1677:Subject 6
1672:0.002401
1660:Subject 5
1655:0.007921
1643:Subject 4
1638:0.000441
1626:Subject 3
1621:0.000441
1609:Subject 2
1604:0.000841
1592:Subject 1
1556:in mmol/L
1363:Necessity
1133:×
1118:×
1091:×
1068:×
978:×
963:×
957:−
936:×
913:×
894:−
678:Subject 9
664:Subject 8
650:Subject 7
636:Subject 6
622:Subject 5
608:Subject 4
594:Subject 3
580:Subject 2
566:Subject 1
545:in mmol/L
502:≃
494:−
461:−1
436:−
305:age group
250:threshold
218:reference
204:(LRL) or
196:(URL) or
150:or other
148:physician
142:, or the
34:Reference
5106:Research
5065:Baricity
4948:Chyluria
4782:Urine pH
4562:Proteins
4539:Azotemia
4471:Pancreas
4257:Hormones
4222:Ferritin
4120:Chloride
4055:21366659
3851:Page 111
3824:24963421
3816:19758299
3578:33880667
3451:Wikidata
3363:See also
3346:Examples
1373:hormones
1342:skewness
1165:The 90%
392:−1
128:interval
108:medicine
5036:Glucose
5013:Albumin
4707:Glucose
4677:Albumin
4479:Amylase
4204:Lactate
4199:content
4125:Calcium
3985:bioRxiv
3956:8648869
3669:Page 65
3656:9665434
3569:8494724
3527:7153721
3470:Page 19
3179:
3167:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3127:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3072:
3068:
3052:
2985:Example
2970:
2954:
2932:
2916:
1481:where:
1475:
1463:
1421:where:
1415:
1398:- Limit
1389:
1268:√
1265:⁄
1256:of the
1241:√
1238:⁄
1229:of the
1206:√
1203:⁄
1183:√
1180:⁄
396:√
176:Values
138:in the
126:or the
122:is the
4484:Lipase
4110:Sodium
4053:
4014:
3987:
3954:
3889:
3863:
3822:
3814:
3775:
3765:
3711:
3681:
3654:
3604:
3576:
3566:
3525:
3482:
3453:
3445:
3243:toxins
3227:folate
3154:|
3150:|
3134:|
3130:|
3106:= 0.05
3079:|
3075:|
3059:|
3055:|
2961:|
2957:|
2923:|
2919:|
2409:) as:
1836:0.0062
1554:(FPG)
1437:normal
1403:|
1400:normal
1392:|
1025:
870:
729:0.017
715:0.137
701:0.109
687:0.397
673:0.325
659:0.073
645:0.533
631:0.073
617:0.221
603:0.017
589:0.017
575:0.029
543:(FPG)
414:where
388:0.975,
293:normal
246:cutoff
230:normal
226:senses
222:normal
112:health
36:ranges
5058:Other
4936:Other
4609:Other
4031:(PDF)
3820:S2CID
3431:(1).
3421:(PDF)
2792:0.079
2201:0.079
2111:0.975
2026:0.079
1936:0.975
1863:(FPG)
1844:0.079
1788:0.021
1771:0.069
1754:0.061
1737:0.121
1720:0.099
1703:0.049
1686:0.141
1669:0.049
1652:0.089
1635:0.021
1618:0.021
1601:0.029
1576:mean
1567:(FPG)
1538:as a
1435:Limit
1426:Limit
1409:Limit
1394:Limit
1275:โ 4.7
1248:โ 4.1
1057:0.975
902:0.975
816:0.975
754:Sum/(
726:-0.13
698:-0.33
684:-0.63
642:-0.73
600:-0.13
586:-0.13
550:mean
485:0.975
472:โฅ30)
457:with
427:0.975
327:or a
140:blood
124:range
63:Feces
53:Urine
48:Blood
4140:Urea
4051:PMID
4012:ISBN
3952:PMID
3887:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3853:in:
3838:link
3812:PMID
3773:OCLC
3763:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3671:in:
3652:PMID
3626:in:
3602:ISBN
3574:PMID
3523:PMID
3500:link
3480:ISBN
3472:in:
3443:ISSN
3414:):
3408:2012
3253:and
3176:0.05
3170:0.15
3160:0.05
3140:s.d.
3125:) =
3112:The
2967:s.d.
2952:) =
2939:The
2901:The
2870:and
2767:5.33
2764:0.42
2703:1.67
2680:5.33
2677:0.42
2635:5.33
2565:s.d.
2484:s.d.
2407:s.d.
2394:and
2348:1.85
2277:1.49
2207:1.85
2180:2.20
2174:1.67
2032:1.49
2005:2.20
1999:1.67
1785:1.65
1768:1.74
1751:1.61
1734:1.55
1717:1.77
1700:1.72
1683:1.53
1666:1.72
1649:1.76
1632:1.65
1615:1.65
1598:1.70
1540:base
1513:base
1486:s.d.
1466:s.d.
1355:and
1263:0.42
1236:0.42
1142:6.3.
1136:0.42
1115:2.20
1109:5.33
981:0.42
960:2.20
954:5.33
830:2.20
777:0.42
769:0.18
712:0.37
670:0.57
656:0.27
628:0.27
614:0.47
572:0.17
402:+1)/
309:race
158:and
110:and
43:In:
5004:CPT
4732:WBC
4727:RBC
4687:hCG
4570:LFT
4444:GGT
4432:AST
4427:ALT
4415:ALP
4317:HDL
4312:LDL
4043:doi
3944:doi
3940:275
3923:doi
3919:274
3804:doi
3642:doi
3564:PMC
3554:doi
3550:143
3433:doi
3410:) (
3403:CC0
3278:or
3214:or
3195:).
3181:= 3
3095:0.1
2731:log
2618:log
2532:log
2425:log
2398:log
2391:log
2356:6.4
2285:4.4
2159:log
2098:log
1984:log
1923:log
1871:log
1818:log
1782:5.2
1765:5.7
1748:5.0
1731:4.7
1714:5.9
1697:5.6
1680:4.6
1663:5.6
1646:5.8
1629:5.2
1612:5.2
1595:5.5
1581:log
1570:log
1559:log
1380:not
987:4.4
748:=12
723:5.2
709:5.7
681:4.7
667:5.9
653:5.6
639:4.6
625:5.6
611:5.8
597:5.2
583:5.2
569:5.5
525:not
408:ยทsd
301:sex
287:or
248:or
228:of
190:WNL
182:WRR
118:or
106:In
58:CSF
5082::
4195:CO
4049:.
4039:40
4037:.
4033:.
3950:.
3938:.
3917:.
3834:}}
3830:{{
3818:.
3810:.
3800:13
3798:.
3794:.
3771:.
3744::
3723:^
3650:.
3638:44
3636:.
3632:.
3616:^
3572:.
3562:.
3548:.
3544:.
3519:20
3517:.
3496:}}
3492:{{
3449:.
3441:.
3427:.
3423:.
3298:.
3282:.
3165:=
3145:=
3090:=
3070:=
2854:.
2741:ln
2654:ln
2626:ln
2542:ln
2461:ln
2433:ln
2321:ln
2250:ln
2192:12
2189:13
2069:ln
2017:12
2014:13
1894:ln
1873:)
1857:=
1542::
1344:.
1270:12
1243:12
1200:SD
1177:SD
1127:12
1124:13
1063:11
972:12
969:13
908:11
822:11
790:=
743:)
505:2.
465:.
315:.
307:,
303:,
272:.
244:A
162:.
5002:(
4991:e
4984:t
4977:v
4860:/
4823:)
4819:(
4654:e
4647:t
4640:v
4197:2
4085:e
4078:t
4071:v
4057:.
4045::
3993:.
3958:.
3946::
3929:.
3925::
3895:.
3869:.
3840:)
3826:.
3806::
3779:.
3717:.
3687:.
3658:.
3644::
3610:.
3580:.
3556::
3529:.
3502:)
3488:.
3457:.
3435::
3429:1
3183:.
3173:/
3157:/
3137:/
3123:z
3108:.
3101:2
3098:/
3085:2
3082:/
3065:2
3062:/
2993:.
2973:.
2964:/
2950:z
2935:.
2929:2
2926:/
2789:=
2783:)
2777:2
2772:)
2759:(
2753:+
2750:1
2746:(
2736:=
2700:=
2696:)
2690:2
2685:)
2672:(
2666:+
2663:1
2659:(
2649:2
2646:1
2638:)
2632:(
2623:=
2584:)
2578:2
2573:)
2568:m
2560:(
2554:+
2551:1
2547:(
2537:=
2503:)
2497:2
2492:)
2487:m
2479:(
2473:+
2470:1
2466:(
2456:2
2453:1
2445:)
2442:m
2439:(
2430:=
2403:m
2396:ฯ
2389:ฮผ
2353:=
2344:e
2340:=
2335:)
2327:(
2317:e
2313:=
2282:=
2273:e
2269:=
2264:)
2256:(
2246:e
2242:=
2204:=
2177:+
2171:=
2145:n
2141:1
2138:+
2135:n
2123:1
2117:n
2114:,
2107:t
2103:+
2090:=
2083:)
2075:(
2035:,
2029:=
1996:=
1970:n
1966:1
1963:+
1960:n
1948:1
1942:n
1939:,
1932:t
1915:=
1908:)
1900:(
1868:ฯ
1866:(
1861:e
1841:=
1820:)
1815:ฮผ
1813:(
1806:)
1804:m
1802:(
1578:ฮผ
1572:e
1563:e
1535:e
1518:e
1492:m
1472:m
1469:/
1406:/
1318:ฯ
1314:ฮผ
1215:,
1209:n
1186:n
1139:=
1112:+
1106:=
1103:.
1100:d
1097:.
1094:s
1085:n
1081:1
1078:+
1075:n
1060:,
1053:t
1049:+
1046:m
1043:=
1040:t
1037:i
1034:m
1031:i
1028:l
1022:r
1019:e
1016:p
1013:p
1010:U
984:=
951:=
948:.
945:d
942:.
939:s
930:n
926:1
923:+
920:n
905:,
898:t
891:m
888:=
885:t
882:i
879:m
876:i
873:l
867:r
864:e
861:w
858:o
855:L
827:=
819:,
812:t
774:=
756:n
746:n
741:m
739:(
695:5
560:m
552:m
497:1
491:n
488:,
481:t
470:n
459:n
439:1
433:n
430:,
423:t
410:,
404:n
400:n
398:(
394:ยท
390:n
385:t
368:n
188:(
180:(
95:e
88:t
81:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.