200:, for which he developed the Formulating Hypotheses test. Each item in the test presented a description of a situation and asked the examinee to generate as many causes for that situation as he or she could. In a series of research studies using the test, Frederiksen and his colleagues demonstrated that this open-ended technique was able to measure divergent thinking skills that were considerably different from the convergent ones tapped by multiple-choice versions of the test.
162:, under whom he worked during war-time leave on a project concerning the selection and training of naval personnel (1942–1947). Frederiksen began his association with ETS, where Gulliksen also was affiliated, soon after the naval project ended, authoring the second research report released by the fledgling testing organization. He remained on the faculty of Princeton University, however, until 1955, rising to the rank of associate professor.
193:,” which he described in a book of that title, published by the American Psychological Association in 1957. The test presented the examinee with a collection of memos, mail, telephone messages, and the like, which needed to be prioritized and acted upon. Today, the in-basket test is used throughout the world to assess applicants for managerial jobs in a wide variety of industries.
204:
for success in educational environments and that the heavy dependence in educational testing on that format had a narrowing effect on classroom instruction. That theoretical position motivated much of his research and it is one that continues to motivate research and development throughout the field of educational testing today.
218:
In 2010, the ETS board of trustees created the Norman O. Frederiksen Chair in
Assessment Innovation. The resolution establishing the chair called for it to be filled by "a highly accomplished researcher and scholar whose work builds on and expands the academic and intellectual traditions exemplified
112:
testing, which he felt negatively influenced school curricula and classroom practice. Much of his research centered upon creating and evaluating alternative approaches to the measurement of knowledge and skill, which he pursued over a 40-year career at
Educational Testing Service (ETS) in Princeton,
203:
Frederiksen’s work in the measurement of problem solving and creativity led to his publication in 1984 of a now-classic article, “The Real Test Bias: Influences of
Testing on Teaching and Learning.” The article’s thesis was that multiple-choice formats measured only a subset of the skills important
108:, an approach to educational and occupational testing that focused on the use of tasks similar to the ones individuals actually encounter in real classroom and work environments. In keeping with the philosophy underlying this approach, Frederiksen was a critic of
165:
At ETS, Frederiksen’s research centered on assessment innovation, in particular on devising ways to measure complex problem solving in education and in occupational settings, often through the use of "constructed-response" (i.e.,
117:
Award for
Distinguished Contributions to Knowledge in 1984 and, by the time of his retirement from ETS, had attained the position of Distinguished Scientist, the organization's highest-ranking scientific title at that time.
293:
Ryans, D.G.; Frederiksen, N. (1951). "Performance tests of educational achievement". In E.F. Lindquist (Ed.), Educational
Measurement. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education. pp. 455–494.
189:
included co-authoring an early chapter on its use in education in the first edition of
Educational Measurement, edited by E. F. Linquist, and published in 1951. He invented the “
138:, who was later to be widely recognized for his multi-faceted theory of human abilities. Upon completion of his master's, Frederiksen moved to Syracuse University to study under
371:
126:
Norman
Frederiksen was born on February 9, 1909, on a farm near Siebert, Colorado, and grew up in Fairbury, Nebraska, to which his family had moved. He attended
409:
304:
Frederiksen, N.; Saunders, D.R.; Wand, B. (1957). "The In-Basket Test". Psychological
Monographs: General and Applied, 71(9). pp. 86–88.
282:
Frederiksen, N.O. (1948). "The
Prediction of First Term Grades at Hamilton College (RB-48-02)". Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service.
315:
Frederiksen, N. (1959). "Development of the Test "Formulating
Hypotheses": A Progress Report". Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service.
243:
Frederiksen, N. (1984). "The Real Test Bias: Influences of Testing on Teaching and Learning". American Psychologist, 39. pp. 193–202.
208:
114:
92:
186:
171:
105:
127:
134:
in 1931 to accept an assistantship and pursue a master's degree. At Nebraska, he studied under, and published with,
328:"Construct Validity of Free-Response and Machine Scorable Versions of a Test of Scientific Thinking (RB-78-15)"
131:
404:
399:
182:
brought to bear in real-world problem-solving and how to measure those processes in test situations.
147:
139:
219:
by the achievements of Dr. Norman O. Frederiksen." The first and current holder of the chair is
143:
220:
109:
211:(APA) Division of Evaluation, Measurement, and Statistics from 1970 to 1971. He died in
146:. Upon graduation, Frederiksen left Syracuse in the fall of 1937 to join the faculty of
327:
190:
135:
79:
158:
At Princeton University, Frederiksen met Harold Gulliksen, a professor and pioneering
393:
212:
175:
167:
159:
44:
260:
130:
from 1927 to 1931, graduating with an AB degree in psychology. He moved to the
349:
197:
372:"ETS Board of Trustees Establish Frederiksen Chair in Assessment Innovation"
179:
104:(1909-1998) was an American research psychologist and leading proponent of
196:
Frederiksen also applied his innovative techniques to the measurement of
142:, with whom he also published and who is today considered the founder of
32:
84:
The Real Test Bias: Influences of Testing on Teaching and Learning
178:
was grounded in theory, particularly in trying to understand the
95:
Award for Distinguished Contributions to Knowledge, 1984
326:
Ward, W.C.; Carlson, S.B.; Frederiksen, N.O. (1978).
88:
74:
66:
58:
50:
38:
25:
18:
263:. American Psychologist, 40(3). pp. 320–324
238:
236:
330:. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service
254:
252:
250:
8:
259:American Psychological Association (1985).
352:. Town Topics, LXII(48). November 26, 2008
174:. The approach he took to test design and
15:
232:
7:
209:American Psychological Association’s
115:American Psychological Association's
410:20th-century American psychologists
350:"Obituaries: Margaret Frederiksen"
113:NJ. For his work, he received the
93:American Psychological Association
14:
207:Frederiksen was president of the
1:
128:Nebraska Wesleyan University
374:. Market Wire. May 21, 2010
426:
102:Norman “Fritz” Frederiksen
187:performance assessment
185:Frederiksen's work on
132:University of Nebraska
106:performance assessment
54:Research Psychologist
20:Norman O. Frederiksen
261:"Norman Frederiksen"
148:Princeton University
180:cognitive processes
172:performance tasks
144:social psychology
99:
98:
70:1930s–1990s
417:
384:
383:
381:
379:
368:
362:
361:
359:
357:
346:
340:
339:
337:
335:
323:
317:
316:
312:
306:
305:
301:
295:
294:
290:
284:
283:
279:
273:
272:
270:
268:
256:
245:
244:
240:
221:Randy E. Bennett
29:February 9, 1909
16:
425:
424:
420:
419:
418:
416:
415:
414:
390:
389:
388:
387:
377:
375:
370:
369:
365:
355:
353:
348:
347:
343:
333:
331:
325:
324:
320:
314:
313:
309:
303:
302:
298:
292:
291:
287:
281:
280:
276:
266:
264:
258:
257:
248:
242:
241:
234:
229:
160:psychometrician
156:
124:
110:multiple-choice
83:
43:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
423:
421:
413:
412:
407:
402:
392:
391:
386:
385:
363:
341:
318:
307:
296:
285:
274:
246:
231:
230:
228:
225:
191:in-basket test
155:
152:
136:J. P. Guilford
123:
120:
97:
96:
90:
89:Notable awards
86:
85:
80:In-Basket Test
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
40:
36:
35:
27:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
422:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
395:
373:
367:
364:
351:
345:
342:
329:
322:
319:
311:
308:
300:
297:
289:
286:
278:
275:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
239:
237:
233:
226:
224:
222:
216:
214:
213:Princeton, NJ
210:
205:
201:
199:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:free response
163:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
140:Floyd Allport
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
116:
111:
107:
103:
94:
91:
87:
81:
77:
75:Notable works
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:Princeton, NJ
41:
37:
34:
28:
24:
17:
376:. Retrieved
366:
354:. Retrieved
344:
332:. Retrieved
321:
310:
299:
288:
277:
265:. Retrieved
217:
206:
202:
195:
184:
164:
157:
125:
101:
100:
405:1998 deaths
400:1909 births
122:Early years
59:Nationality
394:Categories
227:References
198:creativity
176:validation
51:Occupation
215:in 1998.
31:Siebert,
356:April 5,
334:April 5,
267:April 4,
62:American
33:Colorado
378:May 29,
170:) and
154:Career
67:Period
380:2010
358:2010
336:2010
269:2010
78:The
42:1998
39:Died
26:Born
396::
249:^
235:^
223:.
150:.
382:.
360:.
338:.
271:.
82:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.