Exam - Knowledge (XXG)

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diagnose a test taker's difficulty with certain concepts. As an educational tool, multiple-choice items test many levels of learning as well as a test taker's ability to integrate information, and it provides feedback to the test taker about why distractors were wrong and why correct answers were right. Nevertheless, there are difficulties associated with the use of multiple-choice questions. In administrative terms, multiple-choice items that are effective usually take a great time to construct. As an educational tool, multiple-choice items do not allow test takers to demonstrate knowledge beyond the choices provided and may even encourage guessing or approximation due to the presence of at least one correct answer. For instance, a test taker might not work out explicitly that

655:...with no intention of commending either the religion or the imperialism of China, we could not see why the fact that the most enlightened and enduring government of the Eastern world had acquired an examination as to the merits of candidates for office, should any more deprive the American people of that advantage, if it might be an advantage, than the facts that Confucius had taught political morality, and the people of China had read books, used the compass, gunpowder, and the multiplication table, during centuries when this continent was a wilderness, should deprive our people of those conveniences. 1705:

overall course grade or score do not require the test taker to spend much time preparing for the test. Conversely, nonstandardized tests that are long, infrequent, and do constitute a major portion of the test taker's overall course grade or score usually require the test taker to spend great amounts of time preparing for the test. To prepare for a nonstandardized test, test takers may rely upon their reference books, class or lecture notes, Internet, and past experience. Test takers may also use various learning aids to study for tests such as

775:. In contrast, universities in the United States use an applicant's test score on the SAT or ACT as just one of their many admission criteria to determine whether an applicant should be admitted into one of its undergraduate programs. The other criteria in this case may include the applicant's grades from high school, extracurricular activities, personal statement, and letters of recommendations. Once admitted, undergraduate students in the United Kingdom or United States may be required by their respective programs to take a 1761:

write tests with few multiple-choice options, based on the theory that fully worked answers are difficult to imitate. In some cases, instructors themselves may not administer their own tests but will leave the task to other instructors or invigilators, which may mean that the invigilators do not know the candidates, and thus some form of identification may be required. Finally, instructors or test providers may compare the answers of suspected cheaters on the test themselves to determine whether cheating did occur.

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the word bank are used exactly once. If a teacher wanted to create a test of medium difficulty, they would provide a test with a word bank, but some words may be used more than once and others not at all. The hardest variety of such a test is a fill-in-the-blank test in which no word bank is provided at all. This generally requires a higher level of understanding and memory than a multiple-choice test. Because of this, fill-in-the-blank tests with no word bank are often feared by students.

91: 604:, were familiar with Chinese history and institutions. The Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should be on the basis of merit determined through standardized written examination, that candidates should have a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy, and that promotion should be through achievement, rather than 'preferment, patronage, or purchase'. 1266:

their answers. In turn, it takes more time to score or grade these items. When these items are being scored or graded, the grading process itself becomes subjective as non-test related information may influence the process. Thus, considerable effort is required to minimize the subjectivity of the grading process. Finally, as an assessment tool, essay questions may potentially be unreliable in assessing the entire content of a subject matter.

1646:; "finals" or the "finals period" at the university level constitutes two or three weeks after the end of the academic term, but sometimes exams are administered in the last week of instruction. Some institutions designate a "study week" or "reading period" between the end of instruction and the beginning of finals, during which no examinations may be administered. Students at many institutions know the week before finals as " 1273:, which direct the examinee to respond in a particular way, for example by describing or defining a concept, or comparing and contrasting two or more scenarios or events. Some command words require more insight or skill than others: for example, "analyse" and "synthesise" assess higher-level skills than "describe". More demanding command words usually attract greater mark weighting in the examination. In the UK, 671: 76: 201: 292:. The regular higher level degree examination cycle was decreed in 1067 to be 3 years but this triennial cycle only existed in nominal terms. In practice both before and after this, the examinations were irregularly implemented for significant periods of time: thus, the calculated statistical averages for the number of degrees conferred annually should be understood in this context. The 1097: 338: 1380: 330: 1717:, demand for private tuition has increased significantly in recent years. Finally, test takers may rely upon past copies of a test from previous years or semesters to study for a future test. These past tests may be provided by a friend or a group that has copies of previous tests or by instructors and their institutions, or by the test provider (such as an 523:. These were chiefly oral in the form of a question or answer, disputation, determination, defense, or public lecture. The candidate gave a public lecture of two prepared passages assigned to him from the civil or canon law, and then doctors asked him questions, or expressed objections to answers. Evidence of written examinations do not appear until 1702 at 1357:

intellectual than questions on a closed-book exam. Rather than testing what facts test takers know, open-book exams force them to apply the facts to a broader question. The main benefit that is seen from open-book tests is that they are a better preparation for the real world where one does not have to memorize and has anything they need at their disposal.

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test banks to university instructors who adopt their published books for their courses. These test banks may contain up to four thousand sample test questions that have been peer-reviewed and time-tested. The instructor who chooses to use this testbank would only have to select a fixed number of test questions from this test bank to construct a test.

280:. Included in the expanded examination system was a military exam that tested physical ability, but the military exam never had a significant impact on the Chinese officer corps and military degrees were seen as inferior to their civil counterpart. The exact nature of Wu's influence on the examination system is still a matter of scholarly debate. 1134:

test items that are widely used by educators and test developers to construct paper or computer-based tests. As a result, these tests may consist of only one type of test item format (e.g., multiple-choice test, essay test) or may have a combination of different test item formats (e.g., a test that has multiple-choice and essay items).

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future such as a test taker's eligibility to attend a specific university program or to enter a desired profession. It is not unusual for test takers to prepare for standardized tests by relying upon commercially available books that provide in-depth coverage of the standardized test or compilations of previous tests (e.g.,

1281:'s guidance on the use of command words advises that they should be used "consistently and correctly", but notes that some subjects have their own traditions and expectations in regard to candidates' responses, and Cambridge Assessment notes that in some cases, subject-specific command words may be in used. 647:, in which he urged the United States government to adopt the Chinese examination system. Like in Britain, many of the American elites scorned the plan to implement competitive examinations, which they considered foreign, Chinese, and "un-American." As a result, the civil services reform introduced into the 1612:

or final project in some courses. The weighting of the final exam also varies. It may be the largest—or only—factor in the student's course grade; in other cases, it may carry the same weight as a midterm exam, or the student may be exempted. Not all finals need be cumulative, however, as some simply

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is a brief assessment which may cover a small amount of material that was given in a class. Some of them cover two to three lectures that were given in a period of times as a reading section or a given exercise in were the most important part of the class was summarize. However, a simple quiz usually

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Items such as short answer or essay typically require a test taker to write a response to fulfill the requirements of the item. In administrative terms, essay items take less time to construct. As an assessment tool, essay items can test complex learning objectives as well as processes used to answer

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Criterion-referenced tests are designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of criteria or learning standards. It is possible for all test takers to pass, just like it is possible for all test takers to fail. These tests can use individual's scores to focus on improving the skills that

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When the report was brought up in parliament in 1853, Lord Monteagle argued against the implementation of open examinations because it was a Chinese system and China was not an "enlightened country." Lord Stanley called the examinations the "Chinese Principle." The Earl of Granville did not deny this

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The process of test construction has been aided in several ways. For one, many test developers were themselves students at one time, and therefore are able to modify or outright adopt questions from their previous tests. In some countries, book publishers often provide teaching packages that include

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Some performance tests are simulations. For instance, the assessment to become certified as an ophthalmic technician includes two components, a multiple-choice examination and a computerized skill simulation. The examinee must demonstrate the ability to complete seven tasks commonly performed on the

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A test developer's choice of which style or format to use when developing a written test is usually arbitrary given that there is no single invariant standard for testing. Be that as it may, certain test styles and formats have become more widely used than others. Below is a list of those formats of

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near London for training of the East India Company's administrators in India. This was based on the recommendations of British East India Company officials serving in China and had seen the Imperial examinations. In 1829, the company introduced civil service examinations in India on a limited basis.

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that provide extensive or supplementary instructions to test takers to help them better prepare for a standardized test. In Hong Kong, it has been suggested that the tutors running such centers are celebrities in their own right. This has led to private tuition being a popular career choice for new

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As with test constructions, the time needed for a test taker to prepare for a test is dependent upon the frequency of the test, the test developer, and the significance of the test. In general, nonstandardized tests that are short, frequent, and do not constitute a major portion of the test taker's

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that requires a student to write a freehand response. Marks are given more for the steps taken than for the correct answer. If the question has multiple parts, later parts may use answers from previous sections, and marks may be granted if an earlier incorrect answer was used but the correct method

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A fill-in-the-blank item provides a test taker with identifying characteristics and requires the test taker to recall the correct term. There are two types of fill-in-the-blank tests. The easier version provides a word bank of possible words that will fill in the blanks. For some exams all words in

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There are several reasons to using multiple-choice questions in tests. In terms of administration, multiple-choice questions usually requires less time for test takers to answer, are easy to score and grade, provide greater coverage of material, allows for a wide range of difficulty, and can easily

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When analyzed in the context of language texting in the naturalization processes, the ideology can be found from two distinct but nearly related points. One refers to the construction and deconstruction of the nation's constitutive elements that makes their own identity, while the second has a more

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Standardized tests are sometimes used by certain governing bodies to determine whether a test taker is allowed to practice a profession, to use a specific job title, or to claim competency in a specific set of skills. For example, a test taker who intends to become a lawyer is usually required by a

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in the United States requires individual states to develop assessments for students in certain grades. In practice, these assessments typically appear in the form of standardized tests. Test scores of students in specific grades of an educational institution are then used to determine the status of

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that the individual can perform. More specialised tests may be used to test ability to perform a particular job or role. Many gyms, private organisations and event organizers have their own fitness tests. Using military techniques developed by the British Army and modern test like Illinois Agility

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Formative assessments are informal and formal tests taken during the learning process. These assessments modify the later learning activities, to improve student achievement. They identify strengths and weaknesses and help target areas that need work. The goal of formative assessment is to monitor

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respectively as a requirement for graduation. These tests are used primarily to assess a student's proficiency in specific subjects such as mathematics, science, or literature. In contrast, high school students in other countries such as the United States may not be required to take a standardized

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Several common methods have been employed to combat cheating. They include the use of multiple proctors or invigilators during a testing period to monitor test takers. Test developers may construct multiple variants of the same test to be administered to different test takers at the same time, or

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on a test is the process of using unauthorized means or methods to obtain a desired test score or grade. This may range from bringing and using notes during a closed book examination, to copying another test taker's answer or choice of answers during an individual test, to sending a paid proxy to

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From the perspective of a test developer, there is great variability with respect to time and effort needed to prepare a test. Likewise, from the perspective of a test taker, there is also great variability with respect to the time and effort needed to obtain a desired grade or score on any given

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A take-home final is an examination at the end of an academic term that is usually too long or complex to be completed in a single session as an in-class final. There is usually a deadline for completion, such as within one or two weeks of the end of the semester. A take-home final differs from a

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An authentic assessment is the measurement of accomplishments within a realistic, practical context that is relevant outside of the school setting. For example, an authentic assessment of arithmetic skills is figuring out how much the family's groceries will cost this week. This provides as much

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dynasties, the system contributed to the narrow and focused nature of intellectual life and enhanced the autocratic power of the emperor. The system continued with some modifications until its abolition in 1905 during the last years of the Qing dynasty. The modern examination system for selecting

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Though not as popular as the closed-book test, open-book (or open-note) tests are slowly rising in popularity. An open-book test allows the test taker to access textbooks and all of their notes while taking the test. The questions asked on open-book exams are typically more thought provoking and

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The difficulties with essay items are primarily administrative: for example, test takers require adequate time to be able to compose their answers. When these questions are answered, the answers themselves are usually poorly written because test takers may not have time to organize and proofread

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Non-standardized tests are flexible in scope and format, and variable in difficulty. For example, a teacher may go around the classroom and ask each student a different question. Some questions will inevitably be harder than others, and the teacher may be more strict with the answers from better

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Unlike a nonstandardized test, the time needed by test takers to prepare for standardized tests is less variable and usually considerable. This is because standardized tests are usually uniform in scope, format, and difficulty and often have important consequences with respect to a test taker's

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In a test that has items formatted as multiple-choice questions, a candidate would be given a number of set answers for each question, and the candidate must choose which answer or group of answers is correct. There are two families of multiple-choice questions. The first family is known as the

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when the comparison group is students in the same classroom. Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance results of a statistically selected group of test takers,

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Tests are sometimes used as a tool to select for participants that have potential to succeed in a competition such as a sporting event. For example, skaters who wish to participate in figure skating competitions in the United States must pass official U.S. Figure Skating tests just to qualify.

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such as François Quesnay, whose theory of free trade was based on Chinese classical theory, were sinophiles bent on introducing "l'esprit chinois" to France. He also admits that French education was really based on Chinese literary examinations which were popularized in France by philosophers,

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the emperors expanded both examinations and the government school system, in part to counter the influence of hereditary nobility, increasing the number of degree holders to more than four to five times that of the Tang. From the Song dynasty onward, the examinations played the primary role in

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for aspiring lawyers may be a norm-referenced, standardized, summative assessment. This means that only the test takers with higher scores will pass, that all of them took the same test under the same circumstances and were graded with the same scoring standards, and that the test is meant to

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Grades or test scores from standardized test may also be used by universities to determine whether a student applicant should be admitted into one of its academic or professional programs. For example, universities in the United Kingdom admit applicants into their undergraduate programs based

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Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements. There is no general consensus or invariable standard for test formats and difficulty. Often, the format and difficulty of the test is dependent upon the educational philosophy of the instructor, subject matter, class size, policy of the educational

1217:, they would choose an answer close to 48. Moreover, test takers may misinterpret these items and in the process, perceive these items to be tricky or picky. Finally, multiple-choice items do not test a test taker's attitudes towards learning because correct responses can be easily faked. 901:

Summative assessments evaluate competence at the end of an instructional unit, with the goal of determining if the candidate has assimilated the knowledge or skills to the required standard. Summative assessments may cover a few days' instruction, an entire term's work in cases such as

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does not count very much, and instructors usually provide this type of test as a formative assessment to help determine whether the student is learning the material. In addition, doing this at the time the instructor collected all can make a significant part of the final course grade.

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selecting scholar-officials, who formed the literati elite of society. However the examinations co-existed with other forms of recruitment such as direct appointments for the ruling family, nominations, quotas, clerical promotions, sale of official titles, and special procedures for

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the question. The items can also provide a more realistic and generalizable task for test. Finally, these items make it difficult for test takers to guess the correct answers and require test takers to demonstrate their writing skills as well as correct spelling and grammar.

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cover the material presented since the last exam. For example, a microbiology course might only cover fungi and parasites on the final exam if this were the policy of the professor, and all other subjects presented in the course would then not be tested on the final exam.

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True/False questions present candidates with a binary choice – a statement is either true or false. This method presents problems, as depending on the number of questions, a significant number of candidates could get 100% just by guesswork, and should on average get 50%.

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test. When a test developer constructs a test, the amount of time and effort is dependent upon the significance of the test itself, the proficiency of the test taker, the format of the test, class size, deadline of the test, and experience of the test developer.

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exams were not a yearly event and should not be considered so; the annual average figures are a necessary artifact of quantitative analysis. The operations of the examination system were part of the imperial record keeping system, and the date of receiving the

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characteristic of the examinations was determined. However these examinations did not offer an official avenue to government appointment, the majority of which were filled through recommendations based on qualities such as social status, morals, and ability.

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Standardized tests are all tests that are administered and scored in a consistent manner, regardless of whether it is a quick quiz created by the local teacher or a heavily researched test given to millions of people. Standardized tests are often used in

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of the soldiers. After the War, industry began using tests to evaluate applicants for various jobs based on performance. In 1952, the first Advanced Placement (AP) test was administered to begin closing the gap between high schools and colleges.

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A test may be developed and administered by an instructor, a clinician, a governing body, or a test provider. In some instances, the developer of the test may not be directly responsible for its administration. For example, in the United States,

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An example is a behind-the-wheel driving test to obtain a driver's license. Rather than only answering simple multiple-choice items regarding the driving of an automobile, a student is required to actually drive one while being evaluated.

365:(794-1185). Like the Chinese examinations, the curriculum revolved around the Confucian canon. However, unlike in China, it was only ever applied to the minor nobility and so gradually faded away under the hereditary system during the 746:

test to graduate. Moreover, students in these countries usually take standardized tests only to apply for a position in a university program and are typically given the option of taking different standardized tests such as the

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Standardized tests are also used in certain countries to regulate immigration. For example, intended immigrants to Australia are legally required to pass a citizenship test as part of that country's naturalization process.

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considered "the candidates not having really undergone any examination whatsoever" because the qualification for a degree was merely four years of residence. France adopted the examination system in 1791 as a result of the

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translation of Ricci's journal in 1614. During the 18th century, the imperial examinations were often discussed in conjunction with Confucianism, which attracted great attention from contemporary European thinkers such as

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True/False question and it requires a test taker to choose all answers that are appropriate. The second family is known as One-Best-Answer question and it requires a test taker to answer only one from a list of answers.

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especially Voltaire. Western perception of China in the 18th century admired the Chinese bureaucratic system as favourable over European governments for its seeming meritocracy. However those who admired China such as

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tests on specific subjects to fulfill university-level credit. Depending on the policies of the test maker or country, administration of standardized tests may be done in a large hall, classroom, or testing center. A

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This established the principle of qualification process for civil servants in England. In 1847 and 1856, Thomas Taylor Meadows strongly recommended the adoption of the Chinese principle of competitive examinations in

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High-stakes tests are tests with important consequences for the individual test taker, such as getting a driver's license. A high-stakes test does not need to be a high-stress test, if the test taker is confident of

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Stop watch timing was common until recent years when hand timing had proven to be inaccurate and inconsistent. Electronic timing is the new standard in order to promote accuracy and consistency, and lessen bias.

454:(1552–1610), who viewed it and its Confucian appeal to rationalism favorably in comparison to religious reliance on "apocalypse." Knowledge of Confucianism and the examination system was disseminated broadly in 1639:, the exam period varies, with high schools commonly assigning one or two weeks for final exams, but the university period—sometimes called "exam week" or just "exams"—may stretch to a maximum of three weeks. 926:

Norm-referenced tests compare a student's performance against a national or other "norm" group. Only a certain percentage of test takers will get the best and worse scores. Norm-referencing is usually called

1487:. When used for personnel selection, the tests might be referred to as a work sample. A licensure example would be cosmetologists being required to demonstrate a haircut or manicure on a live person. The 1471:

A performance test is an assessment that requires an examinee to actually perform a task or activity, rather than simply answering questions referring to specific parts. The purpose is to ensure greater

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Competitive exams are norm-referenced, high-stakes tests in which candidates are ranked according to their grades and/or percentile, and then top rankers are selected. If the examination is open for

1608:. A final is technically just a greater form of a "unit test". They have the same purpose; finals are simply larger. Not all courses or curricula culminate in a final exam; instructors may assign a 2568: 3001:

Johanns, Beth; Dinkens, Amber; Moore, Jill (2017-11-01). "A systematic review comparing open-book and closed-book examinations: Evaluating effects on development of critical thinking skills".

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Tests are used throughout most educational systems. Tests may range from brief, informal questions chosen by the teacher to major tests that students and teachers spend months preparing for.

584:. According to Meadows, "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only." Both 1660:, final exams are not often assigned in French high schools. However, French high school students hoping to continue their studies at university level will sit a national exam, known as the 2003: 1688:

In some cases, schools will run on a modified schedule for final exams to allow students more time to do their exams. However, this is not necessarily the case for every institution.

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graduates in developed economies. Finally, in some countries, instructors and their institutions have also played a significant role in preparing test takers for a standardized test.

791: 1713:. Test takers may even hire tutors to coach them through the process so that they may increase the probability of obtaining a desired test grade or score. In countries such as the 1572:

given to students at the end of a course of study or training. Although the term can be used in the context of physical training, it most often occurs in the academic world. Most

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Higher-level mathematical papers may include variations on true/false, where the candidate is given a statement and asked to verify its validity by direct proof or stating a

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An oral test is a test that is answered orally (verbally). The teacher or oral test assessor will verbally ask a question to a student, who will then answer it using words.

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Performance-based assessments require students to solve real-world problems or produce something with real-world application. For example, the student can demonstrate

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After Great Britain's successful implementation of systematic, open, and competitive examinations in India in the 19th century, similar systems were instituted in the

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students. A non-standardized test may be used to determine the proficiency level of students, to motivate students to study, to provide feedback to students, and to

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A test may be administered formally or informally. An example of an informal test is a reading test administered by a parent to a child. A formal test might be a

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Some countries such as the United Kingdom and France require all their secondary school students to take a standardized test on individual subjects such as the

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itself, and in other Western nations. Like the British, the development of the French and American civil service was influenced by the Chinese system. When

986: 915: 495:, Confucian ideology was used in attacking the privilege of the elite. Figures such as Voltaire claimed that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and 2906: 1979: 738: 593: 4021:

Haladyna, T.M. & Downing, S.M. (1989) Validity of a Taxonomy of Multiple-Choice Item-Writing Rules. "Applied Measurement in Education", 2(1), 51–78.

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reported that some noblemen did not agree with the measures introduced because they were Chinese. The examination system was finally implemented in the

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period, high offices were closed to aristocrats who had not passed the exams. The examination system continued until 1894 when it was abolished by the

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From the mid 19th century, universities began to institute written examinations to assess the aptitude of the pupils. This is an excerpt from the 1842

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but argued in favor of the examination system, considering that the minority Manchus had been able to rule China with it for over 200 years. In 1854,

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recommended imitating the Chinese examination system but the first English person to recommend competitive examinations to qualify for employment was

1930: 407:. As in China, the content of the examinations focused on the Confucian canon and ensured a loyal scholar bureaucrat class which upheld the throne. 416: 2828: 893:

student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning.

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and the benefits associated with these tests. Tests were used to determine the mental aptitude of recruits to the military. The US Army used the

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in 1870. Even as late as ten years after the competitive examination plan was passed, people still attacked it as an "adopted Chinese culture."

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Finally, standardized tests are sometimes used to compare proficiencies of students from different institutions or countries. For example, the

648: 1671:, with formats modelling the real exam. Students from different schools are often seen exchanging mock papers as a means of test preparation. 713: 312:

in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols and disadvantaged Southern Chinese. During the

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A matching item is an item that provides a defined term and requires a test taker to match identifying characteristics to the correct term.

613: 3287: 276:, implemented imperial examinations on a relatively small scale until the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of 220:

Informal, unofficial, and non-standardized tests and testing systems have existed throughout history. For example, tests of skill such as

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curriculum, in medicine as part of diagnostic testing, and as eligibility requirements in fields that focus on physical ability such as

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Standardized tests are sometimes used by certain countries to manage the quality of their educational institutions. For example, the

3889: 3864: 3847: 3829: 3812: 3713: 3658: 3614: 2424: 2290: 1033: 2632:Škifić, Sanja (2012). "Language ideology and citizenship: A comparative analysis of language testing in naturalisation processes". 236:). Oral exams were administered in various parts of the world including ancient China and Europe. A precursor to the later Chinese 628:

voiced concern over the prevalence of competitive examinations, which he described as "the invasion of this new Chinese culture."

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that educational institution, i.e., whether it should be allowed to continue to operate in the same way or to receive funding.

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Religion in Chinese Society : A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors

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insisted that the English "did not know that it was necessary for them to take lessons from the Celestial Empire." In 1875,

2485: 754:, which are used primarily to measure a student's reasoning skill. High school students in the United States may also take 1918: 1795: 1604:

The purpose of the test is to make a final review of the topics covered and assessment of each student's knowledge of the

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Mayhew, Jerry L.; Houser, Jeremy J.; Briney, Ben B.; Williams, Tyler B.; Piper, Fontaine C.; Brechue, William F. (2010).

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Performance tests are commonly used in workplace and professional applications, such as professional certification and

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Yu, Jianfu (2009), "The influence and enlightenment of Confucian cultural education on modern European civilization",

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In some tests; where knowledge of many constants or technical terms is required to effectively answer questions, like

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may also be present during the testing period to provide instructions, to answer questions, or to prevent cheating.

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information about the students' addition skills as a test question that asks what the sum of various numbers are.

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praising Confucianism, for which he was accused of atheism and forced to give up his position at the university.

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Tests are sometimes used by a group to select for certain types of individuals to join the group. For example,

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in 1868 was not passed until 1883. The Civil Service Commission tried to combat such sentiments in its report:

2935: 701:, creating a rationalized method for the evaluation of teachers and institutions and creating a basis for the 4060: 3270: 1621: 1617: 500: 188:(ETS), a nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization, develops standardized tests such as the 3824:. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute. 2105: 1423:

in maintaining overall health, and more agencies began to incorporate standardized fitness testing. In the

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that requires individuals to score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised IQ test.

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The bureaucratic imperial examinations as a concept has its origins in the year 605 during the short lived

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in 1868, it contained a chapter on the civil service in China. In 1870, William Spear wrote a book called

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restricted view of the notion of specific language and ideologies that may served in a specific purpose.

531:, Europe may have had written examinations since 1518 but he admits the "evidence is not very clear." In 305:

is the only firm date known for even some of the most historically prominent persons in Chinese history.

4075: 1830: 907: 838: 717: 589: 568: 564: 435:(1919). There were only three levels of examinations in Vietnam: interprovincial, pre-court, and court. 432: 63: 2232:

Liu, Haifeng (October 2007). "Influence of China’s Imperial Examinations on Japan, Korea and Vietnam".

1324:

employ a style which does not fall into any of the above categories, although some papers, notably the

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Gronlund, N. (1993) "How to make achievement tests and assessments", 5th edition, NY: Allyn and Bacon.

2875: 2825: 2799: 1843:, a technology and approach that looks specifically at the assessment of creativity and collaboration. 1667:

In some countries and locales that hold standardised exams, it is customary for schools to administer

90: 3579: 3115:"Comparison Between Hand and Electronic Timing of 40-yd Dash Performance in College Football Players" 2100: 1924: 1864: 1846: 1537: 1533: 1521: 1333: 1053: 1029: 958: 921: 896: 887: 702: 540: 346: 258: 237: 205: 169: 161: 83: 3994: 3776:

Kracke, E. A., Jr. (1967 ). "Region, Family, and Individual in the Chinese Examination System", in

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Standardized written examinations were first implemented in China. They were commonly known as the

145:, or in a predetermined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills. 2851: 1927: – Process by which a medical professional investigates a patient's body for signs of disease 616:

in 1855, prior to which admission into the civil service was purely a matter of patronage, and in

428: 3960: 3756: 3144: 2778: 2009: 1909: – Standardized examination for prospective medical students in the United States and Canada 1887: 1657: 1650:." Most final exams incorporate the reading material that has been assigned throughout the term. 1605: 1455: 1404: 1188: 1104: 1068: 929: 911: 768: 755: 484: 3766:

Kracke, E. A. (1947) "Family vs. Merit in Chinese Civil Service Examinations under the Empire.”

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Guidance on command words used in learning outcomes and question papers – Diploma qualifications

476: 3291: 2892: 3906: 3885: 3860: 3843: 3825: 3808: 3798: 3709: 3701: 3672: 3654: 3610: 3591: 3561: 3529: 3440: 3314: 3136: 3026: 3018: 2805: 2766: 2756: 2550: 2420: 2393: 2286: 1881: 1870: 1806: 1718: 1569: 1447: 1416: 1392: 1001: 967: 903: 709: 682: 545: 153: 3666: 1635:, most universities hold a single set of "Finals" at the end of the entire degree course. In 1083:

determine whether the law school graduates have learned enough to practice their profession.

798:

to evaluate certain skills and knowledge of students from different participating countries.

779:

as a requirement for passing their courses or for graduating from their respective programs.

17: 3952: 3840:

Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China

3748: 3646: 3126: 3010: 2641: 1936: 1746: 1451: 1420: 1278: 1041: 760: 134: 1415:. Throughout the 20th century, scientific evidence emerged demonstrating the usefulness of 955:

skills by baking a cake, and having the outcome judged for appearance, flavor, and texture.

685:

began to influence the method of examination in British universities from the 1850s, where

571:

considered the Chinese exams to be "worthy of imitating." In 1806, the British established

499:

advocated an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese. According to

4049: 3982: 2832: 2332: 2166: 2125: 2069: 1953: 1783: 1726: 1143: 1079: 862: 772: 767:

primarily or solely on an applicant's grades on pre-university qualifications such as the

625: 556: 221: 2618: 1729:

in Singapore). In many countries, test takers even enroll in test preparation centers or

1661: 1115:

by writing or typing within a given space of the test or on a separate form or document.

742: 2728: 4012: 3939:, Grace S. Fong, editor. (Montreal: Center for East Asian Research, McGill University). 3852: 3807:, translated by Conrad Schirokauer, Weatherhill; reprint: Yale University Press, 1981, 2049: 1987: 1941: 1789: 1714: 1632: 1345: 1329: 1057: 636: 609: 492: 3986: 3211:"Tests Given Throughout a Course as Formative Assessment Can Improve Student Learning" 1921: – An assessment that requires the subject to actually perform a task or activity 1341:

was followed, and an answer which is correct (given the incorrect input) is returned.

4069: 4038: 3964: 3760: 3739:

Ko, Kwang Hyun (2017), "A Brief History of Imperial Examination and Its Influences",

3497: 3058: 2138: 2057: 1947: 1643: 1593: 1585: 1492: 1431:

was established in 1956 as a way to encourage and monitor fitness in schoolchildren.

1424: 1396: 1049: 693:. In the US, the transition happened under the influence of the educational reformer 577: 420: 192:

but may not directly be involved in the administration or proctoring of these tests.

94: 3148: 670: 75: 4042: 4026:

The Rise of Standardized Educational Testing in the U.S. – A Bibliographic Overview

4025: 3693: 2121: 1890: – The questioning of a witness in a trial by the party who called the witness 1852: 1730: 697:. The shift helped standardize an expansion of the curricula into the sciences and 451: 362: 333:

Invigilators seated on high chairs at a provincial exam in 1888 in northern Vietnam

317: 313: 309: 284: 273: 229: 209: 2663: 2509: 2162: 1774: – Any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise 200: 3879: 3792:

The Class of 1761: Examinations, the State and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China

3131: 3114: 2677: 2414: 308:

A brief interruption to the examinations occurred at the beginning of the Mongol

3835: 3521: 3188: 2492: 2085: 1812: 1573: 1500: 1309: 1127: 1064: 874: 694: 690: 675: 504: 472: 404: 269: 241: 233: 82:

students taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of

4011:

Cangelosi, J. (1990) "Designing Tests for Evaluating Student Achievement". NY:

3386: 3239: 3014: 1798: – Form of computer-based test that adapts to the examinee's ability level 1383:

A Minnesota National Guardsman performs pushups during a physical fitness test.

539:, founded in 1747, is commonly believed to be the first honor examination, but 337: 3956: 3752: 2117: 2065: 1818: 1609: 1581: 1096: 982: 747: 698: 560: 177: 165: 160:

administered by a psychologist in a clinic. Formal testing often results in a

3724:

The Ladder of Success in Imperial China Aspects of Social Mobility, 1368–1911

3444: 3318: 3022: 2801:

Creating a Digital-Rich Classroom: Teaching & Learning in a Web 2.0 World

2770: 1792: – Type of examination in the United States, used in free response exams 4008:

Airasian, P. (1994) "Classroom Assessment", Second Edition, NY: McGraw-Hill.

3584: 3575:, John K. Fairbank, editor. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 1710: 1706: 1647: 1636: 1484: 1400: 1366: 1321: 1313: 1119: 1112: 974: 686: 444: 277: 245: 122: 3240:"Oxford University Press | Online Resource Centre | Learn about Test banks" 3140: 3030: 2527: 1680:

final paper, often involving research, extended texts and display of data.

1379: 3804:

China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China

3787:(Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985). 2887: 2885: 2750: 1277:

maintains an official list of command words explaining their meaning. The

934:

typically of the same age or grade level, who have already taken the exam.

329: 301:

degree is often a key biographical datum: sometimes the date of achieving

4032: 3898: 3044: 2845:"Constructing Written Test Questions For the Basic and Clinical Sciences" 2645: 2129: 2081: 2041: 1991: 1777: 1753: 1529: 1473: 1408: 990: 808: 468: 176:, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by 130: 79: 3881:

The Chinese Imperial Examination System : An Annotated Bibliography

3571:

Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu (1967 ). "Chinese Class Structure and its Ideology", in

3342: 1403:. They are commonly employed in educational institutions as part of the 519:

The earliest evidence of examinations in Europe date to 1215 or 1219 in

3771: 3719: 2938:, Guidance document 174/2015, issued June 2015, accessed 15 August 2020 2223:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd Ed., pp. 145–147, 198–200. 2093: 2089: 2061: 2045: 2033: 1973: 1836: 1815: – Physical fitness test, used by Law, Military, and Fire services 1625: 1577: 1443: 1435: 1317: 1123: 617: 549: 532: 520: 366: 289: 157: 97:

students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in 2001

3975: 3668:

The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System

3166: 2112: 2077: 2073: 2024: 1968: 1654: 1412: 1274: 1126:– the test developer may allow every test taker to bring with them a 952: 807:

governing body such as a governmental bar licensing agency to pass a

488: 455: 448: 400: 384: 378: 342: 138: 3653:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press. 2311:

Ssu-yu Teng, "Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System",

1821: – Qualification or authority issued by a competent third party 1332:

employ multiple choice. Instead, most mathematics questions state a

1028:

candidates in ranks pass, the others are rejected. They are used as

149:

institution, and requirements of accreditation or governing bodies.

3924:(1967 ). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3465:"Proxy test takers, item harvesters and cheaters... be very afraid" 2752:

Psychological testing : principles, applications, & issues

1111:). A test taker who takes a written test could respond to specific 4059:

Wilson, N. (1997) Educational standards and the problem of error.

2142: 2053: 1780:, also known as Assignment (education) – Educational practice 1741: 1495:

tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass.

1378: 1256: 1108: 1095: 1004:

to make it more appropriate for either low- or high-skill students

669: 459: 388: 358: 336: 328: 225: 126: 89: 74: 3780:, John K. Fairbank, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1107:

are tests that are administered on paper or on a computer (as an

4033:

Correcting Fallacies About Educational and Psychological Testing

2692: 1786: – Test required to practice law in a specific jurisdiction 1596:, or more traditionally at the end of a complete degree course. 1296: 1290: 1072: 708:

Both World War I and World War II demonstrated the necessity of

396: 3607:

A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China

2390:

The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform

1884: – The interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent 204:"The Official Career of Xu Xianqing" - on the bottom right the 3935:

Yu, Pauline (2002). "Chinese Poetry and Its Institutions", in

2918: 2283:

The expansion of England: race, ethnicity and cultural history

1956: – Method of problem-solving, a method of problem solving 1876: 1749:

may oversee a test to reduce cheating methods such as copying.

751: 321:

civil servants also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.

189: 3987:

American Libraries Internet Archive Google Books (Searchable)

3073:"USMC Personal Fitness Test (Chapter 2 - Conduct of the PFT)" 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 1078:

A single test can have multiple qualities. For example, the

792:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

3822:

Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent

2965:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 85 (Chapter 4). 645:

The Oldest and the Newest Empire-China and the United States

512:

were sometimes persecuted. In 1721 he gave a lecture at the

361:

implemented the examination system for 200 years during the

3433:"The new boom in home tuition – if you can pay £40 an hour" 1915: – Capturing of human-marked data from document forms 1827: – Document allowing one to drive a motorized vehicle 1312:

questions, or calculation questions from subjects such as

2416:

Writing in the Academic Disciplines: A Curricular History

2004:

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

1867: – Standardized measurement of academic performance 2135:

Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission

447:

as early as 1570. It received great attention from the

141:). A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a 42: 3089: 2804:. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. pp. 2–3. 2619:"Australian Citizenship - Australian Citizenship test" 914:

examples, or professional licensing tests such as the

641:

Report from the Joint Select Committee on Retrenchment

2569:"International Qualifications - University of Oxford" 2331:. Committee on Asiatic Studies in American Education 2137:– Organization authorized to conduct examinations in 1616:

Prior to the examination period most students in the

1191: 1159: 796:

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

582:

Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China

3785:

Government Education and Examinations in Sung China

3264:"How to study for Quizzes and Exams in Biochemistry" 1950: – Jump vertically in the air, a leg power test 1849: – Software intended for an educational purpose 1841:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1442:(commonly known as the "beep test"), and numbers of 168:. A test score may be interpreted with regards to a 3634:, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 405–410 2755:. Dennis P. Saccuzzo (Ninth ed.). Boston, MA. 2711:"Formal vs. Informal Assessments | Scholastic" 2455:"A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program" 1833: – Use of information technology in assessment 1269:Instructions to exam candidates rely on the use of 3583: 3307:"Sharp rise in children receiving private tuition" 2909:, version 5, June 2021, accessed 23 September 2023 1903: – Final examination before school graduation 1520:, is an exam given near the middle of an academic 1209: 1177: 739:General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) 4056:(New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 172–181. 3974:(Shanghai, Variétés Sinologiques. No. 9, 1896). 2244: 2242: 1839: – project at Goldsmiths University, London 1067:way to select worthy applicants without risking 906:, or even multiple years' study, in the case of 552:implemented the examination system around 1800. 137:, or classification in many other topics (e.g., 4061:Education Policy Analysis Archives, Vol 6 No 10 3976:University of Oregon Libraries (not searchable) 2824:North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 1896:List of standardized tests in the United States 653: 622:Alexander Baillie-Cochrane, 1st Baron Lamington 156:administered by a teacher in a classroom or an 2388:Huddleston, Mark W.; William W. Boyer (1996). 3733:The Higher Civil Service in the United States 3119:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2977:"Different Exam Types - Different Approaches" 2693:"Homepage - CMU - Carnegie Mellon University" 1998:International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme 1063:. Competitive examinations are considered an 535:, medication examinations began in 1725. The 443:The imperial examination system was known to 8: 3997:that is believed to be in the public domain. 3993:This article incorporates material from the 3859:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3688:Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung China 2392:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 15. 1855: – Anxiety or stress triggered by exams 399:) was able to take the examinations. By the 180:analysis of a large number of participants. 3937:Hsiang Lectures on Chinese Poetry, Volume 2 3550:The Thorny Gates of Learning in Sung China 2439:Kaplan, R. M. & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2009) 1873: – Fitness test, a cardiovascular test 1584:run final exams at the end of a particular 916:United States Medical Licensing Examination 26: 3218:American Society for Engineering Education 2783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2551:"Cambridge Pre-U - Post 16 Qualifications" 2342: 2221:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 824:Language testing in naturalization process 594:Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh 3972:Pratique Des Examens Militaires En Chine. 3842:. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. 3130: 2893:"MFO Topic C5: Developing Test Questions" 2486:"GCSEs: The official guide to the system" 1190: 1158: 1100:Indonesian students taking a written test 3700:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 3641:The Marriage of Sung Imperial Clanswomen 2369:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. 2323: 2321: 1931:Pilot certification in the United States 199: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3528:(New York: Columbia University Press). 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2154: 555:Englishmen in the 18th century such as 548:but it collapsed after only ten years. 417:Confucian examination system in Vietnam 28: 3794:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 3698:Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology 3526:Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume I 2776: 1524:term, or near the middle of any given 588:, who was instrumental in passing the 4035:, American Psychological Association. 3726:, New York: Columbia University Press 2744: 2742: 2179:Thissen, D. & Wainer, H. (2001). 1944: – High School study (in the US) 1178:{\displaystyle 6.14\cdot 7.95=48.813} 7: 3552:, State University of New York Press 2729:"What Are Some Types of Assessment?" 2006:(IGCSE) – international examinations 1600:Isolated purpose and common practice 1503:, that are simulated on a computer. 1429:President's Council on Youth Fitness 3778:Chinese Thoughts & Institutions 3625:"Civil Service Examinations (Keju)" 3573:Chinese Thoughts & Institutions 3387:"Meet the 'tutor kings and queens'" 2634:European Journal of Language Policy 121:intended to measure a test-taker's 3768:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 3609:, University of California Press, 2313:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2269: 2248: 678:examination in a classroom in 1940 419:was established in 1075 under the 57: 3857:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 3165:. Digital Reality. Archived from 2236:, Volume 2, Issue 4, pp. 493–512. 1809: – Knowledge assessment tool 1034:university and college admissions 714:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale 3930:The Encyclopedia of Confucianism 2660:"Welcome to U.S. Figure Skating" 2219:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). 1861: – High school diploma test 1802:Computerized classification test 208:examinees sit their exam, 1590, 4043:"The Uses and Misuses of Tests" 3632:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 3590:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 3490:"Easy Ways to Prevent Cheating" 3469:ccie-in-3-months.blogspot.co.uk 3431:Cohen, Daniel H. (2013-10-25). 3412:"How to become a private tutor" 2419:. SIU Press. pp. 158–159. 1859:General Educational Development 944:were lacking in comprehension. 3905:. New York: Crown Publishers. 3872:A Crisis in the Literati State 3560:. Feltham: Hamlyn Publishing. 3357:"Past papers and mark schemes" 2555:www.cambridgeinternational.org 1907:Medical College Admission Test 1642:Practice varies widely in the 1532:. Midterm exams are a type of 1391:is a test designed to measure 1050:positions in the public sector 815:Immigration and naturalization 216:Oral and informal examinations 1: 3770:10#2 1947, pp. 103–123. 3385:Sharma, Yojana (2012-11-27). 2691:University, Carnegie Mellon. 2234:Frontiers of History in China 1796:Computerized adaptive testing 1620:have a week or so of intense 948:Performance-based assessments 18:Performance test (assessment) 3731:Huddleston, Mark W. (1996), 3671:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. 3132:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c08860 2951:, accessed 23 September 2023 2876:"Types of Test Item Formats" 2587:"Harvard College Admissions" 2357:"China: A Teaching Workbook" 2183:. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, p. 1. 614:British Indian Civil Service 68:Examination (disambiguation) 3884:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 3542:Neo-Confucianism in History 3305:Weale, Sally (2016-09-07). 3003:Nurse Education in Practice 2949:Understanding Command Words 2925:, accessed 27 December 2018 2000:– international examination 1933: – Pilot certification 1434:Common tests include timed 1210:{\displaystyle 6\cdot 8=48} 802:Licensing and certification 186:Educational Testing Service 4092: 3870:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015), 3686:Gregory, Peter N. (1993), 3556:Christie, Anthony (1968). 3015:10.1016/j.nepr.2017.08.018 2749:Kaplan, Robert M. (2018). 2453:The College Board (2003). 2413:Russell, David R. (2002). 1962:International examinations 1364: 1288: 1250: 1141: 1046:civil service examinations 1038:Joint Entrance Examination 1024:positions, then the first 979:professional certification 883:Assessment types include: 872: 836: 598:Northcote–Trevelyan Report 525:Trinity College, Cambridge 503:(1849-1906), followers of 481:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 391:in 958 under the reign of 376: 232:(or, more mythologically, 61: 4031:Phelps, R.P., Ed. (2008) 3957:10.1007/s11516-009-0002-5 3790:Man-Cheong, Iona (2004). 3753:10.1007/s12115-017-0134-9 3665:Franke, Wolfgang (1960). 3639:Chaffee, John W. (1991), 3522:de Bary, William Theodore 2329:Chinese Ideas in the West 1901:Matriculation examination 1476:to what is being tested. 938:Criterion-referenced test 777:comprehensive examination 586:Thomas Babington Macaulay 465:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3605:Elman, Benjamin (2002), 3045:"Army Fitness Standards" 1913:Optical mark recognition 1440:multi-stage fitness test 1016:Competitive examinations 993:, and many other fields. 784:No Child Left Behind Act 660:Civil Service Commission 649:House of Representatives 39:latest accepted revision 3820:Murck, Alfreda (2000). 3623:—— (2009), 3059:"RAF Fitness Standards" 2963:Overcoming Math Anxiety 2443:Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2315:7 (1942–1943): 267–312. 2281:Schwarz, Bill. (1996). 1061:Competitive Examination 573:a Civil Service College 240:was in place since the 4054:The Schools We Deserve 3928:Yao, Xinzhong (2003), 3548:Chaffee, John (1995), 3540:Bol, Peter K. (2008), 3189:"Noun 1. midterm exam" 2947:Cambridge Assessment, 2798:Ormiston, Meg (2011). 2680:. Mensa International. 2359:. Columbia University. 2038:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1750: 1491:is one of a number of 1384: 1375:Physical fitness tests 1304:Mathematical questions 1253:Free response question 1211: 1179: 1101: 908:high school exit exams 879:Educational assessment 761:proctor or invigilator 705:according to ability. 679: 663: 563:in 1776. In 1838, the 350: 334: 212: 119:educational assessment 98: 87: 59:Educational assessment 3580:Crossley, Pamela Kyle 3363:. AQA. Archived from 3209:O'Connell, Robert M. 3191:. The Free Dictionary 2936:Fair access by design 2540:Name changed in 1996. 2441:Psychological Testing 2092:; previously used in 1831:Electronic assessment 1745: 1658:tertiary institutions 1459:Run and Cooper Test. 1389:physical fitness test 1382: 1212: 1180: 1099: 1030:entrance examinations 1002:modify the curriculum 996:Non-standardized test 873:Further information: 839:Intelligence quotient 833:Intelligence quotient 703:streaming of students 689:had common since the 673: 602:British civil service 590:Saint Helena Act 1833 569:Walter Henry Medhurst 565:Congregational church 427:and lasted until the 340: 332: 272:. Its successor, the 259:imperial examinations 238:imperial examinations 203: 93: 78: 64:Exam (disambiguation) 3903:The Chinese Heritage 3651:China: A New History 3163:"Group–Bourdon tool" 2857:on October 25, 2004. 2646:10.3828/ejlp.2012.13 2524:"About ACT: History" 2285:. Psychology Press; 2163:"Definition of test" 1925:Physical examination 1865:Grading in education 1847:Educational software 1538:summative assessment 1334:mathematical problem 1221:Alternative response 1189: 1157: 1054:Foreign Service Exam 959:Authentic assessment 922:Norm-referenced test 897:Summative assessment 888:Formative assessment 710:standardized testing 683:Standardized testing 541:James Bass Mullinger 501:Ferdinand Brunetière 395:. Any free man (not 347:Cambridge University 206:imperial examination 62:For other uses, see 4024:Monahan, T. (1998) 3995:Library of Congress 3647:Fairbank, John King 3238:WEHMEIER, Nicolas. 2678:"How do I Join Up?" 2018:Republic of Ireland 2014:Leaving Certificate 1919:Performance testing 1772:Academic dishonesty 1624:and study known as 1507:Midterms and finals 1185:, but knowing that 1075:or other concerns. 859:Mensa International 600:that catalyzed the 596:, who prepared the 537:Mathematical Tripos 514:University of Halle 393:Gwangjong of Goryeo 387:was established in 244:, during which the 29:Page version status 4048:2017-10-18 at the 3981:2014-04-15 at the 3945:Front. Educ. China 3878:Wang, Rui (2013). 3799:Miyazaki, Ichisada 3339:"Past Exam Papers" 3288:"Study strategies" 2961:Tobias, S (1995). 2934:Welsh Government, 2831:2008-03-05 at the 2715:www.scholastic.com 2530:on October 8, 2006 2010:Junior Certificate 1888:Direct examination 1751: 1489:Group–Bourdon test 1452:abdominal crunches 1405:physical education 1385: 1207: 1175: 1102: 1087:Assessment formats 1069:influence peddling 930:grading on a curve 912:GCE Advanced Level 756:Advanced Placement 725:Contemporary tests 680: 674:Students taking a 666:Modern development 529:Sir Michael Sadler 485:Friedrich Schiller 385:examination system 351: 335: 213: 99: 88: 35: 3783:Lee, Thomas H.C. 3678:978-0-674-75250-4 3558:Chinese Mythology 3534:978-0-231-10939-0 3169:on 3 January 2011 2811:978-1-935249-87-0 2762:978-1-337-09813-7 1882:Cross-examination 1871:Harvard step test 1807:Concept inventory 1719:examination board 1669:mock examinations 1653:Though common in 1550:final examination 1544:Final examination 1467:Performance tests 1417:strength training 1393:physical strength 1042:secondary schools 968:Standardized test 853:Group memberships 741:(in England) and 546:French Revolution 154:final examination 47:13 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 4083: 3967: 3932: 3918:Yang Ch'ing-k'un 3895: 3874: 3817: 3763: 3735: 3727: 3690: 3682: 3643: 3635: 3629: 3619: 3601: 3589: 3553: 3544: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3496:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3341:. Archived from 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3290:. Archived from 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3269:. Archived from 3268: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3134: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3034: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2850:. Archived from 2849: 2841: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2662:. 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Archived from 2459: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2309: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2272:, p. 15-16. 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2159: 2109: 1937:Progress testing 1842: 1825:Driver's license 1675:Take-home finals 1421:aerobic exercise 1279:Welsh government 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1008:High-stakes test 661: 497:François Quesnay 224:have existed in 222:archery contests 135:physical fitness 21: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4066: 4065: 4050:Wayback Machine 4005: 4003:Further reading 3983:Wayback Machine 3942: 3927: 3892: 3877: 3869: 3853:Rossabi, Morris 3815: 3797: 3738: 3730: 3718: 3685: 3679: 3664: 3638: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3578: 3547: 3539: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3471:. 24 April 2008 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3410:Lomax, Robert. 3409: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2833:Wayback Machine 2823: 2819: 2812: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2775: 2763: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2510:"About the SAT" 2508: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2343:Huddleston 1996 2341: 2337: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2297: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2167:Merriam-Webster 2161: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2126:Advanced Higher 2103: 2101:Nationella prov 2070:North Macedonia 1964: 1959: 1954:Trial and error 1840: 1784:Bar examination 1767: 1757:take the test. 1740: 1727:ten year series 1694: 1686: 1677: 1602: 1562:final interview 1546: 1514: 1509: 1469: 1377: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1352:Open-book tests 1326:Maths Challenge 1306: 1293: 1287: 1259: 1249: 1240: 1238:Completion type 1232: 1223: 1187: 1186: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1144:Multiple choice 1140: 1138:Multiple choice 1094: 1089: 1048:, required for 881: 871: 863:high-IQ society 855: 846: 841: 835: 826: 817: 804: 773:Cambridge Pre-U 732: 727: 668: 662: 659: 626:Archibald Sayce 557:Eustace Budgell 527:. According to 510:Christian Wolff 477:Baron d'Holbach 441: 413: 381: 375: 356: 345:examination in 327: 255: 218: 198: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4039:Ravitch, Diane 4036: 4029: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013:Addison-Wesley 4009: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3990: 3968: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3914: 3896: 3890: 3875: 3867: 3850: 3833: 3818: 3813: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3764: 3747:(3): 272–278, 3736: 3728: 3716: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3662: 3644: 3636: 3620: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3545: 3537: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3481: 3456: 3423: 3402: 3377: 3361:www.aqa.org.uk 3348: 3345:on 2010-08-10. 3330: 3297: 3294:on 2011-10-07. 3279: 3276:on 2010-12-31. 3255: 3244:global.oup.com 3230: 3201: 3180: 3154: 3125:(2): 447–451. 3105: 3081: 3064: 3050: 3036: 2993: 2968: 2953: 2940: 2927: 2911: 2898: 2881: 2860: 2836: 2817: 2810: 2790: 2761: 2738: 2720: 2702: 2683: 2669: 2666:on 2010-07-27. 2651: 2640:(2): 217–236. 2624: 2610: 2592: 2578: 2575:on 2010-08-22. 2560: 2542: 2515: 2501: 2498:on 2012-06-04. 2477: 2445: 2432: 2425: 2405: 2398: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2355:Bodde, Derke. 2347: 2335: 2317: 2295: 2274: 2262: 2253: 2238: 2225: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2172: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2132: 2115: 2097: 2050:Czech Republic 2021: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1977: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1942:Project Talent 1939: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1790:Blue book exam 1787: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1739: 1736: 1715:United Kingdom 1693: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1601: 1598: 1588:, typically a 1545: 1542: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1468: 1465: 1376: 1373: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1346:counterexample 1330:United Kingdom 1328:papers in the 1305: 1302: 1286: 1283: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1142:Main article: 1139: 1136: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1058:United Nations 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 997: 994: 970: 965: 961: 956: 949: 941: 940: 935: 924: 919: 899: 894: 890: 870: 867: 854: 851: 845: 842: 837:Main article: 834: 831: 825: 822: 816: 813: 803: 800: 731: 728: 726: 723: 667: 664: 657: 637:Thomas Jenckes 633:United Kingdom 610:Edwin Chadwick 458:following the 440: 437: 429:Nguyễn dynasty 412: 409: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 355: 352: 326: 323: 254: 251: 217: 214: 197: 194: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4088: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916:Yang, C. K. ( 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3891:9780810887022 3887: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3865:0-520-05913-1 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848:0-500-05090-2 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830:0-674-00782-4 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3814:9780300026399 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3714:9780374105365 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:Hinton, David 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3659:0-674-11670-4 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3616:0-520-21509-5 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524:, ed. (1960) 3523: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3500:on 2016-12-06 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3367:on 2016-12-21 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923:Command words 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2601:"PISA - PISA" 2596: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512:. 2016-11-28. 2511: 2505: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2467:on 2009-02-05 2463: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426:9780809324675 2422: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327:Bodde, Derk, 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:0-415-06025-7 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Uttar Pradesh 2136: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:Liechtenstein 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986:—Used in the 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948:Vertical jump 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1644:United States 1640: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:academic term 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1499:job, such as 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1425:United States 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:command words 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1230:Matching type 1229: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:Written tests 1098: 1092:Written tests 1091: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 998: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 966: 962: 960: 957: 954: 950: 947: 946: 945: 939: 936: 932: 931: 925: 923: 920: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 895: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 880: 876: 868: 866: 864: 860: 852: 850: 843: 840: 832: 830: 823: 821: 814: 812: 810: 801: 799: 797: 793: 788: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 764: 762: 757: 753: 749: 744: 740: 735: 729: 724: 722: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 677: 672: 665: 656: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578:Great Britain 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 450: 446: 438: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 380: 372: 370: 368: 364: 360: 353: 348: 344: 339: 331: 324: 322: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 295: 291: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 252: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 215: 211: 207: 202: 195: 193: 191: 187: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 150: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 96: 92: 85: 84:Sihanoukville 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 4076:Examinations 4053: 3992: 3971: 3970:Etienne Zi. 3951:(1): 10–26, 3948: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3911:0-517-54475X 3902: 3880: 3871: 3856: 3839: 3836:Paludan, Ann 3821: 3803: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3767: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3723: 3697: 3687: 3667: 3650: 3640: 3631: 3606: 3585: 3572: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3525: 3516:Bibliography 3502:. Retrieved 3498:the original 3493: 3484: 3473:. Retrieved 3468: 3459: 3448:. Retrieved 3437:The Guardian 3436: 3426: 3415:. Retrieved 3405: 3394:. Retrieved 3390: 3380: 3369:. Retrieved 3365:the original 3360: 3351: 3343:the original 3333: 3322:. Retrieved 3311:The Guardian 3310: 3300: 3292:the original 3282: 3271:the original 3258: 3247:. Retrieved 3243: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3217: 3204: 3193:. Retrieved 3183: 3171:. Retrieved 3167:the original 3157: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3097:. Retrieved 3094:Fittest.live 3093: 3084: 3067: 3053: 3039: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2985:. Retrieved 2983:. 2012-02-21 2980: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2914: 2901: 2852:the original 2839: 2820: 2800: 2793: 2751: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2686: 2672: 2664:the original 2654: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2613: 2605:www.oecd.org 2604: 2595: 2581: 2573:the original 2563: 2554: 2545: 2532:. Retrieved 2528:the original 2518: 2504: 2493:the original 2480: 2469:. 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