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1092:. De Lacy, however, then constructed a stone castle in its place, which enclosed over three acres within its walls, and this could not be burned down by the Irish. The years between 1177 and 1310 saw the construction of some of the greatest of the Norman castles in Ireland. The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as
399:
in
Romanesque style (now all replaced by later rebuildings), its construction predates the Norman Conquest: it is still believed to have been the earliest major Romanesque building in England. No other significant remaining Romanesque architecture in Britain can clearly be shown to predate the Norman
1601:
in style. Architectural historians and scholars consider that a style must be assessed as an integral whole rather than an aggregate of features, and while some include these developments within the Norman or
Romanesque styles, others describe them as transitional or "Norman–Gothic Transitional". A
1141:(peninsular southern Italy) experienced a series of civil wars and fell under the control of increasingly weaker princes. Revolts characterised the region until well into the twelfth century and minor lords sought to resist ducal or royal power from within their own castles. In the
416:
and are very commonly seen as the entrance to large religious buildings such as cathedrals. Norman arches are semicircular in form. Early examples have plain, square edges; later ones are often enriched with the zig-zag and roll mouldings. The arches are supported on massive
485:. The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposing them to a wide variety of cultural influences which became incorporated in their art and architecture. They elaborated on the early Christian basilica plan. Originally longitudinal with side
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technique to Italy. Their clever use of the local stone artisans, together with the vast riches amassed from their enslaved population, made such tremendous feats possible, some as majestic as those of the ancient Roman structures they tried to emulate.
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at the back of the head of the arch, which may feature sculpture representing a
Biblical scene. Norman windows are mostly small and narrow, generally of a single round-headed light; but sometimes, especially in a
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and became widespread in northwestern Europe, particularly in
England, which contributed considerable development and where the largest number of examples survived. At about the same time,
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After its Norman conquest in 1091, Malta saw the construction of several Norman pieces of architecture. Many have been demolished and rebuilt over the years (especially after the
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Romanesque
Revival versions focus on the arch and capitals, and decorated doorways. There are two examples in Manchester: the former Stock Exchange building and a synagogue in
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are found. Main doorways have a succession of receding semicircular arches, often decorated with mouldings, typically of chevron or zig-zag design; sometimes there is a
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based on Norman
Romanesque architecture. There is sometimes confusion, especially in North America, between this style and revivalist versions of vernacular or later
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is of a later date and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period; which featured pointed arches and windows rather than the
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Conquest. However, historians believe that many surviving "Norman" elements in buildings–nearly all churches–may well in fact be Anglo-Saxon elements.
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in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. In particular the term is traditionally used for
English
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few websites use the term "Norman Gothic", but it is unclear whether they refer to the transitional style or to the Norman style as a whole.
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Crummy, Philip (1997) City of
Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (
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The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries using small bands of sculpture. Paying attention to the concentrated spaces of
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792:. (1909) Norman Architecture in Cornwall: a handbook to old ecclesiastical architecture. With over 160 plates. London: Ward & Co.
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and
Frankish lords were building castles. Over the next century the population of the territory ceded to the Vikings now called
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836:, the best preserved Norman castle on the island of Ireland. Though it was heavily renovated, the keep, land walls and
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of the countryside, the
Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive. They edified the shrine at
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380:. In this work he used the labels "Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular". The more inclusive term
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under an arch. The "Norman arch" is the rounded, often with mouldings carved or incised onto it for decoration.
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who built "motte" castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion, Normans rapidly constructed
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at Caen, in 1067. This would eventually form a model for the larger English cathedrals some 20 years later.
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brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building.
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was brought up in Normandy and in 1042 brought masons to work on the first Romanesque building in England,
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The Normans began constructing castles, their trademark architectural piece, in Italy from an early date.
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were springing up, and in a further five, work was beginning on some of the earliest of the great stone
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in English by 1715, and was applied to architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries from 1819.
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This article is about Romanesque architecture, primarily English. For other buildings in Normandy, see
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1500:, Church of San Nicolò ai Cordari and Church of San Giovanni alle catacombe (St. John the Catacombs)
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ceilings, they introduced features such as the pointed arch that were later characterised as being
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606:. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083.
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An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation
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which destroyed many old Norman buildings), however some fortresses and houses still exist in
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During Sicily's later Norman era early Gothic influences can be detected such as those in the
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developed the style and experimented with ways of overcoming the geometric difficulties of
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1514:, Ruins of the Norman Church of St Saviour (S. Salvatore) and ruins of the Norman castle
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in Nately Scures, Hampshire (1175), an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church.
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influences–also known as Norman architecture (or alternatively Sicilian Romanesque).
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477:. Norman barons built timber castles on earthen mounds, beginning the development of
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Wagner-Rieger, Renate (1953), "Studien zur mittelalterlichen Architektur Englands",
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329:, churches and cathedrals, in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded
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Castles in Ireland Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. by Tom McNeill. (London, 1997)
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Bell, Edward (December 1888). "On the Distinction Between Romanesque and Gothic".
1175:. They also built many new Latin monasteries, including the famous foundation of
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also came under early Norman influence with Norman nobles at the court of King
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1470:, Church of San Nicolò la Latina and Church of Santa Maria della Raccomandata
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The Invention of Norman Visual Culture: Art, Politics, and Dynastic Ambition
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built in 1130 is perhaps the strongest example of this. The interior of the
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The Normans first landed in Ireland in 1169. Within five years earthwork
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1088:, County Meath, which was attacked and burned in 1173 by the Irish king
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Essaie sur l'architecture du moyen âge, particulièrement en Normandie,
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The oldest Norman cathedral in Sicily (1094), the cathedral of Catania
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Webb, Geoffrey (1956), "Architecture in Britain: The Middle Ages",
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Denney, Patrick (2004) Colchester. Published by Tempus Publishing (
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church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture
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The Norman arch is a defining point of Norman architecture. Grand
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Here is a list of Norman architecture in the Mezzogiorno :
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overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen,
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A Norman arch with zig-zag mouldings above the church doorway at
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at Messina consecrated in 1197. However, here the high Gothic
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In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the
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2283:(1929), "Durham Cathedral and the Chronology of Its Vaults",
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The term Norman may have originated with eighteenth-century
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the Venus Castle and the main church ("Duomo dell'Assunta")
1179:. Other examples of great importance are the portal of the
2465:
1789:, the archbishop of Palermo and King William II's minister
27:
Styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans
2468:
The Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland
2410:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (1971) ,
471:, adopted these customs as well as Christianity and the
820:, the largest Norman castle built and the first stone
313:. The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and
1257:
until about 1200. The architecture was decorated in
2102:
The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture
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built one at an unidentified location (Stridula) in
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1458:, the Arabic Norman Church of Saints Peter and Paul
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2297:English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest
1273:, (itself a Byzantine feature), is decorated in a
1096:, and among other buildings they constructed were
590:", were a frequent signature of the Normans. The
1428:Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani
1300:later to manifest themselves in the Gothic era.
1277:depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his
1183:and the ambulatory and radiating chapels of the
2078:OED same entry; in French by Gerville's friend
637:1074: church tower doubles as a place of refuge
357:produced a distinctive variation–incorporating
1819:, an example of Norman architecture in England
2868:
2495:
2067:Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville
761:Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe
539:of 1066, and Norman influences affected late
8:
2343:The English Cathedrals through the Centuries
2105:. Oxford: John Henry Parker. pp. 52–57.
2065:"Romanesque": in French a letter of 1818 by
1059:Parish Church, Edinburgh (late 12th century)
1644:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1443:, Church of the Santissima TrinitĂ di Delia
1424:Church of Chiesa di Santa Maria della Valle
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2875:
2861:
2853:
2502:
2488:
2480:
2424:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2401:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2378:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2355:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2332:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2042:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1664:Learn how and when to remove this message
1261:mosaics such as that at the cathedral at
917:. Her sixth and youngest son, who became
613:in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
602:which has remained a feature of English
186:This article includes a list of general
2030:
1702:
2417:
2394:
2371:
2348:
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2302:
2215:"Abbazia Benedettina di Sant' Eufemia"
1084:castle on the site of the present day
656:(from 1093) was the first to employ a
438:, divided by a shaft into two lights.
1676:Neo-Norman architecture is a type of
455:invaders arrived at the mouth of the
7:
1642:adding citations to reliable sources
1545:Ponte dei Saraceni (Norman bridge),
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1875:Arches in the southern nave of the
3846:Romanesque architecture in England
2389:The Architecture of Norman England
1494:(old Abbey of St. Mary in Maniace)
1364:Church of the Holy Spirit (Sicily)
925:at the start of the 12th century.
578:and round doorways as well as the
412:are designed to evoke feelings of
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3851:Romanesque architecture in France
1557:Ponte di Cerami (Norman bridge),
1551:Ponte Calatrasi (Norman bridge),
489:and an apse they began to add in
45:This article has multiple issues.
2613:
2435:Wiener Kunstwiss. Blätter, Jg. 2
2295:Clapham, Alfred William (1934),
2236:"Gothic Architecture in England"
1993:
1978:Archway in St Leonard's church,
1971:
1942:
1914:
1891:
1868:
1845:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1774:
1754:
1738:
1719:
1705:
1614:
1201:Basilica of St. Peter Alli Marmi
991:parish church (from about 1130)
301:is used to categorise styles of
293:in Hampshire, from the southwest
177:
75:
34:
2475:The Normans, a European People.
1678:Romanesque Revival architecture
1503:Nicosia (Sicily), Norman castle
1181:Shrine of Mary Queen of Anglona
551:. In 1051 he brought in Norman
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2443:Norman Architecture in England
559:castles along with churches,
1:
3135:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
2318:Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967),
1960:
1932:
1903:
1880:
1857:
1835:
1688:" popular for larger houses.
1251:
1250:'s Norman period lasted from
1214:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
1197:Castle Monforte (Campobasso).
1005:, Kirkwall (from about 1137)
913:order founded a monastery at
909:, encouraged the church. The
879:
803:White Tower (Tower of London)
767:St Peter's Church, Tickencote
745:
586:, frequently termed "zig-zag
510:
1877:Church of St Lawrence, Alton
1476:, Abbey of the Santo Spirito
1133:in 1045. After the death of
706:, Iffley, Oxfordshire (1170)
2412:Lexikon der Weltarchitektur
2341:Cook, George Henry (1957),
2014:English Gothic architecture
2009:Norman Revival architecture
1451:Santi Pietro e Paolo d'Agrò
1350:Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio
929:Ecclesiastical architecture
901:around 1050. His successor
737:St John's Abbey, Colchester
629:Ecclesiastical architecture
604:ecclesiastical architecture
291:St Swithun's, Nately Scures
3867:
1345:San Giovanni degli Eremiti
1265:. The Palatine Chapel in
1211:
660:system with pointed arches
445:
254:
3831:12th-century architecture
3826:11th-century architecture
2890:
2841:
2694:National Trust properties
2611:
2441:Short, Ernest H. (2005),
2320:The Cathedrals of England
2118:The Archaeological Review
1531:, Norman tower (Dongione)
1482:, Shrine of the Tre Santi
1391:("Ponte dell'Ammiraglio")
1340:San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi
757:, Cornwall (12th Century)
2828:English landscape garden
2097:Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche
2019:Renaissance architecture
1713:Greencastle, County Down
1682:architecture of Normandy
541:Anglo-Saxon architecture
479:motte-and-bailey castles
448:Architecture of Normandy
257:Architecture of Normandy
2900:History of construction
2884:History of architecture
2511:Architecture of England
2364:Escher, Konrad (1929),
1898:St Michael's church at
1852:Archway, Norman Tower,
1785:was erected in 1185 by
1730:: redoubt of the rebel
1104:(North County Dublin),
1023:(founded about 1138 by
941:(founded about 1070 by
495:Church of Saint-Étienne
459:in 911, at a time when
321:, and at the same time
311:Romanesque architecture
303:Romanesque architecture
207:more precise citations.
2895:Architectural timeline
2580:Strawberry Hill Gothic
2451:Pelican History of Art
2285:Archaeological Journal
2275:Sources and literature
1834:, Cumbria, west door,
1686:Norman farmhouse style
1571:1693 Sicily earthquake
1244:
1234:
1223:
840:are reasonably intact.
676:Peterborough Cathedral
532:
520:
421:, generally plain and
294:
283:
271:
3836:Architectural history
3437:America and Australia
3057:Medieval Scandinavian
2387:Fernie, Eric (2000),
2366:Englische Kathedralen
2178:"Moyse's Hall museum"
2069:seems to be the first
2038:Reilly, Lisa (2020).
1240:
1229:
1221:
1212:Further information:
1090:RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair
977:(early 12th century)
971:St. Margaret's Chapel
923:St. Margaret's Chapel
874:Moyse's Hall Museum,
860:Boothby Pagnell Manor
845:Domestic architecture
797:Military architecture
609:After a fire damaged
567:such as Norman stone
563:, and more elaborate
526:
508:
446:Further information:
345:styles originated in
289:
277:
265:
110:"Norman architecture"
3679:Critical regionalism
2674:Renaissance theatres
2654:Round-tower churches
2238:. Britainexpress.com
1817:Winchester Cathedral
1783:Cathedral of Palermo
1747:Palazzo dei Normanni
1732:Andrew of Rupecanina
1638:improve this section
1529:Motta Sant'Anastasia
1488:, Norman bridge and
1389:The Admiral's Bridge
1384:Chiesa della Magione
1335:Cathedral of Palermo
1177:Sant'Eufemia Lamezia
1110:Carrickfergus Castle
834:Carrickfergus Castle
687:St Nicholas Church,
664:Winchester Cathedral
611:Canterbury Cathedral
545:Edward the Confessor
393:Edward the Confessor
95:improve this article
3821:Norman architecture
3618:Stripped Classicism
3593:International style
3576:Rationalist-Fascist
3225:Portuguese Colonial
2975:Pre-Islamic Persian
2644:Medieval cathedrals
2639:Abbeys and priories
2001:Architecture portal
1950:Palazzo Santa Sofia
1767:Cathedral of CefalĂą
1765:in the apse of the
1512:San Marco d'Alunzio
1447:Casalvecchio Siculo
1330:Castle of Maredolce
1242:Cathedral of Cefalu
1232:Cathedral of Cefalu
1194:Castle of Circello.
1039:St Athernase Church
1003:St Magnus Cathedral
957:St Andrew Cathedral
728:St Botolph's Priory
615:Gothic architecture
395:built the original
299:Norman architecture
3623:Postconstructivism
3566:Streamline Moderne
2803:Dartmoor longhouse
2798:Wealden hall house
2080:Arcisse de Caumont
1585:Transitional style
1462:Montalbano Elicona
1397:Monreale Cathedral
1373:Santissima TrinitĂ
1245:
1235:
1224:
1112:in County Antrim.
959:(from about 1070)
724:(eleventh century)
722:St Edward's Church
704:St Mary the Virgin
592:cruciform churches
533:
521:
518:Andover, Hampshire
295:
284:
280:Monreale Cathedral
272:
3841:Duchy of Normandy
3808:
3807:
2850:
2849:
2760:Brighton and Hove
2649:Former cathedrals
2600:Bristol Byzantine
2203:978-0-415-22853-4
2165:978-0-7524-3214-4
1674:
1673:
1666:
1541:Catania Cathedral
1507:Castle of Milazzo
1464:, Palatine Chapel
1420:Messina Cathedral
1368:Chiesa del Vespro
1294:flying buttresses
1169:Hauteville family
1161:Monte Sant'Angelo
935:Dunfermline Abbey
818:Colchester Castle
790:Sedding, Edmund H
755:St Germans Priory
716:Norwich Cathedral
699:Southwell Minster
623:Lincoln Cathedral
549:Westminster Abbey
531:, Gloucestershire
463:were fighting on
397:Westminster Abbey
386:Romance languages
376:in his 1817 work
317:including Norman
305:developed by the
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3858:
3700:Deconstructivism
3459:Spanish Colonial
3220:Spanish Colonial
3120:Western Chalukya
2928:Ancient Egyptian
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2689:Church monuments
2679:Listed buildings
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2180:. Moyseshall.org
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1409:CefalĂą Cathedral
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1230:Interior of the
1185:Aversa Cathedral
1127:William Iron Arm
1082:Motte-and-bailey
1053:
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999:
985:
975:Edinburgh Castle
967:
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828:Hedingham Castle
808:Rochester Castle
777:Dunstable Priory
773:– Norman chancel
750:
747:
742:Tewkesbury Abbey
654:Durham Cathedral
641:St John's Chapel
584:chevron patterns
557:motte-and-bailey
515:
512:
384:was used of the
351:a Norman dynasty
282:in Sicily, Italy
268:Durham Cathedral
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3571:Totalitarianism
3561:New Objectivity
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3355:Serbo-Byzantine
3350:Russo-Byzantine
3239:
3198:
3073:
3050:Islamic Persian
2986:
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2808:Somerset towers
2765:Hammerbeam roof
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2664:Historic houses
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2565:English Baroque
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1537:, Norman castle
1520:, Norman castle
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1315:Palatine Chapel
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1135:Robert Guiscard
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1076:. For example,
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1045:(12th century)
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903:Máel Coluim III
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876:Bury St Edmunds
847:
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684:, Herefordshire
649:Tower of London
631:
619:Wells Cathedral
594:often had deep
537:Norman Conquest
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3556:Constructivism
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3529:Prairie School
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2259:. Racine.ra.it
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2124:(4): 237–251.
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1047:grid reference
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1017:Jedburgh Abbey
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1007:grid reference
1000:
993:grid reference
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617:. Around 1191
600:crossing tower
565:fortifications
509:A Norman arch
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374:Thomas Rickman
353:that ruled in
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3392:Monumentalism
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3162:Romano-Gothic
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2978:
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2966:
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2963:Ancient Roman
2961:
2959:
2958:Ancient Greek
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2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Hindu temples
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
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2685:
2682:
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2677:
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2627:
2624:Buildings and
2621:
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2298:
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2274:
2258:
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2249:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:1 897719 04 3
2145:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2049:9781108488167
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1966:(first floor)
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1879:, Hampshire,
1878:
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1827:
1822:
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1683:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1657:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:This section
1621:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:groin vaulted
1592:
1591:master masons
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1542:
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1536:
1533:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:Caltanissetta
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:Castelvetrano
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:Norman palace
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:opus gallicum
1144:
1140:
1137:in 1085, the
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:Dublin Castle
1103:
1099:
1098:Swords Castle
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
877:
873:
871:
867:
866:Oakham Castle
864:
861:
858:
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
778:
775:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:Ely Cathedral
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
635:Oxford Castle
633:
632:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
598:and a square
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
529:Guiting Power
525:
519:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
441:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
403:
401:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
334:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
288:
281:
276:
269:
264:
258:
253:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
206:
202:
196:
195:
189:
184:
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165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3768:Mesoamerican
3715:Contemporary
3693:2000–present
3684:Neo-futurism
3664:Blobitecture
3491:Modern Style
3407:Neoclassical
3155:Indo-Islamic
3130:Great Seljuk
3115:Vijayanagara
3099:
3009:East Slavic
2923:Mesopotamian
2780:Bastle house
2659:Roman villas
2534:
2467:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2411:
2388:
2365:
2342:
2319:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2281:Bilson, John
2261:. Retrieved
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2209:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2172:
2155:
2138:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2058:
2039:
2033:
1690:
1675:
1660:
1651:
1636:Please help
1624:
1588:
1568:
1524:Aci Castello
1489:
1480:San Fratello
1449:, Church of
1413:Edifices in
1304:Edifices in
1283:
1246:
1189:
1163:and built a
1155:Besides the
1154:
1146:
1124:
1078:Hugh de Lacy
1067:
893:
784:Bibliography
783:
781:
710:St Swithun's
692:
658:ribbed vault
644:
608:
573:
534:
493:, as at the
474:langue d'oĂŻl
472:
451:
407:
390:
381:
377:
370:antiquarians
367:
340:
298:
296:
278:Interior of
266:The nave of
252:
237:
219:
210:
191:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
18:Norman Style
3628:PWA Moderne
3514:Rationalism
3476:Art Nouveau
3464:Territorial
3444:Renaissance
3428:Queen Anne
3301:Elizabethan
3194:Plateresque
3189:Renaissance
3172:Sondergotik
3067:Carolingian
3013:Kievan Rus'
2714:Lighthouses
2669:Hall houses
2550:Elizabethan
2530:Saxo-Norman
2525:Anglo-Saxon
1980:Hythe, Kent
1964: 1233
1936: 1494
1902:in Surrey,
1884: 1070
1861: 1120
1856:, Suffolk,
1839: 1160
1763:Pantocrator
1728:Raviscanina
1693:Fallowfield
1401:Benedictine
1376: [
1359:San Cataldo
1255: 1061
1139:Mezzogiorno
1121:Mezzogiorno
1086:Trim Castle
943:St Margaret
939:Dunfermline
915:Dunfermline
911:Benedictine
883: 1180
878:, Suffolk (
851:Jew's House
749: 1102
718:(1096–1145)
678:(from 1118)
672:(1083–1109)
666:(from 1079)
514: 1150
457:river Seine
423:cylindrical
404:Norman arch
323:monasteries
213:August 2024
205:introducing
151:August 2024
3815:Categories
3785:Portuguese
3659:Postmodern
3608:Organicism
3496:Modernisme
3481:Jugendstil
3340:Revivalism
3328:Industrial
3311:Portuguese
3085:Romanesque
2980:Achaemenid
2813:Bath stone
2790:Oast house
2745:Manchester
2735:Birmingham
2626:structures
2590:Jacobethan
2570:Queen Anne
2263:2011-06-11
2242:2011-06-11
2184:2011-06-11
2025:References
1907: 950
1802:New Romney
1749:in Palermo
1726:Castle at
1606:Neo-Norman
1579:Vittoriosa
1057:Kirkliston
919:King David
824:in England
732:Colchester
691:, Surrey (
436:bell tower
382:romanesque
343:Romanesque
270:in England
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3746:Dravidian
3705:Neomodern
3669:High-tech
3649:Brutalism
3642:1950–2000
3586:Stalinist
3519:Mycenaean
3507:1900–1950
3345:Byzantine
3321:Ukrainian
3306:Naryshkin
3271:Edwardian
3244:1750–1900
3215:Palladian
3210:Manueline
3203:1500–1750
3078:1000–1500
3018:Muscovite
3005:Byzantine
2953:Classical
2941:Mycenaean
2918:Neolithic
2823:Flushwork
2775:Almshouse
2770:Fan vault
2740:Liverpool
2699:Windmills
2605:Brutalist
2595:Edwardian
2585:Victorian
2470:) website
2414:, MĂĽnchen
1900:Mickleham
1769:in Sicily
1654:June 2018
1625:does not
1553:Roccamena
1382:known as
1354:Martorana
1313:with its
1298:pinnacles
1290:campanile
1286:cathedral
1203:(Salerno)
1165:mausoleum
838:gatehouse
588:mouldings
465:horseback
391:Although
359:Byzantine
297:The term
56:talk page
3758:Japanese
3736:Colonial
3724:Regional
3674:Arcology
3613:Art Deco
3603:Futurism
3546:De Stijl
3449:Romanian
3367:Egyptian
3362:Colonial
3316:Siberian
3126:Islamic
3095:Ottonian
3090:Galician
3000:Sasanian
2968:Herodian
2948:Etruscan
2844:Category
2709:Stadiums
2575:Georgian
2560:Carolean
2555:Jacobean
2453:, London
2420:citation
2397:citation
2391:, Oxford
2374:citation
2368:, ZĂĽrich
2351:citation
2345:, London
2328:citation
2322:, London
2305:citation
2299:, Oxford
2220:10 April
2130:44245200
2099:(1841).
1987:See also
1498:Syracuse
1404:cloister
1263:Monreale
1131:Calabria
1094:the Pale
1080:built a
1051:NO455215
1043:Leuchars
1033:NT650204
1021:Jedburgh
1011:HY449112
997:NT144775
983:NT252735
965:NO516166
951:NT089872
921:, built
907:Margaret
895:Scotland
890:Scotland
596:chancels
580:tympanum
576:capitals
442:Normandy
431:tympanum
410:archways
347:Normandy
3795:Spanish
3790:Russian
3731:Chinese
3551:Bauhaus
3454:Russian
3432:Britain
3414:Moorish
3397:Baroque
3387:Mission
3333:British
3296:Petrine
3291:Maltese
3286:Italian
3276:English
3251:Baroque
3150:Ottoman
3145:Timurid
3110:Hoysala
3106:Indian
3045:Fatimid
3040:Abbasid
3035:Moorish
3030:Umayyad
3025:Islamic
2932:Aegean
2755:Bristol
2684:Museums
2634:Castles
2466:CRSBI (
2082:in his
1699:Gallery
1646:removed
1631:sources
1535:Caronia
1486:Maniace
1468:Sciacca
1415:Messina
1306:Palermo
1267:Palermo
1167:to the
1074:castles
1070:castles
1064:Ireland
1025:David I
989:Dalmeny
899:Macbeth
870:Rutland
855:Lincoln
830:, Essex
771:Rutland
689:Pyrford
647:1078),
553:knights
501:England
469:Normans
419:columns
363:Saracen
337:Origins
307:Normans
201:improve
135:scholar
3800:Somali
3780:Newari
3763:Korean
3741:Indian
3633:Googie
3539:Cubism
3524:Modern
3424:Pueblo
3402:Rococo
3372:Gothic
3281:French
3256:Andean
3230:Mughal
3167:Gothic
3140:Mamluk
3100:Norman
2936:Minoan
2793:(cowl)
2730:London
2535:Norman
2518:Styles
2201:
2163:
2146:
2128:
2046:
1599:Gothic
1559:Cerami
1547:Adrano
1518:Adrano
1279:angels
1275:mosaic
1259:gilded
1248:Sicily
1208:Sicily
1173:Venosa
1143:Molise
1102:Fingal
763:, Kent
561:abbeys
491:towers
487:aisles
461:Franks
453:Viking
355:Sicily
341:These
331:arches
327:abbeys
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3751:Hindu
3469:Tudor
3377:Mayan
3266:Dutch
3261:Czech
3184:Aztec
3179:Incan
2723:Other
2545:Tudor
2126:JSTOR
2086:1824.
1958:Malta
1954:Mdina
1930:Malta
1926:Mdina
1909:-1180
1886:–1100
1863:–1148
1575:Mdina
1565:Malta
1456:Itala
1435:Erice
1380:]
1116:Italy
695:1140)
569:keeps
483:keeps
427:piers
319:keeps
142:JSTOR
128:books
3773:Maya
3581:Nazi
3235:Sikh
2750:Bath
2426:link
2403:link
2380:link
2357:link
2334:link
2311:link
2222:2017
2199:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2044:ISBN
1781:The
1761:The
1745:The
1629:any
1627:cite
1577:and
1399:and
1325:Cuba
1320:Zisa
1296:and
1271:dome
1108:and
822:Keep
621:and
361:and
114:news
2910:BCE
2063:OED
1640:by
1589:As
1171:at
1100:in
516:in
414:awe
97:by
3817::
2422:}}
2418:{{
2399:}}
2395:{{
2376:}}
2372:{{
2353:}}
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2330:}}
2326:{{
2307:}}
2303:{{
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1956:,
1952:,
1933:c.
1928:,
1924:,
1904:c.
1881:c.
1858:c.
1836:c.
1695:.
1581:.
1378:it
1281:.
1252:c.
1187:.
1041:,
1027:)
1019:,
973:,
945:)
937:,
880:c.
868:,
853:,
769:,
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730:,
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645:c.
571:.
543:.
511:c.
325:,
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2489:v
2428:)
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2382:)
2359:)
2336:)
2313:)
2266:.
2245:.
2224:.
2187:.
2167:)
2150:)
2132:.
2122:2
2052:.
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1656:)
1652:(
1648:.
1634:.
885:)
751:)
744:(
643:(
259:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
197:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
