Nord-Pas-de-Calais - Knowledge (XXG)

1526: 1149:. Key cities included Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavay), Namur (Aduatuca), Castellum Menapiorum (Cassel), Nemetocenna (Arras), and Tervanna (Thérouanne). The region flourished through agriculture, particularly sheep breeding and wheat cultivation, and the development of a sophisticated road network known as the "Brunehaut causeways." This network facilitated trade within the empire, allowing for the import and export of various goods, including ceramics, pottery, wine, olive oil, linen cloth, and ham. Vici (hamlets) emerged along these routes, and many modern communes in the Scarpe and Escaut valleys trace their origins to 1133: 850: 1297: 1335: 168: 1592: 895: 1358:, Ferrand of Portugal. The decisive Battle of Bouvines in 1214 saw Philippe Auguste emerge victorious, enabling him to implement administrative reforms to consolidate royal power. These changes, along with the support of his successor Saint Louis, allowed the French monarchy to exert influence over Flanders and Hainaut. The early 13th century also saw significant religious expansion in these regions with the establishment of monasteries and beguinages, fostering religious movements like Rheno-Flemish mysticism. 2197: 2545: 193: 1193: 2534: 178: 1484: 776: 2699: 1550: 1047: 43: 2685: 4062: 4080: 4054: 4035: 974: 722: 1367: 1837:'s speech in Lille emphasized the state's role in national economic development. In 1946, the nationalization of companies in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region led to the formation of Houillères du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, with miners receiving special privileges. The steel industry also expanded, benefiting from modernization efforts funded by the 1534:

the birth of industries such as sugar production. The introduction of British steam engines into spinning mills also accelerated production. Central areas rich in coal, from Béthune to Valenciennes, became crucial energy sources, further boosted by the protectionist policies of the Restoration era after Belgium's emergence in 1830.

1910:", have been working to revive the nearly-extinct regional speech since the 1980s). Although neighbouring Belgium currently recognizes and fosters both Picard and Dutch, and a few city-level governments within Nord-Pas-de-Calais have introduced initiatives to encourage both languages, the national French government maintains a 1546:'s "Germinal," faced grueling conditions and meager wages, risking their health underground. Textile workers also endured harsh conditions. The 19th century added to their suffering with extreme weather events and five cholera epidemics between 1832 and 1866, the last of which claimed 10,584 lives in the Nord département alone. 1645:, to compensate for the decline in population due to the war, and to adapt to the new legislation limiting the working day to eight hours. But the economic crisis of the 1930s soon prevented any real economic or cultural renaissance. It also led to downsizing, with recent immigrants the first to be affected. 1507:. Austrian armies occupied French Hainaut from 1793 to 1794 until the French revolutionary army conquered the region and annexed Belgium. The Terror further devastated the area, dismantling structures like the Saint-Amand abbey and depriving Cambrai of its cathedral and Gothic churches. Under Napoleon, the 2002:

The agricultural sector comprises 13,800 farm businesses using 820,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres) of farmland. The temperate climate as well as great fertility makes the region a leading production center. The Nord-Pas de Calais region supplied 26.1 million tons of wheat (approximately 7% of the

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reflecting Flemish traditions. The influence of the Catholic Church also grew, with the Bishop of Cambrai becoming Count of Cambrésis. The importance of waterways led to the growth of towns such as Lille and Arras, which gained privileges and self-governance, especially in the 12th century when Arras

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With its 330.8 people per km on just over 12,414 km, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest

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From the 1950s to the 1980s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais experienced a gradual decline in coal mining, textiles, and steel industries, resulting in substantial job losses. The government attempted to revitalize the region's economy by promoting the automotive industry and attracting plastics companies, which

1622:. By the time the region was finally liberated by the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the entire country was devastated and Arras had been 90% destroyed. Currently, there are 650 military cemeteries throughout the Nord-Pas-de Calais, mostly British and Canadian, as well as large memorials such as the 1533:

In the early 19th century, Northern France experienced significant economic development, propelled into the Industrial Revolution by several key factors. Napoleon's continental blockade against the United Kingdom forced the region to produce goods locally that had previously been imported, fostering

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Nord-Pas de Calais is the second main region for the automotive industry in France after Île de France (Paris region). The sector trade fair, the Forum on European Automotive Industry in Lille Region (FEAL), takes place biennially to showcase the industry of the region and its importance for France

1417:," was notably hostile to the French Revolution. The local peasants, deeply affected by the king's execution in January 1793, resisted the new revolutionary order. Liberty trees were cut down in the Cambrai district, and parishioners refused sacraments from constitutional priests. In villages like 771:

linguistic border in the region that persisted until the 8th century. By the 9th century, most inhabitants north of Lille spoke a dialect of Middle Dutch, while the inhabitants to the south spoke a variety of Romance dialects. This linguistic border is still evident today in the place names of the

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on the continent. After the end of the Second World War, migrant workers from all over Europe came to the region, making up for population losses due to the war. In the 1970s, the leading coal and textile industries began to fade away and unemployment rates increased rapidly. The region started a

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The region's ethnic diversity has been affected by repeated waves of immigrant workers from abroad: Belgians and Welsh before 1910; Poles and Italians in the 1920s and 1930s; Eastern European groups and Germans since 1945; and North Africans and Portuguese since 1960; and large cities like Lille,

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Since 1994, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is linked to the United Kingdom by the Eurotunnel. The structure comprises three tunnels (one single-track railway tunnel each way and a service road tunnel for maintenance and emergency use) and has the longest undersea tunnel section of the world (38

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cultures. Evidence of trade and tool use from outside the region highlights interactions with other areas. Additionally, the Neolithic era left behind megalithic structures, such as dolmens and menhirs, which were likely used for religious purposes, though their exact functions remain unclear.

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in the mid-20th century significantly impacted the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, home to a large population of Algerian immigrants. This led to social tensions and conflicts between French and Algerian communities, exacerbated by internal strife among Algerians supporting different nationalist

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By the early 1950s, Nord-Pas-de-Calais had regained its industrial strength, primarily in traditional sectors like textiles, coal, and steel, which were starting to decline. This period also marked the advent of regional television with the creation of Télé-Lille in 1950, the first regional

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The food industry in Nord-Pas de Calais draws on the agricultural sector of the region. By income, this is the most important industry of the region due to strong exports (€3.2bn in 2006). More than 27,000 employees were employed in the sector in 2007. Many global corporations such as

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On September 29, 1789, the Constituent Assembly decided to reorganize France into departments of approximately 324 square leagues each. The northern provinces were to form four departments, but various projects clashed. Ultimately, the National Assembly decided in 1790 to create the

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In the 1970s, the sector represented a small part of the working population. Some 40 years later, it is the main industry in the region, employing 55,000 people. In terms of productivity, the Nord-Pas de Calais region is ranked second nationwide and is one of the main export areas.

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held that the award criterion was illegal, but also ruled that where a contracting authority had to assess two or more economically equivalent bids, they could adopt employment opportunities as an "accessory criterion" as long as the use of this criterion was not discriminatory.

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In 2014, the Nord-Pas de Calais GDP reached €140 billion making it the 4th biggest French economy, although this figure has to be put in the context of the large population of the region. The region was only in 16th place out of 24 for GDP per capita in 2014 with €34,422.

562:). These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. The former administrative region was created in 1956 under the name "Nord" and maintained that name until 1972 when "Pas-de-Calais" was added. This remained unchanged until its dissolution in 2016. 922:), these territories became the principal seat of conflict between the two states and French control over the area was gradually established. Beginning with the annexation of Artois in 1659, most of the current Nord department territory had been acquired by the time of the 1211:. Clovis's conversion to Nicene Christianity was significant as it aligned with the remaining Roman Empire's religion, providing sacred legitimacy. This period saw a renewal of urbanization and the establishment of ecclesiastical authorities. Vaast became bishop of 1004:. During the Pleistocene, human activity was intermittent due to the harsh climate caused by expanding Nordic glaciers. Occupation sites are noted from around 60,000 BC in Marcoing and 50,000–40,000 BC in Busigny and Hamel, with the first Homo sapiens identified in 1925:

would be opened in the city of Lens. For decades, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais has been viewed as a conservative region when compared culturally to the rest of France, but recently the region has at times displayed left-wing tendencies. In the early 2000s, the leftist

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as a training base for the participating delegations. During the months ahead of the Olympics, several countries sent their athletes to the region to prepare for the competitions. Among the teams training in Nord-Pas de Calais were the UK Gymnastics team in

1251:. These monasteries, supported by the Frankish aristocracy, played crucial roles in land development and extending royal power. Coastal areas saw less interest from the Franks, with the first bishop, Audomar (Saint Omer), arriving only in the 6th century. 1930:

won the largest number of votes to nearly carry a majority in regional and local representation. The Greens managed to attract many conservative voters from small towns and farmers moved by the Greens' commitment to boosting agri-industry.

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was the leading region of coal production in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For its three-hundred-year history of mining and its testimony to the advent of industrialization in France, the mining basin was listed on the

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have a few churches. North Africans have introduced Islam to the region, and small but growing communities of Buddhists have been established in recent years. Prior to World War II, around 4,000 Jews lived in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. A small

1396:, while destructive, was overshadowed by devastating epidemics like the Black Death, which struck southern Hainaut in 1316, killing a third of the population, and reoccurred several times, including a severe outbreak in Calais in 1348. 1994:

harbor is the biggest French port in terms of capacity with more than 150 boats. 45,000 tons of fish were traded there in 2012. The harbor is also a leading European seafood processing center with 380,000 tons of shellfish, fish and

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region. Beginning in the 9th century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east. By the end of the 13th century, the linguistic border had shifted to the river Lys in the south and Cap-Griz-Nez in the west.

1576:, mostly because of the coal and mining resources. When the German troops launched their attack from Belgium, the region was one of the first to fall under German occupation. Nevertheless, when the Allies stopped Germany at the 1898:, a dialect of Dutch (perhaps 20,000 inhabitants of Nord-Pas-de-Calais use Flemish daily and an estimated 40,000 use it occasionally, both primarily in and around the arrondissement of Dunkirk); and the Picards, who speak the 1178:

and 5th centuries. In 406, a frozen Rhine allowed a flood of barbarian groups, including the Franks and Germans driven by the Huns, to invade, ultimately leading to the collapse of the remaining Roman authority in the region.

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counteroffensive bombing by the Allies devastated many of the region's towns. Although most of the region was liberated in September 1944, Dunkirk was the last French town to be freed from German occupation (on 9 May 1945).

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departments. Douai was initially chosen as the prefecture of Nord due to Merlin de Douai's influence, but it was later moved to Lille by the First Consul on 3 Thermidor IX. The Nord department consisted of eight districts:

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By the end of the 1st century, Germanic tribes began encroaching on the region, leading to periods of pillaging and instability. The Franks crossed the Rhine in 253–254 and again between 259 and 263, followed by the

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of 1870; the war actually helped it to cement its leading role in French industry due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. However, it suffered catastrophic damage in the two World Wars of the 20th century.

1392:, though serving the French King, had economic ties with England, while the Count of Hainaut aligned with the Emperor, an English ally. Edward III's campaign in 1346 led to the protracted siege of Calais. The 1511:

made substantial efforts to rebuild and unify administratively and socially. However, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the region was occupied by British troops until November 1818.

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The Franco-Austrian War saw Northern France as a significant battleground following the Brabant and Liège revolutions. France declared war on Austria in April 1792, leading to the destruction of cities like

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Following their victory, the Romans implemented policies of pacification and Romanization, transforming the region administratively and economically. They established numerous cities, incorporating ancient

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to connect the former to the other northern canals in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. It is due to open in 2016. The project has attracted controversy mostly because of its huge cost (€4.6bn).

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did not have a concept of statehood; instead, fiefdoms were private domains. After Clovis's death, his kingdom was divided among his sons, leading to dynastic struggles, notably between queens

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Dunkirk Harbour is one of the biggest seaports of France. It is the third-largest port nationally in terms of total volume but first in fruit and copper imports. A terminal able to handle

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Calais, and Boulogne-sur-Mer are home to sizable communities of British, Dutch, Scandinavian, Greek and Balkans, Sub-Saharan African, and Latin American immigrants and their descendants.

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created new employment opportunities. Despite these efforts, the transition highlighted the challenges of shifting from traditional industries to more diversified economic activities.

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was an English possession from 1347 to 1558, when it was recovered by the French throne. In the 15th century, all of the territories, except Calais, were united under the rule of the

4439: 2801: 1673: 1110:, were not homogeneous and occupied different parts of the land. Settlements were mainly hamlets around farms, with few fortified camps like Etrun. The Roman invasion began in 4434: 763:

During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Roman practice of co-opting Germanic tribes to provide military and defense services along the route from Boulogne to Cologne created a

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While the industrial boom turned Northern France into an economic powerhouse for over a century, it brought severe hardships for the working class. Miners, as depicted in

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is the most developed sport of the region. More than 145,000 players are members of a football club. Four clubs have professional status and play at the highest levels:

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After the war, the industrial region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais was devastated, and in 1919 was classified as a red or yellow zone for around two-thirds of its surface area.

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movements. The war's impact was felt through numerous violent incidents, including attacks and street shootings, resulting in significant casualties and social unrest.

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Inhabited since prehistoric times, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region has always been a strategic (and hence one of the most fought-over) region in Europe. French President

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The 14th century brought the crisis of the late Middle Ages and rising tensions between France and England, particularly over Flanders, Guyenne, and Scotland. The

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Thus, most of the territories of what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were reunited to the Burgundian inheritance, which had passed through Marie's marriage to the

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and Cambrai area, the Allied controlling Arras and the Area of Lens. Nevertheless, the combat did not stop, each side wanting the total control of the area.

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The unemployment rate is higher than the national average. About 11% of the population was unemployed in 2014, particularly people aged between 18 and 25.

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The region saw a breakthrough of the extreme right, including the "green shirts" among the peasants, which prompted left-wing movements to unite. When the

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emerged, replacing older ones such as Cassel and Bavay. The region also saw the initial stages of Christianization, although it remained limited until the

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was able to bring the whole southern part of the Netherlands back under Spanish control. It was also a base for Spanish support of French Catholics in the

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Loi n° 2015–29 du 16 janvier 2015 relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral

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The regional education system of the Académie de Lille includes one million pupils and students. Higher education and research are supported within the

760:. After the final French annexation in the early 18th century, much of the region was again occupied by Germany during the First and Second World Wars. 2712: 1833:

Following World War II, France embarked on a significant recovery effort termed "Union sacrée," aiming to rebuild the nation under a managed economy.

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During the 19th century, the region underwent major industrialisation and became one of the leading industrial regions of France, second only to

3736: 4414: 2475: 883:, beginning in 1566, the territories in what is now Nord-Pas-de-Calais were those most loyal to the throne, and proved the base from which the 677:

as its capital. Those who wish to evidence the historical links the region has with Belgium and the Netherlands prefer to call this region the

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television station in France. Despite technological advancements, the region faced economic challenges due to a lack of diversification.

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Since the war, the region has suffered from severe economic difficulties (see Economy below) but has benefited from the opening of the

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The Nord pas de Calais was one of the main theaters of the conflict, with many battles occurring between 1914 and 1918, including the

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in 1477, the Boulonnais and Artois were seized by the French crown, while Flanders and Hainaut were inherited by Charles's daughter

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in 1998 included provision for employment generation to be included as an evaluation criterion for the award of the contract. The

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As most of its population is urbanized, the region has a dense and complex transport system of highways, railways, airport and

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The French state has sought to boost the region's relatively neglected culture. In 2004, it was announced that a branch of the

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emerged in the late 9th century as a semi-autonomous entity with regular insubordination to the French King. Similarly, the

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Roman road from Bavay to Trier, one of the seven "Chaussée Brunehaut" radiating out from Bavay (Bagacum Nerviorum).

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A map of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region from the early 1920s, showing the road and railway network of that time.

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The region's industry was originally focused on coal and textile production, and was one of the cradles of the

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early in the century. By 511, however, the region was not sufficiently Christianized to be represented at the

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trains. In addition to Eurostar services, the tunnel is used by trains carrying road vehicles, branded as

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employ 6,200 workers in the region. Small-scale manufacturers have also been based in the region, such as

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process of restructuring which still continues today. Nowadays, the manufacturing sector is led by the

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at the Battle of Sabis. The Belgians, a collective of various tribes such as the Menapiens, Morins,

510:(south). Until the 17th century, the history of the North was largely in common with the history of 4177: 2654: 2593: 2376: 2220: 2032: 2017: 1927: 1776: 1553: 1354:

led to a coalition against the King of France, involving the Emperor, the King of England, and the

1232: 1150: 1020: 981: 961: 864: 835: 749: 587: 531: 526:, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king 4289: 2544: 1752: 1288:. This new border marked a significant shift in territorial and political dynamics in the region. 4208: 2851: 2356: 1704: 1351: 1314: 950: 923: 872: 795: 787: 764: 670: 579: 3803:"TERMINAL MÉTHANIER : DÉMARRAGE DES TRAVAUX PRÉPARATOIRES – Actualité du port de Dunkerque" 3114: 2603: 1192: 949:, the French boundary was extended to include all of Flanders and present-day Belgium until the 919: 100: 2533: 1934:

The region's religious profile is representative of France as a whole, with the majority being

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kilometres (24 mi)). The whole structure is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and connects

2141: 2064: 1887: 1834: 1421:, peasants rebelled against conscription and faced persecution by the republican authorities. 1389: 1355: 1318: 1285: 1196: 996:. Evidence of early human presence includes bifaces dating back to around 700,000 BC found in 942: 927: 911: 860: 803: 799: 768: 733: 475: 155: 1350:

brought the Artois region to the French crown. The complex succession issues surrounding the

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came to power in France in 1936, three deputies from the Nord were in government, including

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of Great Britain 42 kilometres (26 mi) away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest

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The services sector of the Nord-Pas de Calais region is dominated by the multi-billionaire

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comprised Arras, Bapaume, Béthune, Boulogne, Calais, Montreuil, Saint-Omer, and Saint-Pol.

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and generally ignores both languages, as it does with other regional languages in France.

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initially maintained their pagan beliefs, unlike other Germanic tribes who converted to

4314: 4309: 4284: 4023: 4017: 2518: 2463: 2161:, who own the main superstore chains of the region, some of which are known worldwide: 2092: 1935: 1881: 1822: 1653: 1615: 1573: 1277: 1175: 1103: 1099: 757: 543: 519: 2804:[What if we finally decided to change the name of the region?]. Archived from 1019:

marked the beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry, influenced by the Cerny and

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Genty, Jean-René (1999). "L'autre guerre d'Algérie ensanglante la terre nordiste".

2628: 2283: 2257: 2170: 2125: 2056: 2052: 1895: 1859: 1504: 1460: 1273: 876: 741: 583: 1584:. During the next four years, the region was split in two: the German holding the 17: 3902: 3566: 3269:

Histoire du Nord ; source : annuaire statistique du département du Nord

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Nord-Pas-de-Calais : between yesterday's resistance and today's hospitality

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While the region is predominantly French-speaking, it also has two significant

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The reconstruction movement made massive use of immigration, particularly from

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Vouters, Bruno (1999). "Un pied dans le futur, un autre dans l'ancien temps".

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Histoire des provinces françaises du Nord : De la préhistoire à l'An Mil

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for a school construction and maintenance contract let by the region and the

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Bluteau, Marcel (1999). "Les cinq premières minutes de la télé régionale".

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into two parts: one under what would become France and the other under the

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much of the conflict between France and Spain occurred in the region. When

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in 843 divided Charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms, establishing the

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of the Netherlands as they were defined during the reign of Philip's son,

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in 1678. The current borders were mostly established by the time of the

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are fabricated. In addition, automotive equipment manufacturers such as

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Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France

2613: 2588: 2578: 2552:(Nord), France. In the background, the church Notre-Dame de la Marlière 2506: 2498: 2494: 2322: 2292: 2279: 2243: 2205: 2185: 2060: 1500: 1468: 1456: 1440: 1366: 1339: 1216: 1171: 1167: 1146: 1012: 938: 815: 710: 615: 599: 574:, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with 559: 511: 507: 503: 3610: 518:

during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of

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Nine highways are passing through the region; most of them are free:

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Three main worldwide car manufacturers operate plants in the region:

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The earliest evidence of man's presence in the region dates from the

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connection to the island of Great Britain. Other major towns include

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of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region

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and surrounding area is home to over 1.5 million inhabitants.

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national production) and a third of the French potato production.

1996: 1590: 1581: 1548: 1524: 1496: 1482: 1452: 1448: 1365: 1333: 1295: 1212: 1191: 1131: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1045: 972: 893: 853: 848: 774: 720: 674: 611: 591: 575: 567: 256: 3953: 2802:"Et si on se décidait enfin à changer le nom de la région ?" 1313:, the feudal system shaped the region's political landscape. The 438: 3714: 3427:(in French) (4th ed.). La Voix du Nord éditions. p. 4. 2372: 4117: 3970: 1999:

traded every year. Some 140 companies are present in the port.

786:

During the Middle Ages, the Pas-de-Calais department comprised

669:

The northern part of the region was historically a part of the

902:

During the wars between France and Spain in the 17th century (

36: 2977:

César, J. (1990). "Guerre des Gaules – Tome I, Livres I-IV".

941:, was divided into its two present departments following the 3637:"Toyota : Usine Toyota Valenciennes, Fabrication Yaris" 933:

The area, previously divided among the French provinces of

3924:

Histoire du Nord : Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie

3781:"Eurotunnel celebrates 300 million passengers | News" 3507:

states that "French is the language of the Republic"; see

3077:

Présence de l'au-delà : une vision médiévale du monde

3998:

Neighbouring French Region, UK Region, and Belgian Region

1166:

in 275. During brief periods of peace, new capitals like

838:, as part of an attempt to keep Philip's father, Emperor 1683:

in Brussels. The Nord-Pas-de-Calais region was used for

1580:, the front moved back to the area and stabilized near 1425:

The Creation of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais Départements

622:. The region is featured in numerous films, including 3412:(in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. pp. 14–15. 1674:

Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France

1568:

started, the region became a strategic target for the

3080:(in French). Presses Univ. Septentrion. p. 160. 2836:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

1947:

remains active as it has been for hundreds of years.

646:

combines the names of the constituent departments of

1825:

and the growth in cross-Channel traffic in general.

863:. These territories formed an integral part of the 4361: 4323: 4232: 4155: 2371:-Nord is the regional rail network operated by the 1938:. Other Christian groups are found in the region: 434: 424: 414: 393: 376: 368: 360: 355: 347: 339: 334: 326: 321: 307: 297: 292: 262: 250: 242: 234: 146: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3521:Chronologie de l'immigration en Nord-Pas-de-Calais 3397:(in French). La Voix du Nord éditions. p. 85. 662:). The regional council, however, spells the name 4425:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union 4420:NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union 3901:Desmulliez, Jacqueline; Milis, L. J. R. (2008). 1630:, the world's largest French military cemetery. 3030: 3018: 2940: 1656:. Factories went on strike en masse during the 960:. Nord-Pas-de-Calais was barely touched by the 953:in 1815 restored the original French boundary. 3962:Official website: Tourism in Nord-Pas-deCalais 3461: 3449: 3437: 3155: 2144:are present in the Nord-Pas de Calais region. 4440:States and territories disestablished in 2016 4129: 3982: 3183:(in French). Points-Seuil. 2014. p. 51. 2718:Cuisine and specialties of Nord-Pas-de-Calais 1983:, the Nord-Pas de Calais region has a strong 1691:that launched attacks on England and massive 1321:took shape by the mid-11th century, with the 1066:, Caesar continued his conquests towards the 881:the Netherlands revolted against Spanish rule 8: 3884:Pas-de-Calais : Histoire d'un renouveau 3265:"1866, une épidémie de choléra dans le Nord" 2428:is a future high-capacity canal between the 1292:Counties of Flanders, Cambrésis, and Hainaut 658:('Strait of Calais', the French name of the 1346:In 1180, Isabelle de Hainaut's marriage to 4435:States and territories established in 1972 4136: 4122: 4114: 3989: 3975: 3967: 3565:. Port de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Archived from 3045:"La sacralité de la royauté mérovingienne" 2399:Inland and International freight transport 2387:The main airport of Nord-Pas de Calais is 1867:Industrial Decline and Economic Transition 1829:The Post-War Effort and Economic Expansion 1188:Christianization in the Merovingian Period 143: 3475:"The Euromosaic study: Flemish in France" 3380: 3368:Revue du Nord, Histoire & Archéologie 3346: 3334: 3322: 3307: 3283:"Canadian National Vimy Memorial, France" 3251: 3239: 3167: 2991: 2964: 2952: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 826:. With the death of the Burgundian duke 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3907:(in French). Artois presses université. 3227: 3215: 3203: 3143: 3100: 3061: 2540:, the largest city in Nord-Pas-de-Calais 1715: 1479:Franco-Austrian War and the First Empire 1326:became renowned for its cloth industry. 1098:, had settled in the region between the 3886:(in French). Librairie Arthème Fayard. 3509:the article on French linguistic policy 2734: 1400:From the Revolution to the First Empire 433: 423: 413: 375: 354: 333: 320: 291: 274: 249: 233: 198: 189: 161: 3954:Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais 3950:- Official French website (in English) 3865:Le Nord, de la Préhistoire à nos jours 2829:"Dutch/Flemish in the North of France" 2713:List of châteaux in Nord-Pas-de-Calais 1967:The economy is essentially led by the 1845:Economic Reconstruction and Television 1280:. This division split what is now the 1145:into the prosperous Roman province of 330:12,414 km (4,793 sq mi) 302:Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais 27:Former administrative region of France 3318: 3316: 650:(literally 'North', the northernmost 534:that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are 453: 392: 367: 359: 346: 338: 325: 306: 296: 261: 241: 7: 4006: 3541:National Anglo-Jewish Heritage Trail 3049:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 2453:, the region had been chosen by the 1726: 65:adding citations to reliable sources 3759:"The Channel Tunnel infrastructure" 3119:Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes 2180:. The family also holds a stake in 1687:installations, including extensive 1203:During the Merovingian period, the 3683:. Sevelnord.psa.fr. Archived from 1529:No. 3 pit of the Escarpelle mines. 1078:expanded his conquests toward the 25: 3008:(in French) (13th ed.): 124. 1979:Due to its location close to the 1719:Presidents of Nord-Pas-de-Calais 494:. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the 4078: 4060: 4052: 4033: 3827:(in French). Picardie.france3.fr 3825:"France 3 Picardie – Actualités" 3537:"Nord Pas de Calais camps trail" 2981:(in French) (13th ed.): 23. 2697: 2683: 1854:Algerian War and Social Tensions 1272:as the natural boundary between 1074:During the Gallic War in 56 BC, 191: 176: 166: 41: 2025:Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin 1624:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 1596:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 1157:Decline and Barbarian Invasions 871:, and passed to Charles's son, 846:prospective invasion of Italy. 697:). Other alternative names are 52:needs additional citations for 3847:C-225/98 – Commission v France 3659:"Le groupe automobile Renault" 3425:Cent ans de vie dans la région 3410:Cent ans de vie dans la région 3395:Cent ans de vie dans la région 3181:La Guerre de Vendée, 1793–1800 2445:Training base for the Olympics 1409:Northern France, described by 1342:, created in the 14th century. 1227:Between Neustria and Austrasia 1054:in 56 BC: After defeating the 1: 4415:Coal mining regions in France 4079: 4034: 2743:"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat" 2723:Culture of Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2359:, as well as freight trains. 1255:The Scheldt as a New Frontier 1106:. These tribes, described by 570:. The second largest city is 4061: 4053: 3615:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3031:Desmulliez & Milis (2008 3019:Desmulliez & Milis (2008 2941:Desmulliez & Milis (2008 2482:Sports in Nord-Pas de Calais 2472:France's national basketball 898:Bog of Vred, natural reserve 3867:(in French). Bordessoules. 2779:Région Nord-Pas de Calais: 638:Incorporation (Netherlands) 4461: 4224:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 4180:(Centre Region until 2015) 3359:Berger, Françoise (2007). 3004:César, J. (1990). "Idem". 2188:and many other companies. 1912:policy of linguistic unity 1879: 1381: 1039: 635: 29: 4374:Ranked by area/population 4004: 3922:Pierrard, Pierre (1978). 3639:. Toyota-valenciennes.com 3113:Meriaux, Charles (2000). 2848:10.1080/01434630208666452 2670:European Court of Justice 2192:Transport Infrastructures 1890:communities: the western 1723: 1718: 1672:, it was attached to the 1516:The industrial revolution 1338:Saint-Vaast beguinage in 1302:Sequence of Saint Eulalia 842:, neutral in French King 625:Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis 199: 190: 162: 153: 4430:Former regions of France 3370:(in French) (21): 43–57. 3074:Platelle, Henri (2004). 2791:Retrieved 4 January 2011 2781:Qu'est ce que la Région? 1729: 699:Région Flandre(s)-Artois 4168:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 3926:(in French). Hachette. 3681:"Les véhicules du site" 3131:10.3406/bec.2000.451035 3051:(in French): 1217–1241. 3043:Le Jan, Régine (2003). 1975:Agriculture and fishing 1770:Marie-Christine Blandin 1199:was founded around 630. 889:French Wars of Religion 705:, ('Upper France') and 471: 455:[nɔʁpɑd(ə)kalɛ] 369: • Per capita 351:330/km (850/sq mi) 4145:Administrative regions 3783:. Breaking Travel News 3505:Constitution of France 3481:. 2006. Archived from 2787:5 January 2011 at the 2553: 2541: 2201: 1608:Battle of Arras (1917) 1599: 1556: 1530: 1491: 1379: 1376:Froissart's Chronicles 1343: 1330:The Battle of Bouvines 1306: 1200: 1137: 1071: 985: 899: 856: 783: 729: 482:. It consisted of the 439:www.nordpasdecalais.fr 3761:. Eurotunnelgroup.com 3511:for more information. 2827:Ryckeboer, H (2002). 2547: 2536: 2199: 2013:Industrial Revolution 1628:Notre Dame de Lorette 1594: 1552: 1528: 1486: 1369: 1337: 1299: 1195: 1183:The Frankish kingdoms 1135: 1049: 976: 897: 852: 778: 724: 558:is in the Kingdom of 506:(north and east) and 476:administrative region 451:French pronunciation: 395: • Summer ( 364:€122,607 billion 32:MS Nord Pas-de-Calais 4270:Languedoc-Roussillon 4163:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 4156:Current (since 2016) 3611:"Nord-Pas-de-Calais" 3485:on 19 September 2006 2729:Notes and references 2662:invitation to tender 2515:Championnat National 2455:Organising Committee 2111:, Savel, and Secma. 1670:occupation of France 1604:Battle of Vimy Ridge 1260:The Treaty of Verdun 1082:after defeating the 1031:and the Roman Empire 754:Austrian Netherlands 679:French Low Countries 652:department of France 580:continental European 524:Southern Netherlands 348: • Density 76:"Nord-Pas-de-Calais" 61:improve this article 4178:Centre-Val de Loire 3882:C'artouche (2000). 3805:. Dunkerque-port.fr 3569:on 20 December 2012 3479:European Commission 2666:Département du Nord 2655:University of Lille 2075:operate a plant in 2073:PSA Peugeot Citroën 2039:Automobile industry 2033:World Heritage List 2018:automobile industry 1606:assault during the 1411:Jean-Clément Martin 982:Sailly-en-Ostrevent 962:Franco-Prussian War 865:Seventeen Provinces 836:Philip the Handsome 685:in French (French: 681:, which also means 215: / 30:For the Ferry, see 4410:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 4295:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 4233:Former (1982–2015) 4209:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 4058:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 3863:Collectif (1988). 3271:(in French). 2006. 3230:, p. 258-260) 3218:, p. 268-274) 3206:, p. 260-264) 3170:, p. 102-103) 2554: 2542: 2521:'s ladies play in 2462:, the New Zealand 2440:Sports and culture 2383:Air transportation 2202: 1705:Operation Crossbow 1600: 1557: 1531: 1492: 1394:Hundred Years' War 1384:Hundred Years' War 1380: 1362:Hundred Years' War 1361: 1352:County of Flanders 1344: 1315:County of Flanders 1307: 1221:Council of Orleans 1201: 1138: 1072: 1000:and 500,000 BC in 986: 951:Congress of Vienna 924:Treaty of Nijmegen 900: 873:Philip II of Spain 857: 796:County of Flanders 788:County of Boulogne 784: 730: 695:Franse Lage Landen 691:Franse Nederlanden 683:French Netherlands 671:County of Flanders 664:Nord-Pas de Calais 644:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 447:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 361: • Total 340: • Total 327: • Total 148:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 18:Nord Pas de Calais 4397: 4396: 4389:Regional councils 4260:Champagne-Ardenne 4111: 4110: 4106: 4105: 3914:978-2-903077-71-6 3737:"Insee – Régions" 3589:"Insee – Régions" 3503:Article 2 of the 3190:978-2-7578-3656-9 3087:978-2-85939-852-1 2634:Villeneuve d'Ascq 2529:Major communities 2341:Coquelles, France 2142:Boulangeries Paul 1888:minority language 1835:General de Gaulle 1819: 1818: 1676:, ruled from the 1620:Battle of Cambrai 1538:The Working Class 1521:The economic boom 1390:Count of Flanders 1370:The surrender of 1356:Count of Flanders 1319:County of Hainaut 1286:Holy Roman Empire 1197:Marchiennes Abbey 943:French Revolution 928:Treaty of Ryswick 869:Emperor Charles V 861:House of Habsburg 812:Dukes of Burgundy 804:Holy Roman Empire 800:County of Hainaut 734:Charles de Gaulle 687:Pays-Bas français 530:. 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1654:Roger Salengro 1635: 1632: 1616:Battle of Loos 1574:Central Powers 1561: 1558: 1539: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1488:Siege of Lille 1480: 1477: 1426: 1423: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1382:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1331: 1328: 1293: 1290: 1278:Middle Francia 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1228: 1225: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1158: 1155: 1129: 1124: 1040:Main article: 1037: 1036:The Gallic War 1034: 1032: 1029:Gallia Belgica 1026: 980:des Bonettes, 970: 967: 937:, Artois, and 844:Charles VIII's 758:Dutch Republic 718: 715: 633: 630: 544:French Hainaut 472:Nord-Pas-Calés 442: 441: 436: 432: 431: 428: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 401: 391: 390: 380: 374: 373: 370: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 341: 337: 336: 332: 331: 328: 324: 323: 319: 318: 312: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 290: 289: 287: 286: 280: 270: 269: 268: 266: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 246:1 January 2016 244: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 197: 196: 188: 187: 181: 175: 171: 165: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 151: 150: 147: 140: 135: 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During the 874: 870: 866: 862: 855: 851: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 782: 781:Cap Blanc Nez 777: 773: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 723: 716: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 656:Pas-de-Calais 653: 649: 645: 639: 631: 629: 627: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 514:(the Celtics 513: 509: 505: 502:(northwest), 501: 497: 493: 492:Pas-de-Calais 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 462: 456: 448: 440: 437: 429: 427: 419: 417: 416:ISO 3166 code 409: 405: 402: 398: 388: 384: 381: 379: 371: 363: 350: 342: 329: 316: 313: 311: 308: • 303: 300: 284: 283:Pas-de-Calais 281: 278: 275: 267: 265: 258: 255: 253: 245: 237: 228: 224:50.467; 2.717 200:Coordinates: 194: 179: 169: 157: 152: 145: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4294: 4057: 4044: 4010: 3997: 3923: 3903: 3883: 3864: 3857:Bibliography 3841: 3829:. Retrieved 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3797: 3785:. Retrieved 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3710: 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3685:the original 3675: 3663:. Retrieved 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3631: 3619:. Retrieved 3614: 3605: 3593:. Retrieved 3583: 3571:. Retrieved 3567:the original 3557: 3545:. Retrieved 3540: 3531: 3516: 3499: 3487:. Retrieved 3483:the original 3478: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3376: 3367: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3180: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3096: 3076: 3069: 3057: 3048: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2842:(1): 22–35. 2839: 2835: 2822: 2812:19 September 2810:. Retrieved 2806:the original 2796: 2780: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2748:18 September 2746:. Retrieved 2737: 2659: 2648: 2629:Valenciennes 2485: 2448: 2423: 2412:is built by 2410:LNG carriers 2407: 2386: 2366: 2337: 2284:Valenciennes 2258:Pecquencourt 2215: 2203: 2171:Leroy Merlin 2156: 2126:McCain Foods 2122: 2115:and Europe. 2113: 2057:Valenciennes 2051:produce the 2046: 2042: 2022: 2010: 2001: 1989: 1978: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1956:General data 1933: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1906:(speakers, " 1903: 1896:West Flemish 1885: 1876:Demographics 1870: 1860:Algerian War 1857: 1848: 1832: 1820: 1753:Noël Josèphe 1681:kommandantur 1680: 1667: 1664:World War II 1647: 1640: 1637: 1601: 1563: 1541: 1532: 1505:Valenciennes 1493: 1461:Valenciennes 1428: 1408: 1387: 1345: 1308: 1300: 1274:West Francia 1263: 1233:Merovingians 1230: 1202: 1160: 1139: 1126: 1073: 1028: 1010: 987: 955: 932: 901: 877:Italian Wars 858: 840:Maximilian I 785: 762: 731: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 668: 663: 643: 642: 623: 584:Valenciennes 564: 498:(west), the 446: 445: 182:Coat of arms 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 4310:Rhône-Alpes 3957:(in French) 3845:InfoCuria, 3831:25 February 3809:25 February 3787:25 February 3765:25 February 3743:25 February 3691:25 February 3665:25 February 3643:25 February 3595:25 February 2769:(in French) 2451:London 2012 2081:Peugeot 807 1940:Protestants 1928:Green Party 1668:During the 1560:World War I 1311:Middle Ages 1245:Marchiennes 1151:Gallo-Roman 1042:Gallic Wars 1021:Michelsberg 994:Middle Ages 990:Pleistocene 824:Netherlands 709:('Northern 484:departments 426:NUTS Region 264:Departments 222: / 4404:Categories 4343:Martinique 4338:Guadeloupe 3739:. Insee.fr 3621:4 December 3591:. 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