3299:
842:
3415:
3126:
3656:
2930:
2790:
2746:
3562:
115:
1147:
442:
309:
2707:
2638:
2424:
2311:
2228:
2027:
1858:
1763:
1568:
1246:
1105:
3007:
2815:
3532:
4750:
3719:
3801:
739:, 184.9 ± 2.0 Ma in an andesitic lava and 175.9 ± 1.1 Ma in a rhyolitic lava, indicating the occurrence of volcanic events in this section of the Noreán Formation from the Lower to the earliest Middle Jurassic. Zircon inheritance suggests that the volcanic arc was emplaced in a
456:
3298:
580:" ("Volcanoclastic Unit of Noreán") in 1995 and in the same year elevated to a formal formation by Clavijo in 1995 as part of the geologic mapping for Plancha 65 Tamalameque and named after the caserío Noreán, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of
4676:"Different Levels of Exhumation across the Bucaramanga Fault in the Cepitá Area of the Southwestern Santander Massif, Colombia: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Andes in Northwestern South America"
865:
resulted in ages of 201.6 ± 3.6 and 196.1 ± 4.4. Refined dating of the formation performed in 2019 by Correa Martínez et al. concluded an age range between 192.4 ± 2.2 and 175.9 ± 1.1 Ma, spanning most of the
750:. The Noreán Formation represents continental arc magmatism, which occurred during a phase of extensional tectonics along the continental margin of northwestern South America from approximately 195 to 168 Ma.
813:
On the western flanks of the
Eastern Cordillera, the formation is subdivided into six units and in the Serranía de San Lucas into four (1, 3, 5 and 6 of the six named below), from young to old:
4700:
Rodríguez García, Gabriel; Correa Martínez, Ana María; Zapata García, Gilberto; Arango Mejía, María Isabel; Obando Erazo, Gloria; Zapata
Villada, Juan Pablo; Bermúdez, José Gilberto (2020),
841:
786:
and in this area is overlain by the
Tablazo Formation and the Arenal Conglomeratic Unit. Across the San Lucas mountains, the formation is in faulted and discordant contact with the
4958:
709:
bodies are also present. Geochemically, the volcanic and pyroclastic rocks exhibit chemical similarities, belong to the calc-alkaline series and have negative anomalies of
886:, dated at 166.9 ± 6 Ma. A 2020 thermochronological study concluded that the Jurassic volcanic rocks covering the Santander Massif were exhumed during the latest
4761:
González Iregui, Humberto; Salinas
Echeverri, Rosalba; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio; Muñoz Taborda, Carlos; Ayala Montoya, Germán; Vélez Giraldo, Wilson (2015),
5054:
5064:
4999:
3833:
845:
Geologic map of the northern VMM and
Santander Massif with the Noreán Formation in light purple. U-Pb dating sites with associated ages are indicated.
4728:"Petrografía, geoquímica y geocronología U-Pb de las rocas volcánicas y piroclásticas de la Formación Noreán al NW del Macizo de Santander, Colombia"
4994:
651:. The Early Jurassic basin was covered by a shallow sea and in part drained by rivers and lakes. The basin at time of deposition was bordered by a
5059:
5004:
643:(VMM). The formation is interpreted as characteristic of an important explosive volcanic phase, the materials of which were deposited in a
3952:
3909:
861:(U-Pb). The first method gave an age range of 194 ± 6 Ma, the Rb-Sr dating method provided a range of 161 ± 27 Ma and U-Pb dating of
556:
The more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick formation was deposited in a continental arc magmatic setting in an Early
Jurassic
3915:
3414:
5049:
4971:
4766:
2160:
1912:
3125:
1114:
3346:
1963:
601:
496:
394:
328:
253:
950:, while in the Serranía de San Lucas the formation correlates with and is partly overlying the Morrocoyal Formation. In the
4776:"Evolución geológica de la Serranía de San Lucas, norte del Valle Medio del Magdalena y noroeste de la Cordillera Oriental"
926:, north and east of Aguachica where its type locality is situated, in the Serranía de San Lucas, where the urban center of
2034:
802:
5074:
5069:
5044:
5014:
4874:
Royero, José María; Clavijo, Jairo; Mendoza, Hernando; Barbosa, Gonzalo; Vargas, G.; Bernal, R.E.; Ferreira, P. (1994),
951:
387:
246:
4804:
3956:
5034:
4702:"Diverse Jurassic Magmatic Arcs of the Colombian Andes: Constraints from Petrography, Geochronology, and Geochemistry"
3133:
3512:
5009:
4727:
3921:
3613:
2492:
1720:
1707:
1665:
1659:
1629:
1623:
1591:
1585:
1529:
1523:
1488:
1482:
1457:
1451:
1414:
1408:
1262:
1253:
4962:
4775:
5039:
5019:
3778:
854:
767:
152:
4780:
4732:
3074:
1673:
971:
5029:
3893:
2096:
1068:
3903:
3898:
1035:
616:
507:
324:
3808:
2436:
983:
5024:
2942:
1061:
987:
648:
640:
636:
589:
519:
515:
340:
336:
3753:
2377:
1926:
1871:
1054:
4701:
4675:
3655:
3357:
3234:
2929:
2829:
2789:
2715:
2055:
963:
935:
850:
783:
763:
170:
3246:
2040:
1184:
955:
879:
775:
3688:
3585:
3499:
3193:
3138:
3035:
2658:
2584:
1989:
1315:
771:
186:
3574:
3309:
3258:
2721:
2595:
2318:
2167:
1916:
1778:
1771:
1190:
1166:
991:
931:
779:
620:
288:
156:
4895:
Clavijo, Jairo; Barbosa, Gonzalo; Camacho, J.A.; Bernal, L.E.; Royero, José María; Castro, E. (1992),
4726:
Correa Martínez, Ana María; Rodríguez, Gabriel; Arango, María Isabel; Zapata García, Gilberto (2019),
3621:
3333:
2957:
2881:
2572:
2330:
1420:
1307:
959:
947:
791:
787:
624:
182:
178:
3726:
3441:
3221:
3207:
2509:
2444:
2324:
2182:
2122:
1983:
1969:
1941:
1865:
1679:
1301:
1268:
1204:
1028:
795:
759:
628:
296:
174:
166:
132:
3942:
based on Duarte et al. (2019), García González et al. (2009), and geological report of
Villavicencio
3632:
3151:
2589:
2335:
1360:
1354:
1342:
3607:
3321:
2745:
2651:
2498:
2470:
2401:
2288:
2070:
2004:
1934:
1794:
1688:
1607:
1536:
1497:
1435:
1197:
975:
923:
858:
492:
3731:
3214:
3759:
3494:
3471:
3388:
3021:
3014:
2822:
2578:
2270:
2175:
1816:
1598:
927:
747:
632:
511:
4938:
4917:
4896:
4875:
4854:
4833:
2546:
1172:
3569:
2504:
1976:
560:
that presently forms the basement of the Middle
Magdalena Valley (VMM). A positive anomaly of
4801:
Colombian
Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal
3683:
3463:
3264:
3188:
1178:
919:
686:
612:
585:
527:
476:
429:
292:
220:
3848:
3555:
3455:
2867:
2856:
2048:
1958:
1654:
1518:
883:
740:
3951:
based on Duarte et al. (2019) and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the
592:
of the Noreán
Formation is along the road between Buturama and Bombeadero in Aguachica.
3561:
3539:
3487:
3000:
2937:
2860:
2739:
2645:
2384:
2372:
1907:
1713:
1575:
1561:
1402:
1295:
1290:
1257:
1156:
906:, Cesar. In Cesar, outcrops occur south of the village of Saloa and around the town of
867:
744:
702:
546:
666:. The formation also comprises less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) thin very fine to fine
4988:
3069:
2923:
2851:
2808:
2700:
2264:
2257:
2118:
2020:
1810:
1513:
770:. In some locations in this area, the formation is found in faulted contact with the
682:
660:
523:
73:
27:
114:
2968:
2600:
1851:
1211:
1146:
1048:
1042:
1003:
995:
652:
4774:
Clavijo, Jairo; Mantilla, Luís; Pinto, Jorge; Bernal, Luís; Pérez, Adrián (2008),
2706:
2637:
2423:
2310:
2227:
2026:
1857:
1762:
1567:
1245:
1104:
455:
974:
to the east of the extent of the formation, the Noreán Formation correlates with
2895:
2524:
2487:
2457:
2417:
2350:
2275:
2205:
1891:
1756:
1740:
1395:
1140:
911:
903:
48:
4754:
4944:
4923:
4902:
4881:
4860:
4839:
4817:
3006:
2976:
2541:
2431:
2235:
2221:
2091:
1366:
1124:
979:
967:
887:
871:
782:. In the Serranía de San Lucas, the Noreán Formation conformably overlies the
726:
714:
706:
565:
550:
230:
93:
58:
31:
954:
of northern Colombia, the Noreán Formation is considered equivalent with the
409:
396:
268:
255:
4799:
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007),
3824:
3408:
2814:
2562:
2367:
2139:
2112:
2086:
1887:
1736:
1638:
1545:
1466:
1379:
1285:
1011:
891:
667:
581:
372:
234:
98:
42:
3918:, contemporaneous volcanic formation of central Chile and western Argentina
4674:
Amaya Ferreira, Sergio; Zuluaga, Carlos Augusto; Bernet, Matthias (2020),
3531:
3383:
3292:
3096:
2631:
2155:
1580:
1334:
1239:
1098:
946:
In the Santander Massif, the Noreán Formation has been correlated to the
907:
875:
826:
Pyroclastic and Effusive Dacitic Unit (Jnpd) - 450 metres (1,480 ft)
736:
718:
694:
690:
675:
605:
538:
534:
500:
447:
314:
213:
209:
120:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
35:
4749:
3794:
3422:
2972:
2899:
2783:
2604:
1215:
1161:
710:
103:
78:
3800:
3183:
3119:
2753:
2567:
2304:
2251:
915:
862:
758:
To the northwest of the Santander Massif, the formation overlies the
733:
671:
656:
644:
557:
4937:
Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006),
4916:
Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006),
4853:
Bernal Vargas, Luis Enrique; Mantilla Figueroa, Luis Carlos (2006),
689:
rocks of the Noreán Formation are composed of lavas that range from
3718:
840:
732:
U-Pb zircon geochronology resulted in ages of 192.4 ± 2.2 Ma in a
663:
608:
503:
332:
4753:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2676:
722:
698:
561:
542:
530:
216:
832:
Pyroclastic-epiclastic Unit (Jnpe) - 800 metres (2,600 ft)
902:
The northernmost outcrop of the Noreán Formation is found in
4832:
Hernández, Marina; Clavijo, Jairo; González, Javier (2001),
3799:
3717:
3654:
3560:
3530:
3413:
3297:
3124:
3005:
2928:
2813:
2788:
2744:
2705:
2636:
2422:
2309:
2226:
2025:
1856:
1761:
1566:
1244:
1145:
1103:
970:
complexes of Caja de Ahorros, La Paila and La Piña. In the
849:
The age of the Noreán Formation has been established using
829:
Effusive Spherulitic Unit (Jnee) - 300 metres (980 ft)
998:
to the southeast of the extent of the Eastern Cordillera.
600:
The Noreán Formation is found in the northern part of the
3906:, sedimentary basin to the northeast of the Noreán extent
823:
Dacitic Effusive Unit (Jned) - 350 metres (1,150 ft)
820:
Effusive Rhyolitic Unit (Jner) - 150 metres (490 ft)
817:
Hypobyssal Andesitic Unit (Jnha) - 12 metres (39 ft)
16:
Early Jurassic geological formation in northern Colombia
119:
Outcrop of the Effusive Rhyolitic Unit (Jner) south of
4755:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4709:
Servicio Geológico Colombiano Publicaciones Especiales
4683:
Servicio Geológico Colombiano Publicaciones Especiales
3924:, contemporaneous volcanic formation of northern Chile
4395:
4393:
3912:, megaregional igneous province of the Early Jurassic
982:
peninsula, the formation is time-equivalent with the
4500:
4498:
568:-related genesis dominated by explosive volcanism.
435:
425:
386:
378:
368:
360:
352:
347:
320:
302:
284:
245:
240:
226:
205:
200:
192:
162:
148:
138:
128:
21:
4814:Memoria de la Plancha 65 - Tamalameque - 1:100,000
4618:
4616:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4488:
4486:
4374:
4372:
4344:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4763:Memoria de la Plancha 56 - San Roque - 1:100,000
4072:
4070:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4033:
678:(10 to 40%) and lithic fragments (1-2 %).
631:in the south. The formation forms the economic
576:The Noreán Formation was first defined as the "
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
930:rests on top of the formation, in the west of
4630:
4628:
8:
990:the Noreán Formation is correlated with the
801:The formation is offset by the megaregional
4005:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3975:
878:. The Noreán Formation was intruded by the
697:, together with vitric, lithic and crystal
4940:Plancha 96 - Bocas del Rosario - 1:100,000
1000:
553:bodies are also present in the formation.
454:
113:
18:
4964:Plancha 108 - Puerto Wilches - 1:100,000
460:Paleogeography of Northern South America
3971:
3935:
3894:Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1083:
994:. The Lower Jurassic is missing in the
986:while to the south of its area in the
3018:
2766:
2725:
2667:
2594:
2116:
2045:
1869:
1776:
1596:
1195:
7:
4877:Plancha 65 - Tamalameque - 1:100,000
4504:Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
4480:Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
4471:Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
4835:Plancha 47 - Chiriguaná - 1:100,000
4085:Rodríguez García et al., 2020, p.43
4898:Plancha 75 - Aguachica - 1:100,000
4661:García González et al., 2009, p.60
4531:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
4417:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
4399:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
4263:García González et al., 2009, p.85
4251:García González et al., 2009, p.50
4231:García González et al., 2009, p.27
4148:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.43
4076:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.29
4064:González Iregui et al., 2015, p.58
4055:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.32
4039:Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.31
4018:González Iregui et al., 2015, p.56
3910:Central Atlantic magmatic province
14:
5065:Geography of Santander Department
4856:Plancha 55 - El Banco - 1:100,000
4462:Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
4166:Amaya Ferreira et al., 2020, p.11
5000:Jurassic System of South America
4748:
4610:Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
3879:distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
2161:Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event
578:Unidad Volcanoclástica de Noreán
440:
307:
142:
5055:Geography of Bolívar Department
4995:Geologic formations of Colombia
4919:Plancha 85 - Simití - 1:100,000
4513:Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
4408:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
4387:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
4378:Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
3916:Nacientes del Biobío Formation
3452:Yellow: allochthonous basement
1463:Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
1:
5060:Geography of Cesar Department
4972:Servicio Geológico Colombiano
4767:Servicio Geológico Colombiano
3460:Green: autochthonous basement
2391:Shallow to open marine (Paja)
1635:Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
934:, and in the western part of
803:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault
541:. Vitric, lithic and crystal
5005:Early Jurassic South America
4643:García González et al., 2009
4576:Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
4567:Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
3899:Geology of the Eastern Hills
2983:2,400 m (7,900 ft)
2518:2,935 m (9,629 ft)
1685:Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
1604:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
1494:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
1425:Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
952:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
522:. The formation consists of
514:underlying the southernmost
196:2,062 m (6,765 ft)
4812:Royero, José María (1996),
4444:Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
2514:Restricted marine (Macanal)
2060:Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
5091:
4622:Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
4601:Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
4435:Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
4315:Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
4291:Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
4211:Barrero et al., 2007, p.70
4157:Clavijo et al., 2008, p.52
3832:
3509:
3470:
3468:
3464:Río Negro-Juruena Province
3451:
3426:
3052:600 m (2,000 ft)
2906:900 m (3,000 ft)
2768:
2464:910 m (2,990 ft)
2395:940 m (3,080 ft)
2344:800 m (2,600 ft)
2282:500 m (1,600 ft)
2199:500 m (1,600 ft)
2187:
2064:750 m (2,460 ft)
1542:Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
1429:850 m (2,790 ft)
1373:400 m (1,300 ft)
1222:550 m (1,800 ft)
1006:and surrounding provinces
721:and a positive anomaly of
615:in the north, towards the
3798:
3793:
3757:
3716:
3698:
3682:
3662:
3653:
3631:
3611:
3606:
3559:
3554:
3498:
3486:
3440:
3433:
3394:
3392:
3369:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3343:
3319:
3296:
3137:
3123:
3100:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3048:Shallow marine (Floresta)
3004:
2956:
2879:
2864:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2720:
2656:
2644:
2616:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2496:
2449:
2430:
2421:
2334:
2329:
2308:
2269:
2262:
2234:
2225:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2095:
2090:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2024:
1988:
1981:
1939:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1855:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1769:
1760:
1711:
1677:
1672:
1627:
1589:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1527:
1486:
1455:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1399:
1394:
1346:
1311:
1306:
1243:
1220:
1210:
1188:
1183:
1165:
1123:
1118:
922:, in the western part of
453:
112:
26:
4652:Pulido & Gómez, 2001
3876:proximal Llanos (Medina)
2683:100 m (330 ft)
2611:110 m (360 ft)
1998:225 m (738 ft)
1881:260 m (850 ft)
1788:240 m (790 ft)
520:Middle Magdalena Valleys
5050:Shallow marine deposits
4585:Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
4558:Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
4549:Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
4540:Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
4522:Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
4492:Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
4453:Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
4426:Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
4366:Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
4357:Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
4348:Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
4336:Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
4324:Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
3922:Pan de Azúcar Formation
3860:fossiliferous formation
3809:Carajas-Imataca orogeny
2195:Restricted marine (all)
984:Rancho Grande Formation
649:Middle Magdalena Valley
641:Middle Magdalena Valley
639:(VIM) and the northern
4139:Royero, 1996, pp.11-12
4121:Royero, 1996, pp.13-15
4103:Royero, 1996, pp.15-16
3804:
3722:
3659:
3608:Rondônia-Juruá orogeny
3565:
3535:
3418:
3302:
3129:
3010:
2933:
2818:
2793:
2749:
2710:
2641:
2427:
2314:
2231:
2030:
1861:
1766:
1571:
1249:
1150:
1108:
988:Upper Magdalena Valley
846:
637:Lower Magdalena Valley
611:, stretching from the
480:
3904:Cesar-Ranchería Basin
3803:
3754:Transamazonic orogeny
3721:
3658:
3564:
3534:
3495:Cariri Velhos orogeny
3417:
3301:
3134:Rich fauna in Bolivia
3128:
3009:
2932:
2817:
2792:
2748:
2709:
2640:
2426:
2340:Open marine (Fómeque)
2313:
2230:
2029:
1877:Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
1860:
1765:
1570:
1248:
1154:Pleistocene volcanism
1149:
1107:
964:Los Indios Formations
942:Regional correlations
844:
617:Serranía de San Lucas
508:Serranía de San Lucas
325:Serranía de San Lucas
1002:Stratigraphy of the
784:Morrocoyal Formation
778:and the Tablazo and
493:geological formation
410:8.38167°N 73.61056°W
269:8.00000°N 74.00000°W
133:Geological formation
5075:Rhyolite formations
5070:Andesite formations
5045:Lacustrine deposits
5015:Pliensbachian Stage
4781:Boletín de Geología
4733:Boletín de Geología
4634:Duarte et al., 2019
3855:important formation
3423:Break-up of Rodinia
3306:Regional intrusions
2852:Early Carboniferous
1733:Marine-deltaic (C8)
1400:Miocene inundations
1007:
976:La Quinta Formation
972:Serranía del Perijá
956:Guatapurí Formation
936:Cantagallo, Bolívar
880:San Lucas Granitoid
859:uranium-lead dating
776:La Virgen Formation
701:. Mainly andesitic
655:, characterized by
406: /
265: /
28:Stratigraphic range
5035:Jurassic volcanism
4130:Royero, 1996, p.12
4112:Royero, 1996, p.15
4094:Royero, 1996, p.16
4027:Royero, 1996, p.10
3805:
3723:
3660:
3566:
3536:
3419:
3389:Cambrian explosion
3303:
3130:
3011:
2934:
2823:Famatinian orogeny
2819:
2809:Late Carboniferous
2794:
2750:
2711:
2642:
2632:Early-Mid Jurassic
2568:Break-up of Pangea
2428:
2315:
2232:
2031:
1862:
1767:
1572:
1254:Pliocene volcanism
1250:
1151:
1112:Holocene volcanism
1109:
1001:
932:San Pablo, Bolívar
928:Santa Rosa del Sur
855:rubidium-strontium
847:
780:La Luna Formations
772:Bucaramanga Gneiss
729:-related genesis.
670:beds constituting
415:8.38167; -73.61056
274:8.00000; -74.00000
187:Bucaramanga Gneiss
157:La Luna Formations
5010:Jurassic Colombia
4202:Plancha 108, 2012
3866:
3839:
3838:
3015:High biodiversity
2373:High biodiversity
1784:Coastal (Mirador)
1339:Regional flooding
1080:Petroleum geology
1075:Maximum thickness
992:Saldaña Formation
768:Tablazo Formation
469:
468:
41:194.6–174.8
5082:
5040:Fluvial deposits
5020:Sinemurian Stage
4981:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4821:
4808:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4770:
4769:, pp. 1–147
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4680:
4662:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4623:
4620:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4493:
4490:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4337:
4334:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4292:
4289:
4264:
4261:
4252:
4249:
4232:
4229:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4193:Plancha 96, 2006
4191:
4185:
4184:Plancha 85, 2006
4182:
4176:
4175:Plancha 75, 1992
4173:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4040:
4037:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4009:Plancha 55, 2006
4007:
3996:
3995:Plancha 47, 2001
3993:
3984:
3983:Plancha 65, 1994
3981:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3872:
3864:
3820:
3790:
3774:
3764:
3749:
3739:
3713:
3703:
3696:
3684:Paleoproterozoic
3679:
3667:
3650:
3640:
3629:
3618:
3603:
3593:
3582:
3551:
3526:
3516:
3507:
3483:
3449:
3438:
3431:
3404:
3379:
3365:
3354:
3341:
3330:
3317:
3288:
3273:
3254:
3242:
3229:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3184:Early Ordovician
3179:
3159:
3146:
3115:
3104:
3092:
3075:Silurian mystery
3065:
3055:
3038:
3031:
2996:
2986:
2965:
2950:
2938:Passive margin 1
2919:
2909:
2890:
2877:
2847:
2837:
2804:
2779:
2763:
2735:
2718:
2696:
2686:
2671:
2646:Passive margin 2
2627:
2614:
2558:
2537:
2521:
2483:
2467:
2453:
2413:
2398:
2363:
2347:
2300:
2285:
2247:
2217:
2202:
2191:
2151:
2135:
2108:
2082:
2067:
2043:
2016:
2001:
1954:
1903:
1884:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1806:
1791:
1752:
1730:
1716:
1700:
1650:
1619:
1557:
1509:
1478:
1447:
1432:
1391:
1376:
1350:
1330:
1304:
1281:
1271:
1235:
1225:
1207:
1136:
1115:Seismic activity
1094:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1008:
948:Jordán Formation
924:Morales, Bolívar
792:San Lucas Gneiss
788:Norosí Batholith
766:overlain by the
635:in the southern
625:Santander Massif
613:Cesar Department
533:that range from
481:Formación Noreán
473:Noreán Formation
465:
458:
446:
444:
443:
421:
420:
418:
417:
416:
411:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
313:
311:
310:
280:
279:
277:
276:
275:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
179:Norosí Batholith
175:Sudán Formations
117:
108:
45:
22:Noreán Formation
19:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5030:Tuff formations
4985:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4957:
4950:
4948:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4873:
4866:
4864:
4852:
4845:
4843:
4831:
4828:
4820:, pp. 1–78
4811:
4807:, pp. 1–92
4798:
4791:
4789:
4773:
4760:
4743:
4741:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4295:
4290:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4235:
4230:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3889:
3883:
3870:
3865:minor formation
3851:
3818:
3788:
3772:
3758:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3727:Tapajós orogeny
3711:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3677:
3665:pre-Bucaramanga
3663:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3556:Mesoproterozoic
3549:
3524:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3481:
3461:
3459:
3456:Chibcha Terrane
3453:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3427:
3402:
3377:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3347:SJ del Guaviare
3337:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3177:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3120:Late Ordovician
3113:
3102:
3090:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2961:
2960:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2802:
2777:
2761:
2733:
2714:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2592:
2587:
2556:
2535:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2465:
2463:
2451:
2438:
2411:
2396:
2394:
2361:
2345:
2343:
2298:
2283:
2281:
2245:
2215:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2149:
2133:
2125:
2106:
2097:Colón-Mito Juan
2080:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2039:
2014:
1999:
1997:
1994:Fluvial (Barco)
1959:Early Paleocene
1952:
1944:
1920:
1915:
1901:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1815:
1804:
1789:
1787:
1750:
1739:
1726:
1712:
1698:
1682:
1655:Early Oligocene
1648:
1617:
1601:
1579:
1555:
1507:
1476:
1445:
1430:
1428:
1401:
1389:
1374:
1372:
1348:
1328:
1320:
1300:
1294:
1279:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1176:
1160:
1155:
1134:
1113:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1034:
1027:
1023:Regional events
1022:
944:
900:
884:Middle Jurassic
851:potassium-argon
839:
811:
796:Sudán Formation
760:Bocas Formation
756:
725:, suggesting a
647:setting of the
598:
574:
463:
461:
459:
441:
439:
414:
412:
408:
405:
400:
397:
395:
393:
392:
335:
308:
306:
273:
271:
267:
264:
259:
256:
254:
252:
251:
177:
124:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5088:
5086:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Toarcian Stage
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4955:
4934:
4913:
4892:
4871:
4850:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4809:
4796:
4771:
4758:
4723:
4697:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4624:
4612:
4603:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4389:
4380:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4317:
4293:
4265:
4253:
4233:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4066:
4057:
4041:
4029:
4020:
4011:
3997:
3985:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3729:
3724:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3686:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3630:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3583:
3572:
3570:Sunsás orogeny
3567:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:Snowball Earth
3537:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3488:Neoproterozoic
3485:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3450:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:Early Cambrian
3381:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3320:
3318:
3307:
3304:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3147:
3136:
3131:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3097:Early Silurian
3094:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3017:
3012:
3003:
3001:Early Devonian
2998:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2966:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2742:
2740:Early Triassic
2737:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:End of rifting
2089:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:Late Paleocene
1905:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:Andean orogeny
1573:
1564:
1562:Late Oligocene
1559:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:Pebas wetlands
1516:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1403:Andean orogeny
1398:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1291:Andean orogeny
1288:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1258:Andean orogeny
1251:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1169:
1164:
1157:Andean orogeny
1152:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1014:
943:
940:
899:
896:
868:Early Jurassic
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
810:
807:
755:
752:
745:Neoproterozoic
602:Eastern Ranges
597:
594:
573:
570:
545:and andesitic
497:Eastern Ranges
467:
466:
451:
450:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
390:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
356:Caserío Noreán
354:
350:
349:
345:
344:
329:Eastern Ranges
322:
318:
317:
304:
300:
299:
286:
282:
281:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
228:
224:
223:
207:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
164:
160:
159:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
118:
110:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5087:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4973:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3436:post-Parguaza
3430:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3293:Late Cambrian
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:First fossils
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3070:Late Silurian
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:Late Devonian
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:Late Triassic
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:KT extinction
2033:
2028:
2022:
2021:Maastrichtian
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:(Los Cuervos)
1874:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1811:Middle Eocene
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Early Miocene
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
857:(Rb-Sr), and
856:
852:
843:
836:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
808:
806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:unconformably
761:
753:
751:
749:
746:
742:
738:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
674:(90 to 60%),
673:
669:
665:
662:
661:calc-alkaline
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
595:
593:
591:
590:type locality
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
518:and northern
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
464:by Ron Blakey
457:
452:
449:
438:
434:
431:
428:
424:
419:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
250:
248:
244:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
122:
116:
111:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
4976:, retrieved
4963:
4949:, retrieved
4939:
4928:, retrieved
4918:
4907:, retrieved
4897:
4886:, retrieved
4876:
4865:, retrieved
4855:
4844:, retrieved
4834:
4813:
4800:
4790:, retrieved
4785:
4779:
4762:
4742:, retrieved
4737:
4731:
4717:, retrieved
4712:
4708:
4691:, retrieved
4686:
4682:
4668:Bibliography
4657:
4648:
4639:
4606:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4383:
4362:
4353:
4320:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4060:
4023:
4014:
3947:
3938:
3882:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3817:
3787:
3771:
3760:
3746:
3736:
3710:
3700:
3693:
3676:
3664:
3647:
3637:
3626:
3614:
3600:
3590:
3579:
3548:
3523:
3513:pre-Guaviare
3511:
3504:
3480:
3446:
3435:
3428:
3401:
3376:
3362:
3351:
3338:
3327:
3314:
3285:
3270:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3226:
3199:
3176:
3156:
3143:
3112:
3101:
3089:
3062:
3028:
3020:
3019:
2993:
2985:(Farallones)
2979:(Farallones)
2962:
2947:
2916:
2887:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2844:
2834:
2801:
2776:
2760:
2732:
2693:
2668:
2663:
2650:
2624:
2613:(Buenavista)
2607:(Buenavista)
2577:
2555:
2534:
2503:
2480:
2466:(Las Juntas)
2460:(Las Juntas)
2450:
2443:
2410:
2383:
2382:
2360:
2323:
2297:
2263:
2256:
2244:
2214:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2132:
2105:
2079:
2047:
2013:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1951:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1900:
1870:
1852:Early Eocene
1844:
1833:
1822:
1803:
1777:
1770:
1749:
1727:
1719:
1704:Oligo-Eocene
1697:
1664:
1647:
1630:Carbonera C6
1628:
1616:
1592:Carbonera C5
1590:
1554:
1535:
1530:Carbonera C4
1528:
1506:
1489:Carbonera C3
1487:
1475:
1458:Carbonera C2
1456:
1444:
1415:Carbonera C1
1413:
1388:
1359:
1347:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1278:
1232:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1133:
1091:
1069:Environments
1004:Llanos Basin
996:Llanos Basin
945:
918:and west of
901:
848:
812:
800:
757:
754:Stratigraphy
731:
680:
653:volcanic arc
599:
577:
575:
555:
488:
484:
472:
470:
379:Year defined
348:Type section
343:(subsurface)
221:pyroclastics
4974:, p. 1
4947:, p. 1
4926:, p. 1
4905:, p. 1
4884:, p. 1
4863:, p. 1
4842:, p. 1
3871:(age in Ma)
3694:(1500-1700)
3638:(1180-1550)
3627:(1300-1400)
3591:(1030-1100)
3500:Bucaramanga
3429:pre-Quetame
3259:Agua Blanca
2943:Río Cachirí
2861:Romer's gap
2857:Fossil fish
2830:Cerro Neiva
2769:"Paleozoic"
2685:(La Quinta)
2679:(La Quinta)
2488:Valanginian
2418:Hauterivian
2378:Aguardiente
2066:(Guadalupe)
1927:Los Cuervos
1917:2000 ppm CO
1872:Los Cuervos
1757:Late Eocene
1431:(Carbonera)
1396:Burdigalian
1162:Glaciations
1141:Pleistocene
912:Tamalameque
904:Chimichagua
809:Subdivision
687:pyroclastic
596:Description
564:suggests a
528:pyroclastic
413: /
388:Coordinates
272: /
247:Coordinates
231:Ignimbrites
4989:Categories
4978:2018-06-01
4951:2017-06-06
4945:INGEOMINAS
4930:2017-06-06
4924:INGEOMINAS
4909:2017-06-06
4903:INGEOMINAS
4888:2017-06-06
4882:INGEOMINAS
4867:2017-06-06
4861:INGEOMINAS
4846:2017-06-06
4840:INGEOMINAS
4818:INGEOMINAS
4792:2020-07-13
4744:2019-10-31
4719:2020-07-13
4693:2020-07-13
3967:References
3701:pre-Garzón
3615:pre-Ariarí
3505:(600-1400)
3358:San Isidro
3310:Chicamocha
3235:Río Nevado
3200:>470±22
3054:(Floresta)
2882:Farallones
2716:Mucuchachi
2617:"Jurassic"
2585:Buenavista
2542:Berriasian
2510:Rosablanca
2445:Las Juntas
2222:Cenomanian
2056:Monserrate
1367:Lacustrine
1302:Marichuela
1269:Subachoque
1125:Overburden
1036:Cordillera
980:La Guajira
968:ignimbrite
910:, east of
888:Cretaceous
872:Sinemurian
727:subduction
707:hypabyssal
566:subduction
551:hypabyssal
401:73°36′38″W
260:74°00′00″W
235:sandstones
171:Morrocoyal
32:Sinemurian
3825:Kenorland
3586:La Urraca
3409:Ediacaran
3352:(490-590)
3315:(490-515)
3271:(470-475)
3208:Chuscales
3144:(450-490)
3139:San Pedro
3029:(387-400)
2948:(360-419)
2900:estuarine
2875:(355-385)
2652:La Quinta
2563:Tithonian
2520:(Macanal)
2493:Río Negro
2471:Reservoir
2402:Reservoir
2368:Barremian
2346:(Fómeque)
2289:Reservoir
2201:(Gachetá)
2140:Coniacian
2123:Güagüaquí
2113:Santonian
2087:Campanian
2071:Reservoir
2049:Guadalupe
2041:Catatumbo
2005:Reservoir
1942:Gualanday
1795:Reservoir
1790:(Mirador)
1689:Reservoir
1680:Gualanday
1608:Reservoir
1537:Barzalosa
1498:Reservoir
1436:Reservoir
1286:Messinian
1224:(Guayabo)
1218:(Guayabo)
1185:Necesidad
1041:proximal
1029:Catatumbo
978:. In the
920:La Gloria
892:Paleocene
890:to early
695:rhyolitic
691:andesitic
676:feldspars
668:sandstone
629:Santander
606:Colombian
582:Aguachica
572:Etymology
539:rhyolites
535:andesites
501:Colombian
398:8°22′54″N
373:Aguachica
353:Named for
297:Santander
257:8°00′00″N
214:rhyolitic
210:Andesitic
201:Lithology
193:Thickness
183:San Lucas
149:Underlies
139:Sub-units
4961:(2012),
3887:See also
3779:Columbia
3761:pre-Mitú
3689:Maimachi
3622:Parguaza
3472:Basement
3442:El Barro
3194:Busbanzá
3036:El Tíbet
3022:Floresta
2969:Alluvial
2675:Coastal
2659:Montebel
2601:Alluvial
2579:Arcabuco
2439:Mercedes
2271:Caballos
2176:Chipaque
2156:Turonian
1990:Rumiyaco
1817:Regadera
1581:Foredeep
1335:Langhian
1296:Foreland
1240:Pliocene
1212:Alluvial
1119:alluvium
1099:Holocene
1055:Putumayo
1019:Paleomap
966:and the
908:Pailitas
898:Outcrops
876:Toarcian
853:(K-Ar),
794:and the
748:basement
737:andesite
734:basaltic
683:volcanic
657:basaltic
633:basement
524:volcanic
512:basement
462:200 Ma,
448:Colombia
369:Location
361:Named by
315:Colombia
241:Location
163:Overlies
143:See text
121:Pailitas
36:Toarcian
4788:: 45–62
4740:: 29–54
3959:in 2009
3834:Sources
3795:Archean
3322:Quetame
2973:fluvial
2908:(Cuche)
2902:(Cuche)
2896:Deltaic
2784:Permian
2722:Payandé
2605:fluvial
2596:Saldaña
2505:Macanal
2499:Cáqueza
2458:Deltaic
2325:Fómeque
2319:Capacho
2276:Deltaic
2183:Gachetá
2168:La Luna
2119:Villeta
2000:(Barco)
1977:Guaduas
1779:Mirador
1772:Mirador
1216:fluvial
1198:Gigante
1191:Guayabo
1167:Guayabo
1047:distal
882:in the
870:, from
863:zircons
762:and is
623:to the
621:Bolívar
604:of the
510:and as
499:of the
495:of the
491:) is a
477:Spanish
436:Country
364:Clavijo
303:Country
289:Bolívar
233:, thin
206:Primary
153:Tablazo
123:, Cesar
4715:: 1–54
4689:: 1–17
3842:Legend
3737:(1800)
3633:Garzón
3580:(1000)
3575:Ariarí
3334:Ariarí
3265:Venado
3247:Hígado
3215:Otengá
3103:hiatus
2958:Ambicá
2762:hiatus
2754:Pangea
2670:hiatus
2664:Noreán
2573:Jordán
2525:Source
2473:(LJun)
2452:hiatus
2432:Rift 1
2397:(Paja)
2351:Source
2331:Motema
2305:Aptian
2252:Albian
2236:Rift 2
2206:Source
2190:hiatus
1935:Bogotá
1892:Source
1824:hiatus
1741:Source
1674:Pepino
1421:Ospina
1375:(León)
1369:(León)
1349:hiatus
1308:Caimán
1179:Sabana
1049:Llanos
1043:Llanos
960:Corual
958:, the
916:Pelaya
790:, the
672:quartz
664:magmas
645:graben
588:. The
558:graben
506:, the
445:
426:Region
339:&
327:&
321:Extent
312:
295:&
285:Region
219:&
185:&
173:&
155:&
4968:(PDF)
4705:(PDF)
4679:(PDF)
3930:Notes
3849:group
3222:Guape
2868:Cuche
2547:Girón
2527:(Mac)
2437:Tibú-
2353:(Fóm)
2284:(Une)
2278:(Une)
1984:Barco
1970:Barco
1964:SALMA
1866:Socha
1728:onlap
1599:Orito
1316:Honda
1205:Neiva
1173:Soatá
1085:Notes
741:Meso-
703:dikes
699:tuffs
609:Andes
586:Cesar
547:dikes
543:tuffs
531:lavas
516:Lower
504:Andes
485:J1-2n
430:Cesar
333:Andes
293:Cesar
227:Other
217:lavas
167:Bocas
4959:UPTC
4826:Maps
3955:and
3819:3100
3789:2530
3773:2200
3748:1950
3732:Mitú
3712:1800
3678:1600
3649:1400
3602:1300
3550:1000
3152:Duda
2977:reef
2677:tuff
2590:Batá
2385:Paja
2336:Yaví
1913:PETM
1888:Seal
1737:Seal
1714:Usme
1639:Seal
1546:Seal
1467:Seal
1446:17.3
1390:16.2
1380:Seal
1361:León
1355:Caja
1343:León
1329:13.5
1263:GABI
1093:0.01
962:and
914:and
717:and
705:and
685:and
681:The
549:and
526:and
471:The
382:1995
129:Type
49:PreꞒ
4805:ANH
3957:ANH
3953:UIS
3525:800
3482:600
3403:542
3378:515
3287:488
3178:470
3114:440
3091:425
3064:410
2995:390
2918:360
2846:340
2803:300
2778:250
2734:235
2695:201
2626:150
2557:145
2536:140
2482:133
2412:129
2362:125
2299:113
2265:Une
2258:Une
2246:100
1280:5.3
1234:2.6
1214:to
1062:VSM
1016:Age
874:to
837:Age
743:to
693:to
659:to
627:in
619:in
537:to
489:J1n
341:VMM
337:VIM
4991::
4970:,
4943:,
4922:,
4901:,
4880:,
4859:,
4838:,
4816:,
4803:,
4786:30
4784:,
4778:,
4765:,
4738:41
4736:,
4730:,
4713:36
4711:,
4707:,
4687:37
4685:,
4681:,
4627:^
4615:^
4590:^
4497:^
4485:^
4392:^
4371:^
4341:^
4329:^
4296:^
4268:^
4256:^
4236:^
4216:^
4069:^
4044:^
4032:^
4000:^
3988:^
3974:^
3447:()
3363:()
3339:()
3328:()
3252:()
3240:()
3227:()
3157:()
2963:()
2898:,
2888:()
2835:()
2603:,
2216:93
2150:89
2134:86
2107:83
2081:72
2015:65
1953:60
1902:55
1846:50
1835:45
1805:40
1751:35
1721:C8
1708:C8
1699:32
1666:C7
1660:C7
1649:28
1624:C6
1618:25
1586:C5
1556:23
1524:C4
1508:21
1483:C3
1477:19
1452:C2
1409:C1
1012:Ma
938:.
894:.
805:.
798:.
774:,
723:Pb
719:Ti
713:,
711:Nb
584:,
562:Pb
487:,
483:,
479::
331:,
291:,
181:,
169:,
99:Pg
43:Ma
30::
4757:.
3466:)
3462:(
3458:)
3454:(
3202:)
3198:(
2975:-
2971:-
2121:/
1919:2
1578:1
1405:2
1293:3
1260:3
1159:3
1135:1
715:P
475:(
212:-
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
34:-
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