450:. It was once thought that their settlement had been established by Norse–Gaels who had been forced out of Dublin by the English but this is now known not to be the case. Other groups of Ostmen lived in Limerick and Waterford. Many were merchants or lived a partly rural lifestyle, pursuing fishing, craft-working and cattle raising. Their roles in Ireland's economy made them valuable subjects and the English Crown granted them special legal protections. These eventually fell out of use as the Ostmen assimilated into the English settler community throughout the 13th and 14th centuries.
32:
322:
2983:
306:
1589:
478:(Scottish Gaelic: Na Guinnich) is a Highland Scottish clan associated with lands in northeastern Scotland, including Caithness, Sutherland and, arguably, the Orkney Isles. Clan Gunn is one of the oldest Scottish Clans, being descended from the Norse Jarls of Orkney and the Pictish Mormaers of Caithness.
494:
The MacLachlan clan name means 'son of the
Lakeland' believed to be a name for Norway. It has its Scottish clan home on eastern Loch Fyne under Strathlachlan forest. The name and variations thereof are common from this mid/southern Scottish area to Irish Donegal to the extreme west.
250:
is 'Foreign Gaels' and although it can in theory mean any Gael of foreign origin, it was used of Gaels (i.e. Gaelic-speakers) with some kind of Norse identity. This term is subject to a large range of variations depending on chronological and geographical differences in the
441:
word austr or east. The Ostmen were regarded as a separate group from the
English and Irish and were accorded privileges and rights to which the Irish were not entitled. They lived in distinct localities; in Dublin they lived outside the city walls on the north bank of the
605:, it may have been the land taking of Grímur and his followers that caused the anchorites to leave... the nickname Kamban is probably Gaelic and one interpretation is that the word refers to some physical handicap (the first part of the name originating in the Old Gaelic
413:. Sporadic raids then continued until 832, after which they began to build fortified settlements throughout the country. Norse raids continued throughout the 10th century, but resistance to them increased. The Norse established independent kingdoms in
43:
1191:
The
Gallgaedil of 12th-century Galloway appear to have been predominantly Gaelic-speakers...remained a people separate from the Scots...Their separateness seems to have been established not by language but by their links with Man, Dublin, and the
255:, e.g. Gall Gaidel, Gall Gaidhel, Gall Gaidheal, Gall Gaedil, Gall Gaedhil, Gall Gaedhel, Gall Goidel, Gall Ghaedheil, etc. The modern term in Irish is Gall-Ghaeil or Gall-Ghaedheil, while the Scottish Gaelic is Gall-Ghàidheil.
436:
The term Ostmen was used between the 12th and 14th centuries by the
English in Ireland to refer to Norse–Gaelic people living in Ireland. Meaning literally "the men from the east" (i.e. Scandinavia), the term came from the
704:
Even today, many surnames particularly connected with
Gaeldom are of Old Norse origin, especially in the Hebrides and Isle of Man. Several Old Norse words also influenced modern Scots English and Scottish Gaelic, such as
468:, whose sway lasted until the 16th century, as well as many other Gaelic rulers of Scotland and Ireland, traced their descent from Norse–Gaelic settlements in northwest Scotland, concentrated mostly in the
2379:
1626:
340:
colonies of
Ireland and Scotland, the descendants of intermarriage between Norse immigrants and the Gaels. As early as the 9th century, many colonists (except the
1649:
1114:
3032:
3012:
625:). Probably he came as a young man to the Faroe Islands by way of Viking Ireland, and local tradition has it that he settled at Funningur in Eysturoy.
120:
2429:
1755:
1750:
1690:
1334:
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3027:
1968:
1619:
3022:
400:
100:
3017:
1217:
1184:
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3042:
3037:
1612:
1571:
1552:
1533:
1514:
1495:
1257:
2808:
1740:
1313:
258:
The Norse–Gaels often called themselves Ostmen or
Austmen, meaning East-men, a name preserved in a corrupted form in the
2404:
1918:
1786:
491:, 'the islands of foreigners'; the irony of this being that they are one of the last strongholds of Gaelic in Scotland.
634:
1882:
1695:
2879:
2849:
2707:
2544:
2540:
744:
266:
which comes from
Austmanna-tún (homestead of the Eastmen). In contrast, they called Gaels Vestmenn (West-men) (see
229:
2225:
1983:
1715:
1710:
879:
404:
2609:
2293:
2245:
1745:
1245:
1119:
433:. These kingdoms did not survive the subsequent Norman invasions, but the towns continued to grow and prosper.
166:
and disappeared as a distinct group. However, they left a lasting influence, especially in the Isle of Man and
76:
2914:
2874:
2506:
2439:
2424:
1821:
1593:
601:
According to the
Faereyinga Saga... the first settler in the Faroe Islands was a man named Grímur Kamban –
2830:
2702:
2536:
2449:
2389:
2051:
1933:
1765:
1720:
1387:
831:
2859:
2579:
2517:
2169:
2125:
1730:
1635:
1079:
889:
782:
682:
528:
459:
353:
104:
2899:
2584:
2012:
220:, which were used extensively until the 17th century. Norse–Gaelic surnames survive today and include
3007:
2963:
2884:
2695:
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2444:
2419:
2384:
2200:
1867:
1842:
1760:
1705:
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583:
132:
31:
2722:
2604:
2574:
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2459:
2414:
2344:
2057:
2023:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1811:
768:
321:
1806:
200:) emerged from these Norse–Gaelic clans and became an important part of Irish warfare. The Viking
2958:
2869:
2619:
2220:
2205:
2110:
2005:
1725:
764:
660:
656:
655:"enemies", and argued that this became "brave enemies" > "brave warriors". He also noted that
465:
252:
60:
1973:
1365:
670:
535:
by the Norse included many Norse–Gael settlers as well as slaves and servants. They were called
1271:
1158:
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1892:
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1134:
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384:
144:
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2649:
2474:
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2148:
2072:
1978:
1923:
1816:
875:
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772:
594:
148:
563:
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2712:
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2500:
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1948:
1436:
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183:
152:
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665:
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2018:
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1791:
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1654:
1315:
Keltische Beiträge III, in: Zeitschrift für deutsches
Alterthum und deutsche Litteratur
1089:
555:
544:
267:
225:
167:
156:
68:
617:
Crooked Nose), another that it may point to his prowess as a sportsman (presumably of
3001:
2968:
2825:
2762:
2660:
2522:
2313:
2298:
2270:
2153:
2138:
2090:
1953:
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365:
233:
171:
163:
108:
2952:
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1963:
1781:
1735:
1160:
Hiberno-Norwegians and Anglo-Danes:anachronistic ethnicities and Viking-Age England
1064:
930:
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871:
804:
792:
638:
443:
361:
215:
187:
128:
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1938:
1847:
1700:
2752:
2742:
2682:
2554:
1801:
1099:
1084:
590:. A number of placenames named after the papar exist on Iceland and the Faroes.
426:
376:
329:
325:
191:
175:
140:
124:
645:
came from the heritage of the Norse–Gaels. He suggested the name of the heroic
2434:
2095:
1104:
1068:
375:
era of the 12th century. They founded long-lasting kingdoms, such as those of
92:
1474:
2889:
2798:
2730:
2635:
2469:
2278:
2143:
2105:
2045:
1928:
1382:
McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in
748:
540:
475:
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438:
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271:
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179:
116:
42:
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1400:
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1958:
1943:
1857:
1027:
1013:
1005:
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935:
918:
905:
883:
551:
469:
430:
371:
Gaelicised Scandinavians dominated the region of the Irish Sea until the
341:
201:
136:
88:
1604:
1507:
The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100 – c. 1336
2115:
2080:
1999:
1908:
899:
844:
810:
800:
597:, seen as the founder of the Norse Faroes, may have been a Norse Gael:
559:
536:
520:
516:
422:
372:
345:
207:
96:
1236:, in Scottish Society in the Fifteenth Century, ed. J. M. Brown, 1977.
446:
in Ostmentown, a name which survives to this day in corrupted form as
309:
Skuldelev II, a Viking warship built in the Norse–Gaelic community of
2785:
2767:
1913:
1124:
867:
854:
647:
579:
550:
A number of Icelandic personal names are of Gaelic origin, including
524:
414:
337:
310:
259:
1250:
Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland
356:
as well as many Gaelic customs. Many left their original worship of
2939:
2790:
2490:
2360:
1139:
859:“the fair” (possibly in reference to someone with Norse ancestry)
689:
571:
567:
512:
349:
320:
304:
221:
112:
84:
1196:, the Hebrides: they were part of a Hiberno-Norse Irish-Sea world
409:
The Norse are first recorded in Ireland in 795 when they sacked
151:(which is named after them), and briefly (939–944 AD) ruled the
2333:
1608:
1351:
The thumb of knowledge in legends of Finn, Sigurd, and Taliesin
1210:
Early People of Britain and Ireland: An Encyclopedia, Volume II
1448:
the option favoured by early Scottish sources writing in Latin
527:
and is given weight by recent archaeological discoveries. The
1461:
Downham, Clare (2009). "Hiberno-Norwegians and Anglo-Danes".
713:(a word still used in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland).
761:(confused with native Gaelic Mac Amhlaidh, Mac Amhalghaidh)
170:, where most placenames are of Norse–Gaelic origin. Several
692:), while linguist Kim McCone derives it from Proto-Celtic
523:
before the Norse. This appears to tie in with comments of
48:
Regions of Scotland, Ireland and Man settled by the Norse
2329:
1318:(in German). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. pp. 15ff.
486:
205:
1208:
Valante, Mary (2008). Snyder, Christopher A. (ed.).
972:(confused with native Gaelic Amhlaidh, Amhalghaidh)
621:
hurley – where the initial syllable also comes from
2922:
2841:
2721:
2681:
2674:
2618:
2483:
2367:
2269:
2188:
2162:
2124:
2071:
1992:
1901:
1835:
1774:
1683:
1642:
387:, as well as taking control of the Norse colony at
1483:
155:. The most powerful Norse–Gaelic dynasty were the
16:Extinct people of mixed Gaelic and Norse heritage
2380:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups
986:Gorrie (Godfrey, Godfred), Orree (Isle of Man)
599:
504:
1333:harvp error: no target: CITEREFScowcroft1995 (
2345:
1620:
8:
190:. The elite mercenary warriors known as the
162:Over time, the Norse–Gaels became ever more
83:, 'foreigner-Gaels') were a people of mixed
1486:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings
1401:"Surname Database: Gannon Last Name Origin"
593:According to some circumstantial evidence,
539:(Western men), and the name is retained in
245:
213:
195:
2718:
2678:
2352:
2338:
2330:
1627:
1613:
1605:
1115:List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
91:ancestry and culture. They emerged in the
1372:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 412.
1328:
1212:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 430–31.
1067:, a sacred grove near Dublin targeted by
328:'s impression of a Norse–Gaelic ruler of
1179:. Oxford University Press. p. 573.
947:
720:
586:, an Icelandic village, was named after
115:. The Norse–Gaels dominated much of the
1370:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
1355:, New York: Institute of French Studies
1150:
675:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
2430:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1756:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
1600:Norse History of Clan Gunn of Scotland
1272:"Old Norse Forms of Early Irish Names"
481:The Hebrides are to this day known in
7:
1307:
1305:
651:was an Irish rendering of Old Norse
277:Other terms for the Norse–Gaels are
1566:. Ashbourne, Derbyshire: Landmark.
1425:McKittrick Name Meaning and History
1010:Ranald (Ronald, Randall, Reginald)
14:
174:have Norse–Gaelic roots, such as
3013:Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
2982:
2981:
1969:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
1883:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
1587:
1526:Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200
807:, McCorkle, McQuorkell, McOrkil
41:
30:
1509:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press.
1437:Mcleod Name Meaning and History
1176:Wales and the Britons, 350–1064
1173:Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013).
838:Mac DubhGhaill, Ó DubhGhaill,
779:, MacCamley, McCamley, Kewley
364:, and this contributed to the
336:The Norse–Gaels originated in
1:
1405:The Internet Surname Database
663:is similar to the Norse tale
401:History of Ireland (800–1169)
314:
3033:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
1505:McDonald, R. Andrew (1997).
841:Doyle, McDowell, MacDougal
547:off the Icelandic mainland.
1731:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
348:) intermarried with native
204:also influenced the Gaelic
3059:
3028:Society of the Isle of Man
2271:Associated clans and septs
1547:. Edinburgh: John Donald.
1524:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (1995).
1469:. University of Aberdeen.
1439:Retrieved on 23 April 2008
1427:Retrieved on 23 April 2008
1291:Schei, Liv Kjørsvik &
637:(1891) suggested that the
613:Crooked-Mouth and Cameron
457:
398:
289:for those in Ireland, and
3023:Ethnic groups in Scotland
2977:
1751:Margaret, Queen of Norway
1711:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
1347:Scott, Robert D. (1930),
1312:Zimmer, Heinrich (1891).
1252:. Edinburgh. Mainstream.
1234:The Lordship of the Isles
1163:. University of Aberdeen.
603:Hann bygdi fyrstr Færeyar
405:Early Scandinavian Dublin
3018:Ethnic groups in Ireland
2610:Gaelic Christian mission
1746:Margaret, Maid of Norway
1696:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona
1545:The Lordship of Galloway
1384:Ireland and its Contacts
1270:Scott, Brian M. (2003).
1120:Diocese of Sodor and Man
609:crooked, as in Campbell
2880:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh
2440:Jacobite rising of 1745
1822:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
1741:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb
915:MacKitrick, McKittrick
709:(child) from the Norse
297:for those in Scotland.
64:
1766:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
1543:Oram, Richard (2000).
1482:Haywood, John (1995).
1388:University of Lausanne
700:Modern names and words
627:
543:in the Faroes and the
505:
503:It is recorded in the
499:Iceland and the Faroes
487:
333:
318:
246:
214:
206:
196:
111:and intermarried with
80:
72:
3043:Scandinavian Scotland
3038:Viking Age in Ireland
2915:An Coimisinéir Teanga
2875:An Comunn Gàidhealach
2580:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
2170:Scottish island names
1993:Artifacts and culture
1670:Mormaers of Caithness
1636:Scandinavian Scotland
1562:Scholes, Ron (2000).
1463:Mediaeval Scandinavia
1080:Old English (Ireland)
803:, Corkhill, Corkell,
529:settlement of Iceland
460:Scandinavian Scotland
324:
308:
2964:Kingdom of the Isles
2885:Seachtain na Gaeilge
2850:Údarás na Gaeltachta
2605:Insular Christianity
2420:Plantation of Ulster
2385:High King of Ireland
2189:Battles and treaties
1843:Kingdom of the Isles
1761:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
1716:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir
1706:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
1596:at Wikimedia Commons
751:, Castell, Caistell
287:Hiberno-Scandinavian
149:Lordship of Galloway
135:(which included the
133:Kingdom of the Isles
2460:Highland Clearances
2415:Flight of the Earls
2058:St Magnus Cathedral
1934:Cubbie Roo's Castle
1878:Davidian Revolution
1721:Helga Moddansdóttir
1691:Aud the Deep-Minded
1528:. London: Longman.
1490:. London: Penguin.
1052:Torkill, Þorketill
1023:Sorley (or Samuel)
681:from reconstructed
677:, derives the name
332:, Lord of the Isles
234:[Mac]Cotter
131:. They founded the
2959:Kingdom of Munster
2900:Comunn na Gàidhlig
2870:Conradh na Gaeilge
2507:Lebor Gabála Érenn
2052:Sen dollotar Ulaid
2006:Chronicles of Mann
1726:Ingeborg of Norway
661:Thumb of Knowledge
519:(Gaelic monks) in
466:Lords of the Isles
334:
319:
159:or House of Ivar.
101:settled in Ireland
2995:
2994:
2930:Haplogroup R-M269
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2570:Gaelic folk music
2533:Gaelic literature
2327:
2326:
2294:Macaulay of Lewis
1827:Thorstein the Red
1775:Other notable men
1592:Media related to
1297:The Faroe Islands
1135:Lords of Galloway
1130:Lord of the Isles
1075:Scandinavian York
1056:
1055:
941:
940:
797:Clan McCorquodale
619:camóige / camaige
360:and converted to
145:Kingdom of Dublin
123:regions from the
3050:
2985:
2984:
2923:Related subjects
2910:Clans of Ireland
2860:Bòrd na Gàidhlig
2855:Foras na Gaeilge
2719:
2703:Medical families
2679:
2650:Classical Gaelic
2575:Sean-nós singing
2518:Gaelic astrology
2501:Gaelic mythology
2410:Statutes of Iona
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
1984:St Magnus Church
1979:Scar boat burial
1924:Brough of Birsay
1817:Sweyn Asleifsson
1812:Ragnall ua Ímair
1629:
1622:
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1606:
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1415:
1413:
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1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:(2009). "wēnā".
1366:Matasović, Ranko
1362:
1356:
1353:
1345:
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1329:Scowcroft (1995)
1326:
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1071:in the year 1000
962:Norse equivalent
948:
721:
673:, author of the
511:that there were
510:
490:
352:and adopted the
316:
249:
219:
211:
199:
45:
34:
24:Norse settlement
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3049:
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2997:
2996:
2991:
2973:
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2905:Columba Project
2843:
2837:
2813:
2717:
2670:
2666:Scottish Gaelic
2629:Primitive Irish
2614:
2545:Scottish Gaelic
2479:
2405:Nine Years' War
2368:General history
2363:
2358:
2328:
2323:
2265:
2261:Treaty of Perth
2184:
2158:
2120:
2067:
2040:Orkneyinga saga
2034:Manx runestones
1988:
1974:Rubha an Dùnain
1949:Kirkwall Castle
1919:Bishop's Palace
1897:
1831:
1770:
1679:
1665:Lords of Argyll
1655:Earls of Orkney
1638:
1633:
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1574:
1564:Yorkshire Dales
1561:
1555:
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1232:Bannerman, J.,
1231:
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1220:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:Clare Downham.
1156:
1152:
1148:
1110:Kings of Dublin
1095:Faroe Islanders
1061:
971:
957:Anglicised form
946:
760:
730:Anglicised form
719:
702:
671:Ranko Matasović
643:Irish mythology
635:Heinrich Zimmer
632:
501:
483:Scottish Gaelic
462:
456:
407:
399:Main articles:
397:
354:Gaelic language
344:who settled in
303:
253:Gaelic language
244:The meaning of
242:
184:Clan MacDougall
153:Kingdom of York
77:Scottish Gaelic
53:
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50:
49:
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37:
36:
35:
26:
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17:
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11:
5:
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411:Lambay Island
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366:Gaelicisation
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2953:Clan MacLeod
2944:
2895:ULTACH Trust
2776:Corcu Loígde
2648:
2643:Middle Irish
2641:
2634:
2627:
2590:Gaelic games
2541:Modern Irish
2505:
2450:Great Hunger
2134:Middle Irish
2050:
2038:
2013:Darraðarljóð
2011:
2004:
1964:Old Scatness
1852:
1782:Caittil Find
1736:Isabel Bruce
1563:
1544:
1525:
1506:
1485:
1466:
1462:
1455:Bibliography
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1324:
1314:
1296:
1287:
1277:22 September
1275:. Retrieved
1265:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1209:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1065:Caill Tomair
961:
956:
951:
912:Mac Shitrig
872:Clan MacIver
864:Mac Ìomhair
805:McCorkindale
793:McCorquodale
759:Mac Amhlaibh
741:Mac Asgaill
734:
729:
724:
710:
706:
703:
693:
685:
683:Proto-Celtic
678:
674:
664:
652:
646:
639:Fianna Cycle
633:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
592:
549:
502:
493:
480:
474:
463:
444:River Liffey
435:
408:
370:
362:Christianity
335:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
257:
243:
188:Clan MacLeod
161:
121:Scottish Sea
56:
54:
18:
3008:Norse-Gaels
2945:Norse–Gaels
2795:Dál nAraidi
2780:Dál Fiatach
2753:Dalcassians
2743:Clan Donald
2555:Gaelic type
2537:Early Irish
2251:Vestrajǫrðr
2226:Isle of Man
1902:Archaeology
1802:Olvir Rosta
1594:Norse-Gaels
1085:Clan Donald
1026:Sumarliði (
669:. Linguist
507:Landnámabók
326:R. R. McIan
295:Scoto-Norse
291:Norse-Scots
279:Norse-Irish
247:Gall-Goídil
197:gallóglaigh
192:gallowglass
141:Isle of Man
105:in Scotland
73:Gall-Ghaeil
65:Gall-Goídil
57:Norse–Gaels
3002:Categories
2763:Eóganachta
2739:Clan Colla
2496:Brehon law
2445:Penal Laws
2435:Jacobitism
2304:MacDougall
2299:Mac Coitir
2201:Brunanburh
2096:Lunnasting
1573:1901522415
1554:0859765415
1535:0582015669
1516:1898410852
1497:0140513280
1299:. Birlinn.
1258:1840183764
1194:Innsi Gall
1146:References
1105:Icelanders
1069:Brian Boru
1020:Somhairle
902:, Crennel
818:Mac Coitir
769:MacAuliffe
488:Innse Gall
358:Norse gods
216:longa fada
164:Gaelicised
109:Gaelicised
93:Viking Age
2890:Gael Linn
2803:Cíarraige
2799:Conmaicne
2772:Dál Riata
2747:Uí Mháine
2731:Connachta
2713:Genealogy
2636:Old Irish
2470:Gaeltacht
2395:Dál Riata
2319:MacDonald
2289:Somhairle
2163:Etymology
2144:Old Norse
2106:Sandsting
2046:Ounceland
1939:Earl's Bu
1929:Camas Uig
1848:Dál Riata
1787:Ingimundr
1475:0076-5864
944:Forenames
926:Mac Leòid
811:Þorketill
749:McCaskill
745:MacAskill
735:"Son of-"
666:Fáfnismál
630:Mythology
541:Vestmanna
476:Clan Gunn
448:Oxmantown
439:Old Norse
419:Waterford
272:Vestmanna
264:Oxmantown
230:MacAskill
180:Clan Gunn
117:Irish Sea
61:Old Irish
2987:Category
2949:Uí Ímair
2826:Scottish
2735:Uí Néill
2708:Nobility
2620:Language
2314:Macruari
2284:Uí Ímair
2221:Epiphany
2206:Clontarf
2180:Hebrides
2126:Language
2111:Tingwall
2086:Dingwall
2073:Althings
2063:Udal law
2024:Hogbacks
1959:Maeshowe
1944:Jarlshof
1888:Scotland
1873:Shetland
1858:Lochlann
1792:Ljótólfr
1675:Uí Ímair
1410:29 April
1260:. p. 104
1059:See also
1049:Torquil
1046:Torcuil
1028:Somerled
1014:Rögnvald
1006:Raghnall
989:Godfrið
983:Goraidh
969:Amhlaibh
919:Sigtrygg
906:Rögnvald
884:McKeever
880:MacGyver
765:MacAulay
717:Surnames
615:Camshron
611:Caimbeul
564:Kormákur
531:and the
470:Hebrides
454:Scotland
431:Limerick
385:Galloway
202:longship
157:Uí Ímair
139:and the
137:Hebrides
2947:(incl.
2842:Related
2793:(incl.
2770:(incl.
2755:(incl.
2733:(incl.
2309:MacLeod
2241:Skyhill
2236:Renfrew
2149:Pictish
2116:Tynwald
2101:Nesting
2081:Delting
2000:Birlinn
1909:Bornish
1836:History
1295:(2003)
1248:(2000)
1041:Þormóð
1038:Norman
1035:Tormod
994:Ìomhar
931:MacLeod
900:Crellin
886:, etc.
876:MacIvor
868:MacIver
845:Dubgall
827:Cottier
801:Corkill
754:Áskell
560:Kjartan
537:Vestmen
521:Iceland
517:culdees
423:Wexford
395:Ireland
346:Cumbria
301:History
226:MacIvor
208:birlinn
143:), the
107:became
97:Vikings
95:, when
2809:Ulster
2801:, and
2786:Laigin
2782:, etc)
2768:Érainn
2749:, etc)
2585:Am Mòd
2565:Fáinne
2547:&
2211:Dollar
1914:Birsay
1893:Norway
1863:Orkney
1701:Bjaðǫk
1643:Rulers
1570:
1551:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1473:
1390:. p.26
1256:
1216:
1183:
1125:Galley
952:Gaelic
855:Gannon
823:Cotter
777:Cawley
773:Cowley
725:Gaelic
694:*wēnnā
679:fíanna
653:fiandr
648:fianna
580:Cormac
566:(from
556:Brjánn
525:Dicuil
415:Dublin
383:, and
381:Dublin
373:Norman
338:Viking
311:Dublin
260:Dublin
232:, and
147:, the
85:Gaelic
2940:Celts
2791:Ulaid
2757:Déisi
2696:Kings
2683:Irish
2675:Clans
2656:Irish
2600:Túath
2491:Ogham
2361:Gaels
2231:Largs
2216:Barry
2196:Bauds
1140:Papar
997:Ivor
978:Ólaf
936:Ljótr
832:Óttar
707:bairn
690:troop
686:*wēnā
572:Brian
568:Niall
552:Njáll
513:papar
350:Gaels
342:Norse
317:1042)
222:Doyle
113:Gaels
89:Norse
69:Irish
2951:and
2831:List
2723:List
2661:Manx
2549:Manx
2400:Alba
2279:Gunn
2246:Tara
2139:Norn
1568:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1530:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1471:ISSN
1412:2024
1335:help
1279:2021
1254:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1181:ISBN
890:Ívar
783:Óláf
711:barn
657:Finn
623:camb
607:camb
578:and
562:and
464:The
429:and
427:Cork
403:and
389:York
377:Mann
270:and
240:Name
212:and
186:and
119:and
103:and
99:who
87:and
55:The
688:(a
659:'s
641:of
582:).
515:or
485:as
293:or
285:or
274:).
127:to
125:9th
3004::
2797:,
2778:,
2774:,
2745:,
2741:,
2737:,
2543:,
2539:,
1467:19
1465:.
1403:.
1386:.
1304:^
1189:.
1030:)
882:,
878:,
874:,
870:,
799:,
795:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
747:,
574:,
570:,
558:,
554:,
472:.
425:,
421:,
417:,
391:.
379:,
368:.
315:c.
281:,
236:.
228:,
224:,
182:,
178:,
79::
75:;
71::
67:;
63::
2955:)
2936:)
2932:(
2805:)
2759:)
2551:)
2535:(
2353:e
2346:t
2339:v
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1576:.
1557:.
1538:.
1519:.
1500:.
1477:.
1414:.
1337:)
1281:.
1222:.
313:(
194:(
59:(
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