517:
588:
diamond reserves will not last forever, and international demand and prices are unpredictable. Botswana must diversify the economy to make other businesses more profitable and to become more competitive in the regional economic zone. The estimated US$ 120 million spent on Phase 1 of the North-South
Carrier could perhaps have been better allocated to other projects, with the government charging more realistic rates to encourage consumers to reduce their water usage, and with more emphasis on efficient use of existing supplies. Still, spending some of Botswana's diamond revenues on improved water supply is clearly popular among voters.
495:
storage reservoir at
Palapye to a new reservoir at Mmamashia via two new pumping stations. The NSC-1 upgrades would include introducing variable-speed drives at the existing pumping stations and installing a new pumping station, as well as upgrades to transfer links and treatment works at the south end of the pipeline. Initial planning also started for NSC-3, another pipeline in the same corridor. The three independent pipelines would provide greater security and redundancy, although they would be operated using an integrated communication and control system.
42:
555:. The NWMP included plans for the Chobe/Zambezi Transfer scheme, taking about 495,000,000 cubic metres (400,000 acre-feet) annually from the Zambezi for use in agriculture by 2022. In a 2010 report, the Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources noted that Botswana might need more Zambezi water to meet expected urban demand by 2020. The ministry expected to implement the Chobe/Zambezi Transfer scheme earlier, and to link it up to the NSC. Botswana had discussed plans to extract the water at various
466:
from the original estimate of P1,200 million to around P1,500 million. Since opening, NSC-1 has had ongoing reliability problems. In April 2012 a man who was prospecting for minerals entered the pipeline corridor and caused the pipe to burst, sending a stream of about 1,000 liters (220 imp gal; 260 U.S. gal) a second pouring into the surrounding land to form a deep crater. Water supplies in the region were cut off until repairs could be made.
304:(PPP) basis was $ 13,415. 83% of the people were literate. The percentage of people with access to safe drinking water rose from 77% to 96% between 1996 and 2006. The economy of Botswana is growing fast, as is the population, particularly in the Gaborone area. This is causing growth in per-capita demand for water, and rapid growth in total demand. The Gaborone region accounts for over 75% of water demand in eastern Botswana. The local
462:) and steel. It was placed in a trench, bedded in sand and buried, within a 30 metres (98 ft) wide easement corridor. The project included installing the pipeline itself, as well as pumping stations, water treatment plants, storage and balancing reservoirs, measurement and control systems and infrastructure. Construction took five years. The North South Carrier Scheme cost about US$ 350 million, and started operation in 2000.
343:
285:
365:, which provided some of the funding for the project, concluded that the impact of the pipeline would be tolerable. The pipe would be buried. Native vegetation would soon regenerate along the route if the topsoil and subsoil were carefully removed and replaced without mixing. Plans for construction of the 28 metres (92 ft) high rock-filled
475:
455:, who also supervised construction of the water storage embankment and central clay-core dam. Letsibogo has storage capacity of 100,000,000 cubic metres (3.5×10 cu ft). J. Burrow provided engineering services including designs, contract documents, managing the tendering process and managing construction of the NSC-1 pipeline.
465:
There were problems in laying the glass-reinforced piping, which caused the original
January 1999 target completion date to be missed. A revised target date of June 2000 was also missed, with further delays caused by failures of the pipeline and pumping station equipment. These caused cost increases
587:
communities that will lose water. It is possible that transferring water-intensive industries to water-rich regions may be a more cost-effective approach with lower impact on the environment. The 1996 SADC agreement in power pooling may be seen as a model for this alternative approach. Botswana's
503:
and the local
Excavator Hire, had 350 employees, 75 of whom were Chinese. The delay was caused by failure of a factory in Palapye to produce pipes of acceptable quality. There were some concerns that further delays could occur if there were problems with blasting along the section from the Letsibogo
494:
With a troubled world economy, the
Botswana government decided that between 2010 and 2016 they would focus on completing the NSC-2.1 section and upgrading NSC-1. Construction of NSC-2.2 from Moralane up to Palapye would be deferred to the 2017–2022 budget period. NSC-2.1 delivers water from a new
262:
Botswana has an arid climate, with little in the way of surface water supplies. Until recently, groundwater wells were used to meet about 80% of the demand for water. Some of the groundwater accumulated long ago when the climate was wetter. "Groundwater mining" is not sustainable in areas where the
612:
is the amount that evaporates from a sheet of open water such as a reservoir. In a dry country, the amount of rain that falls on a reservoir each year may be less than the amount that evaporates, but the reservoir is viable if the water supplied by rainfall and runoff from its catchment basin is
486:
on the lower Shashe River began in March 2008 and was completed slightly ahead of schedule in
December 2011. This is a zoned earthfill structure, 41 metres (135 ft) high and 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) long, with potential storage capacity of 400,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×10 cu ft), almost
377:
studies. The impact of the
Letsibogo reservoir on an ecology that has not been carefully studied would be greater. It would both destroy and create habitat. The review was cautious in its conclusions about the net impact. The review said "the socio-economic and archaeological issues seem to have
570:
to join the NSC at Break
Pressure Tank 1 (Moralane). Depending on the route selected, it would be 500 to 520 kilometres (310 to 320 mi) long. The Botswana government notes that the pipeline development could serve the needs of neighboring countries. The station that extracts water from the
275:
Almost all rainfall occurs in the summer months of
October through April, at a time when temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) cause high levels of evaporation. Rainfall is undependable. A drought period may last for several years. Precipitation is highest in the northeast, at about 690
397:
The Phase 1 pipeline transported water from the
Letsibogo Dam along the eastern road and rail corridor to Gaborone. The pipeline plan included four pumping stations and a water treatment plant at the terminus just north of Gaborone. The pipeline was to have pumping stations at Letsibogo,
276:
millimetres (27 in) annually, and lowest in the southwest, at about 250 millimetres (9.8 in) annually. Annual average potential evaporation is about 2,000 millimetres (79 in) annually. Botswana has a flat terrain that is mostly unsuitable for reservoirs.
498:
In June 2012, stakeholders were told that construction of the NSC-2A pipeline to connect the Dikgatlhong Dam to the NSC was behind schedule. This part of the project had started in October 2011 and was due for completion in October 2013. The contractors,
406:. The Serorome station was later deferred to a future upgrade. There would be break-pressure tanks at Moralane, Thoti Hill, Mameno and Lose Hill. Towns and large villages along the route would be fed by raw water taken from the pipeline at
267:
basin, which is considered "closed". In the South African portion of the basin, water usage exceeds the potential water yield from the basin by 800,000,000 cubic metres (650,000 acre-feet) annually. Water has to be imported from the
381:
The plan was divided into two phases. The Letsibogo Dam would be built in Phase 1, with a pipeline about 360 kilometres (220 mi) to carry the raw water south to a treatment plant and master balancing reservoir at
491:. The dam will start impounding the Shashe River during the 2012–2013 rainy season. The first portion of the NSC-2 pipeline, NSC-2A, will connect the Dikgatlhong Dam to the NSC 1 Break Pressure Tank 1 at Moralane.
508:
break-pressure tank and pumping station. Along this stretch, the new pipeline runs parallel to the NSC-1 pipeline, and great care must be taken to ensure no damage is done to the existing pipeline.
622:
The Motlouse is an ephemeral sand river, as are many rivers in Botswana. Surface flows are only seen during the wet season. Sub-surface flow in the sandy bed continues throughout the year.
458:
Pipe diameters in NSC-1 ranged from 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) down to 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in). The pipe was made of alternating sections of glass-reinforced plastic (
536:
River and feeding it into the North-South Carrier. Some of this water could be passed on to South Africa. The two countries even speculated about "diverting the Zambezi River at
358:. The North-South Carrier Water Project was launched to build a pipeline that would carry water from these sites to the area of highest demand around Gaborone in the southeast.
394:, would be built on the Sashe River in Phase 2. A second pipeline running parallel to the first would carry the water to the same treatment plant and reservoir near Gaborone.
41:
254:
would add another 500 to 520 kilometres (310 to 320 mi) to the total pipeline length. The NSC is the largest engineering project ever undertaken in Botswana.
1451:
1662:
390:
as the reservoir, but it was decided to instead build a covered reservoir closer to Gaborone to minimise loss of water through evaporation. A second dam, the
544:(SADC). Eventually the question of claims on the Zambezi water were settled by the 1995 SADC protocol on shared Watercourse Systems and establishment of the
362:
1478:
1246:
500:
1362:
84:
516:
350:
The Botswana National Water Master Plan (NWMP) identified promising sites for reservoirs in the northeast on the small, ephemeral Motloutse and
541:
178:
1620:
1592:
1564:
1536:
1508:
1417:
1344:
1297:
991:
548:. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change.
482:
In the original plans, NSC-2 would deliver 45,000,000 cubic metres (1.6×10 cu ft) annually at a cost of P5.5 billion. Construction of the
1647:
1197:
1115:
1450:
B. Paya; G.T. Matsiara; I.J. Bettesworth; M. van der Walt; P. du Plessis; B. Bosman; D. Stephenson; N. Mbayi; A. Keabetswe (2012).
1147:
532:
In the 1980s and early 1990s the Botswana and South African governments began discussing the possibility of drawing water from the
566:
area for agricultural use, and the second phase would carry water from Pandamatenga south to the NSC. The pipeline would run via
374:
312:
dams cannot meet the growing demand even with the help of reclamation from the Gaborone Water Treatment Works at Glen Valley.
556:
246:. Phase 1 was completed in 2000. Phase 2 of the NSC, under construction, will duplicate the pipeline to carry water from the
318:
uses three boreholes for water, but takes water from the NSC when needed through a 17 kilometres (11 mi) pipeline from
1652:
1657:
77:
583:
Transfer of water to meet the needs of thirsty regions like that around Gaborone may have negative impacts on the poor
1458:
70:
1250:
1667:
1314:
1387:
1226:
1208:
545:
301:
1370:
386:, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of Gaborone. An early version of the plan used the existing
1267:
609:
571:
Zamebezi could also supply a pipeline to Namibia. Some of the water could be pumped from Francistown to
263:
water is not being renewed from the surface. The more populous eastern portion of Botswana lies in the
1184:
551:
Under the agreement, the Botswana government has a large allocation of water from the Zambezi near
323:
242:
that carries raw water south for a distance of 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the capital city of
452:
1315:"Feasibility Design Study on the Utilization of the Water Resources of the Chobe/Zambezi River"
1186:
The North-South Carrier Water Project in Botswana. A review of environmental impact assessments
1616:
1610:
1588:
1560:
1532:
1504:
1498:
1413:
1407:
1340:
1334:
1293:
1193:
1111:
315:
1582:
1526:
1320:. Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources - Department of Water Affairs. August 2010
1287:
1105:
330:, completed in 2012, will be used in part to supply the large coalfield and power station at
1554:
1528:
African Economic Outlook 2009 Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2
17:
483:
403:
391:
370:
327:
247:
1641:
448:
366:
355:
264:
137:
127:
957:
955:
894:
892:
890:
888:
773:
771:
563:
488:
351:
342:
305:
289:
1168:
1247:"Dikgatlhong dam construction reaches critical stage : Construction Review"
1051:
1049:
567:
525:
1004:
430:. Water from wellfields would be injected into the pipeline at Palla Road and
1556:
Hydropolitical Vulnerability And Resilience Along International Waters: Africa
1434:
459:
269:
250:, which was completed in 2012. A proposed extension to deliver water from the
1336:
Achieving Food Security in Southern Africa: New Challenges, New Opportunities
1091:
762:
750:
674:
672:
99:
86:
537:
521:
431:
419:
387:
383:
331:
309:
284:
145:
1497:
Twort, Alan C.; Ratnayaka, Don D.; Brandt, Malcolm J. (27 December 2000).
584:
572:
505:
451:
was designed for the Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources by
427:
423:
411:
399:
322:. Exploitation of coal deposits in Botswana related to the South African
293:
243:
239:
155:
60:
1230:
533:
407:
319:
251:
141:
46:
Botswana showing the NSC route, and proposed extension from the Zambezi
1479:"Botswana water utility plans to duplicate North South carrier scheme"
1268:"Water supply under threat as North South Carrier pipeline is damaged"
990:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFDikgatlhong_dam_–_Jeffares_&_Green (
552:
415:
300:
In 2008 Botswana had a population of 1,921,000. GDP per capita on a
1028:
1016:
961:
898:
801:
777:
474:
1581:
Varis, Olli; Tortajada, Cecilia; Biswas, Asit K. (29 April 2008).
985:
1525:
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (4 December 2009).
540:", a prospect that was not welcomed by the other members of the
1409:
Climate Change and National Security: A Country-Level Analysis
562:
The first phase of the project would deliver the water to the
644:
642:
640:
638:
361:
A 1994 review of environmental assessments conducted for the
1055:
678:
613:
greater than the amount lost through evaporation and demand.
478:
The Main Mall, a pedestrian-only street in downtown Gaborone
824:
822:
789:
690:
326:
will also contribute to demand for water. Water from the
1452:"BOTSWANA'S NORTH SOUTH CARRIER 2 WATER TRANSFER SCHEME"
875:
873:
722:
720:
718:
716:
703:
701:
699:
434:, and water would also be injected from the Bokaa Dam.
1192:. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
659:
657:
1249:. Jeffares & Green. January 2012. Archived from
1067:
922:
1005:
Dikgatlhong dam construction reaches critical stage
934:
224:
213:
205:
197:
192:
184:
174:
166:
161:
151:
133:
123:
115:
76:
66:
56:
51:
34:
1092:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 2009
763:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 2009
751:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 2009
528:where Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana meet
378:been handled in a particularly outstanding way".
1148:"$ 300m dam in Botswana to be complete by 2012"
648:
1612:Private And Public Sectors: Towards a Balance
228:Letsibogo, Moralane, Palapye, Serorame Valley
8:
1584:Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes
1363:"Dikgatlhong dam complete ahead of schedule"
363:Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
1207:Central Statistics Office (October 2009).
559:meetings, and had received no objections.
40:
1388:"More delays in Dikgatlhong Dam pipeline"
813:
707:
501:China State Construction Engineering Corp
1130:
1029:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
1017:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
962:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
899:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
879:
864:
852:
840:
828:
802:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
778:Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012
726:
515:
473:
341:
283:
1477:Swanepoel, Esmarie (11 November 2008).
1286:Europa Publications (9 December 2003).
1104:Publications, Europa (1 January 2003).
973:
946:
663:
634:
602:
1457:. WISA 2012 conference. Archived from
1361:Modikwa, Onalenna (13 December 2011).
1266:Dzimiri, Ngonidzashe (26 April 2012).
1229:. Jeffares & Green. Archived from
1079:
986:Dikgatlhong dam – Jeffares & Green
542:Southern African Development Community
31:
1040:
7:
1663:Buildings and structures in Botswana
738:
1615:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 421.
1386:Modikwa, Onalenna (22 June 2012).
1183:Bevanger, Kjetil (December 1994).
1068:Varis, Tortajada & Biswas 2008
923:Twort, Ratnayaka & Brandt 2000
25:
1056:Feasibility Design Study... 2010
910:
679:Feasibility Design Study... 2010
346:Route of the North-South Carrier
1412:. Georgetown University Press.
1406:Moran, Daniel (15 April 2011).
1333:Haddad, Lawrence James (1997).
1289:Africa South of the Sahara 2004
1107:Africa South of the Sahara 2004
375:environmental impact assessment
790:Central Statistics Office 2009
691:Central Statistics Office 2009
557:Zambezi Watercourse Commission
214:
1:
1339:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
296:'s growing demand for water.
18:North-South Carrier Pipeline
1209:"BOTSWANA WATER STATISTICS"
179:Water Utilities Corporation
1684:
1648:Infrastructure in Botswana
272:to make up the shortfall.
209:1,400 mm (55 in)
27:Water pipeline in Botswana
1503:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
201:360 km (220 mi)
39:
935:Europa Publications 2003
487:three times that of the
292:is insufficient to meet
1609:Wohlmuth, Karl (2004).
546:Zambezi River Authority
302:purchasing power parity
238:(NSC) is a pipeline in
529:
479:
373:also included careful
347:
334:via the NSC pipeline.
297:
100:21.85183°S 27.731989°E
610:Potential evaporation
520:The Zambezi river at
519:
477:
345:
287:
193:Technical information
1653:Freshwater pipelines
1292:. Psychology Press.
1233:on 29 September 2012
1110:. Psychology Press.
105:-21.85183; 27.731989
1658:Interbasin transfer
1559:. UNEP/Earthprint.
1531:. OECD Publishing.
354:tributaries of the
324:Waterberg coalfield
236:North-South Carrier
217:of pumping stations
162:General information
96: /
35:North-South Carrier
1435:"Our Track Record"
649:Our Track Record..
530:
480:
348:
298:
1668:Water in Botswana
1622:978-3-8258-6807-9
1594:978-3-540-74926-4
1566:978-92-807-2575-9
1538:978-92-64-07618-1
1510:978-0-340-72018-9
1419:978-1-58901-741-2
1346:978-0-89629-335-9
1299:978-1-85743-183-4
1227:"Dikgatlhong dam"
512:Zambezi potential
316:Morupule Colliery
232:
231:
116:General direction
16:(Redirected from
1675:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1483:Engineering News
1473:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1369:. Archived from
1357:
1355:
1353:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:on 21 April 2013
1242:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1152:Engineering News
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1058:, p. 1-1/2.
1053:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
995:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
883:
877:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
711:
705:
694:
688:
682:
676:
667:
661:
652:
646:
623:
620:
614:
607:
225:Pumping stations
216:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
71:Central District
44:
32:
21:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1464:on 3 March 2016
1461:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1373:on 21 June 2015
1360:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1272:Sunday Standard
1265:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1169:"Letsibogo Dam"
1166:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
989:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
886:
878:
871:
863:
859:
855:, p. 13ff.
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
714:
706:
697:
689:
685:
677:
670:
662:
655:
647:
636:
627:
626:
621:
617:
608:
604:
594:
581:
514:
484:Dikgatlhong Dam
472:
445:
440:
404:Serorome Valley
392:Dikgatlhong Dam
371:Motloutse River
340:
328:Dikgatlhong Dam
282:
260:
248:Dikgatlhong Dam
104:
102:
98:
95:
90:
87:
85:
83:
82:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1606:
1593:
1578:
1565:
1550:
1537:
1522:
1509:
1494:
1474:
1447:
1431:
1418:
1403:
1383:
1358:
1345:
1330:
1311:
1298:
1283:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1204:
1198:
1180:
1164:
1154:. 16 July 2010
1143:
1136:
1135:
1133:, p. 421.
1123:
1116:
1096:
1084:
1082:, p. 233.
1072:
1060:
1045:
1043:, p. 239.
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
978:
966:
951:
939:
927:
925:, p. 570.
915:
903:
884:
869:
857:
845:
833:
818:
806:
794:
782:
767:
755:
743:
731:
712:
708:Swanepoel 2008
695:
683:
681:, p. 2-1.
668:
653:
633:
625:
624:
615:
601:
600:
593:
590:
580:
577:
513:
510:
471:
468:
444:
441:
439:
436:
402:, Palapye and
339:
336:
281:
278:
259:
256:
230:
229:
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222:
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135:
134:Passes through
131:
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117:
113:
112:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
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37:
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26:
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14:
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2:
1680:
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1579:
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1558:
1557:
1553:UNEP (2005).
1551:
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1529:
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1506:
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1495:
1484:
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1199:82-426-0531-9
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1131:Wohlmuth 2004
1127:
1124:
1119:
1117:9781857431834
1113:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1094:, p. 64.
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1070:, p. 61.
1069:
1064:
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1057:
1052:
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1037:
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948:
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937:, p. 98.
936:
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919:
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907:
904:
900:
895:
893:
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880:Bevanger 1994
876:
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865:Bevanger 1994
861:
858:
854:
853:Bevanger 1994
849:
846:
842:
841:Bevanger 1994
837:
834:
831:, p. 10.
830:
829:Bevanger 1994
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
792:, p. 21.
791:
786:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
765:, p. 71.
764:
759:
756:
753:, p. 61.
752:
747:
744:
740:
735:
732:
728:
727:Bevanger 1994
723:
721:
719:
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575:in Zimbabwe.
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449:Letsibogo Dam
442:
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417:
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395:
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389:
385:
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368:
367:Letsibogo Dam
364:
359:
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356:Limpopo River
353:
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321:
317:
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265:Limpopo River
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128:Letsibogo Dam
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43:
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19:
1628:23 September
1626:. Retrieved
1611:
1600:23 September
1598:. Retrieved
1587:. Springer.
1583:
1572:22 September
1570:. Retrieved
1555:
1544:22 September
1542:. Retrieved
1527:
1516:23 September
1514:. Retrieved
1500:Water Supply
1499:
1488:22 September
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1468:22 September
1466:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1441:22 September
1439:. Retrieved
1425:22 September
1423:. Retrieved
1408:
1397:21 September
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1377:21 September
1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1366:
1352:23 September
1350:. Retrieved
1335:
1324:22 September
1322:. Retrieved
1305:22 September
1303:. Retrieved
1288:
1277:22 September
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1257:21 September
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1237:21 September
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1217:22 September
1215:. Retrieved
1185:
1174:17 September
1172:. Retrieved
1158:21 September
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1036:
1031:, p. 5.
1024:
1019:, p. 6.
1012:
1000:
981:
974:Modikwa 2011
969:
964:, p. 4.
947:Dzimiri 2012
942:
930:
918:
906:
901:, p. 3.
882:, p. 8.
867:, p. 6.
860:
848:
843:, p. 3.
836:
814:$ 300m dam..
809:
804:, p. 1.
797:
785:
780:, p. 2.
758:
746:
741:, p. 9.
734:
729:, p. 5.
693:, p. 3.
686:
664:Modikwa 2012
629:
628:
618:
605:
596:
595:
582:
564:Pandamatenga
561:
550:
531:
497:
493:
489:Gaborone Dam
481:
464:
457:
446:
438:Construction
422:, supplying
410:, supplying
396:
380:
360:
349:
314:
299:
290:Gaborone Dam
280:Requirements
274:
261:
235:
233:
185:Commissioned
29:
1437:. J. Burrow
1080:Haddad 1997
568:Francistown
526:quadripoint
504:Dam to the
119:North-South
103: /
78:Coordinates
1642:Categories
1041:Moran 2011
592:References
460:fiberglass
270:Vaal River
91:27°43′55″E
88:21°51′07″S
739:UNEP 2005
630:Citations
579:Criticism
538:Kazungula
522:Kazungula
432:Mmamabula
420:Mahalapye
418:, and at
388:Bokaa Dam
384:Mmamashia
332:Mmamabula
146:Mahalapye
585:riparian
573:Bulawayo
506:Moralane
428:Shoshong
424:Kalamare
412:Moropule
400:Moralane
306:Gaborone
294:Gaborone
244:Gaborone
240:Botswana
206:Diameter
175:Operator
156:Gaborone
61:Botswana
52:Location
1140:Sources
534:Zambezi
408:Palapye
369:on the
320:Palapye
258:Climate
252:Zambezi
142:Palapye
57:Country
1619:
1591:
1563:
1535:
1507:
1416:
1343:
1296:
1196:
1167:ARUP.
1114:
553:Kasane
416:Serowe
352:Shashe
198:Length
1462:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1392:Mmegi
1367:Mmegi
1318:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
597:Notes
470:NSC-2
443:NSC-1
310:Bokaa
170:Water
67:State
1630:2012
1617:ISBN
1602:2012
1589:ISBN
1574:2012
1561:ISBN
1546:2012
1533:ISBN
1518:2012
1505:ISBN
1490:2012
1470:2012
1443:2012
1427:2012
1414:ISBN
1399:2012
1379:2012
1354:2012
1341:ISBN
1326:2012
1307:2012
1294:ISBN
1279:2012
1259:2012
1239:2012
1219:2012
1194:ISBN
1176:2012
1160:2012
1112:ISBN
992:help
911:ARUP
524:, a
453:Arup
447:The
426:and
414:and
338:Plan
308:and
288:The
234:The
188:2000
167:Type
124:From
215:No.
1644::
1481:.
1390:.
1365:.
1270:.
1150:.
1048:^
954:^
887:^
872:^
821:^
770:^
715:^
698:^
671:^
656:^
637:^
152:To
144:,
140:,
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1120:.
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994:)
988:.
976:.
949:.
913:.
816:.
710:.
666:.
651:.
220:4
20:)
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