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compared to their relatives. Many species of animals have stiff fur on their feet to create a barrier between their pads and toes, and the snow which allows them to walk more easily. Despite almost being frozen, some insects can survive by going into a dormant state and allowing their naturally occurring antifreeze-like compounds to take effect. The most common coping strategy, however, is to migrate seasonally and find a more suitable habitat for the winter, which can commonly be seen in birds.
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lows that reach around −38 °C (−36 °F) in winter to average highs that reach approximately 10 °C (50 °F) in summer. The warmest month is July while the coldest month is
January. Winters have long dark days without sunlight while summers have days where the sun doesn't set. Parts of the region are covered in ice for most of the year and it can snow during any month of the year and the average annual precipitation is 250 mm (9.8 in).
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also the reason why there aren't any reptiles and only a small number of amphibians. Though numbers are depleting, the region is home to other marine life such as different species of whales and seals. The region supports an enormous population of migratory birds that migrate to the region in the summer for breeding and many large fisheries. Due to ice melting and turning into ponds during summer, the ecosystem also sees insects including moths and mosquitoes.
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503:. After living in the North American Arctic for over thousands of years, they have developed unique traditions in order to adapt to the extreme climate conditions such as hunting animals and fishing during specific times of the year and gathering and preserving plants over the summer in preparation for winter. They constructed tents, clothes, tools and weapons out of animal skin, antlers, teeth, horns and bones.
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soil affects vegetation patterns as it results in formations of patterned ground such as circles, nets and stone stripes. Both plant diversity and species are relatively low in numbers due to lack of nutrient availability. There is evidence that shows that diversity of species in the region is strongly correlated to warmer temperatures.
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Climate change in the region has attracted worldwide attention and interest in reduction of effects. This is because effects to the North
American Arctic has direct consequences on the rest of the world including sea levels rising worldwide. The rising of sea levels is a critical issue as the region
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Plants that have adapted to the climate in the region have the ability to grow rapidly in the small timeframe of prime growing conditions in summer due to their ability to conserve water. Plants avoid the harsh wind and chill by growing close to the ground and cluster densely. Other ways that plants
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The North
American Arctic's climate is characterized by extremely cold temperatures throughout the year. It also experiences high seasonal fluctuations in daylight, and severe winds due to the Earth's tilt and its polar location. During the year, temperatures can span a widespread range with average
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Due to
Western culture, native peoples now make up approximately 16% of the population of Alaska and they now live in wooden homes, and purchase clothing and food. Climate change has also affected the traditional way of life, which doesn't exist for most anymore, as melting ice has impacted hunting
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and polar semi-deserts with minor ones being coastal salt marshes and grasslands. Flora must try to grow in a harsh environment that experiences continuous sunlight during the summer, and low temperatures, dry winds, heavy snow and frozen ground and soil throughout the year. Freezing and thawing of
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The North
American Arctic geographical region consists of large land masses. A major portion of the region also consists of large bodies of water. This region is a relatively flat topographic part of the Earth. Since the region is located in an extreme northerly part of the Earth, the sun may only
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Compared to warmer regions of the Earth, fauna species in the North
American Arctic are small but populations are large. The animal population can either hibernate if conditions allow it or has to remain active as it is unable to hibernate due to absence of ice-free shelter in the region. This is
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is considered an alpine region of the North
American Arctic. Vegetation that grows in this area is confined to mostly narrow coastal ice-free fringes which constitutes about 14% of the total area. Poor floras occur in the colder coastal areas in the northern parts of the country while rich floras
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covers around a quarter of Canada's landmass at 1.6 million square kilometres (0.62 million square miles). The human population density is one of the lowest on Earth and sits at 1 person per 100 km. It consists of some of the world's most uninhabitable places yet also is home to
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Some animals have adapted to the conditions in the region by conserving heat, with many species covered in heavy fur coats and having thick layers of fat beneath the skin while others have developed compact body shapes. They are characterized as having shorter legs and tails, and smaller ears
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There is also potential for carbon dioxide and methane levels to rise in the atmosphere as a result of increased production by micro-organisms in thawing permafrost. Climate change will significantly impact the plant species by causing an increase of shrubs, which will disrupt the regional
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have adapted include having a smaller surface area to lessen water evaporation, vertical leaves to aid in receiving more sunlight, waxy leaves to assist in moisture retention, and antifreeze to enable them to continue photosynthesis under freezing conditions.
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Animals have a small window of opportunity to successfully reproduce and birth of their young has to coincide with the abundance of prey otherwise the food chain will be disrupted. Species that have adapted well tend to dominate the food chain.
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has endless lowlands and plains. On the northern coast of Alaska, there is a 67-day-long period of darkness which begins in mid-November and ends in
February. An 84-day-long period of light begins in early May and finishes in July.
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to melt resulting in rising sea levels. In
November 2016, the daily average temperature was 2.22 °C (36.00 °F) lower than usual and sea ice cover was less than the previous recorded low in November 2012.
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plays a role in the ventilation of the
Atlantic and Pacific, and due to the impact that melting sea ice has on the acceleration of global warming and increased fluxes of green house gases into the atmosphere.
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separates 7 weeks earlier than it used to during 1964 to 1974. An instance of climate change contributing to ice loss was the 13th most extreme Arctic storm recorded that impacted sea ice in the Beaufort and
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roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. The climate of the region is known to be intensely cold during the year due to its extreme polar location. The area has
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vegetation, and a decrease in certain species of flora. It has also caused a decline in survival rates of fauna which will cause a heavy strain on the ecosystem.
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who migrated from other lands and settled in the North American Arctic also had to adapt to living conditions. Their population has declined since then, however.
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Ice sheets have been observed to form later, separate earlier, and rapidly decline in age, thickness distribution and regional coverage. The ice in the southern
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have also impacted the human population whose way of living and working is facing pressure from the effects as they are finding it challenging to adapt.
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region is defined by environmental limits where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F). The northernmost
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is sparse, and its people are thought to be descendants of people who migrated northward from central Asia after the Ice Age. They include the
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has had to adapt to survive. In addition to the extreme climate, permafrost and short growing seasons means that trees are unable to grow. The
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has caused the region to feel the effects of global warming, with sea levels and temperatures rising, and a changing wildlife population.
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during a period where large wave generation, oceanic upwelling, and mechanical forcing affected the ocean and its covering ice sheets.
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The region has an abundance of wildlife that has adapted to its intense conditions, ranging from large mammals such as
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appear above the horizon for a couple of hours during winter while appearing for longer during summer.
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175:. It is part of the Arctic, which is the northernmost region on Earth. The western limit is the
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are struggling under increasing pressure from changes in sea ice characteristics. The
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Daniels, Fred J.A.; Bultmann, Helga; Lunterbusch, Christoph; Wilhelm, Maike (2000).
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The North American Arctic consists of some of the following major bodies of water:
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The major lands that make up the North American Arctic from west to east are:
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Gervais, Melissa; Atallah, Eyad; Gyakum, John R.; Tremblay, L. Bruno (2016).
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seas. In 2012, a cyclone had formed over Siberia and ended in the Canadian
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Major types of vegetation of the North American Arctic include tundra,
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Emery, K. O. (1949). "Topography and Sediments of the Arctic Basin".
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and North Atlantic Ocean. The North American Arctic lies above the
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Allen, Thad W.; Whitman, Christine Todd; Brimmer, Esther (2017).
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714:"Vegetation zones and biodiversity of the North-American Arctic"
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Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region
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It is home to various species of plants, and land, air and
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and it has already driven other communities to relocate.
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Climate change, which is a phenomenon also known as the
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occur in the southwest parts and inland in the south.
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and fishing. Some communities are under threat from
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
926:"Sea Ice, Climate Change and the Marine Ecosystem"
404:, to small birds, and various species of plants.
1198:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1011:"Global warning and effects on the arctic fox"
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217:. Due to the severe weather conditions, the
1509:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
1173:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
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129:. The North American Arctic is on the left
1077:Arctic Institute of North America website
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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951:"Arctic Air Masses in a Warming World"
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892:. University of Ottawa Press. 1999.
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159:. Major bodies of water include the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1883:
1728:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
1787:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
125:Map of the Arctic Circle and July
14:
1009:Fuglei, Eva; Anker, Rolf (2008).
890:Poles Apart: A Study in Contrasts
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2762:West South Central United States
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1871:
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1457:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1314:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
1193:Territorial claims in the Arctic
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23:
2977:Latin America and the Caribbean
2843:Latin America and the Caribbean
1163:Arctic cooperation and politics
34:needs additional citations for
1271:Populated places in the Arctic
1:
1794:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
1319:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
2444:Middle East and North Africa
2149:Middle East and North Africa
1499:Climate change in the Arctic
1251:Impact craters of the Arctic
823:National Wildlife Federation
229:Climate change in the Arctic
1352:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1294:Canadian Arctic Rift System
924:Barber, David (2013–2014).
604:"The North American Arctic"
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4458:Geography of North America
2737:Northeastern United States
1347:British Arctic Territories
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132:
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3425:
1865:
1183:Inuit Circumpolar Council
237:effects of climate change
4468:Regions of North America
3218:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2222:Transantarctic Mountains
1494:Arctic methane emissions
1027:10.3184/003685008X327468
976:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0499.1
816:"The Arctic Environment"
481:population of the region
335:. It also contains vast
219:region's flora and fauna
3517:List of deserts by area
2967:Caribbean South America
1168:Arctic Ocean Conference
58:"North American Arctic"
4099:Gran Desierto de Altar
2747:Southern United States
2550:Scandinavian Peninsula
1827:Arctic shipping routes
636:The Journal of Geology
326:The Arctic portion in
145:northern polar regions
130:
4463:Regions of the Arctic
4398:North American Arctic
4139:North American Arctic
3223:Antarctic Convergence
2767:Western United States
1782:Petroleum exploration
1462:Arctic dipole anomaly
1439:North American Arctic
1392:Northwest Territories
1178:Ilulissat Declaration
285:Northwest Territories
141:North American Arctic
124:
2289:Greater Central Asia
1852:Transpolar Sea Route
378:North Atlantic Ocean
43:improve this article
4326:Los Médanos de Coro
4074:Channeled scablands
3697:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
3435:Continents of Earth
2962:Brazilian Highlands
2371:Indian subcontinent
2232:Antarctic Peninsula
2030:Southern Hemisphere
2025:Northern Hemisphere
1753:Arctic Winter Games
1519:Polar amplification
1487:ecology and history
1246:Greenland ice sheet
967:2016JCli...29.2359G
749:"The Arctic Region"
648:1949JG.....57..512E
475:Circumpolar peoples
331:extensive herds of
143:is composed of the
4119:Jornada del Muerto
3522:Desert exploration
3250:Great Barrier Reef
2871:Mainland Australia
2579:Apennine Peninsula
2040:Western Hemisphere
2015:Eastern Hemisphere
1842:Northern Sea Route
1472:Arctic oscillation
1216:Arctic Archipelago
1140:History of whaling
1130:Arctic exploration
955:Journal of Climate
753:Arctic Imperatives
542:Arctic Archipelago
223:indigenous peoples
131:
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3664:Arabian Peninsula
3620:Plaine des Sables
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3331:Mediterranean Rim
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3203:
3143:Mediterranean Sea
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2950:Amazon Rainforest
2777:Canadian Prairies
2742:Pacific Northwest
2603:Iberian Peninsula
2388:Arabian Peninsula
2215:Antarctic Plateau
1975:Three/Four Worlds
1897:
1896:
1857:Search and rescue
1837:Northwest Passage
1832:Northeast Passage
1777:Natural resources
1668:Subarctic peoples
1640:Arctic vegetation
1504:Climate of Alaska
1324:Ungava Fault Zone
1309:Innuitian orogeny
1226:Arctic Cordillera
521:greenhouse effect
307:
306:
233:Marine ecosystems
208:Arctic vegetation
119:
118:
111:
93:
16:Geographic region
4480:
4361:
4209:
3660:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3433:
3432:
3412:Global Southwest
3407:Global Southeast
3397:Global Northwest
3392:Global Northeast
3382:Global Heartland
3326:Indian Ocean Rim
3008:
2900:Island Melanesia
2591:Balkan Peninsula
2366:Himalayan states
2313:Russian Far East
2107:
2035:Water Hemisphere
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1761:
1760:(New Year's Day)
1256:Innuitian Region
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1015:Science Progress
1006:
997:
996:
978:
961:(7): 2359–2373.
946:
937:
936:
930:
921:
902:
901:
886:
827:
826:
820:
812:
757:
756:
744:
721:
720:
718:
709:
676:
675:
631:
618:
617:
615:
614:
600:
578:
566:
259:
177:Seward Peninsula
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4414:
4384:
4350:
4298:
4280:
4241:Nullarbor Plain
4198:
4109:Great Salt Lake
4054:Baja California
4030:
4001:Bardenas Reales
3983:
3965:
3918:Iranian Plateau
3912:
3869:
3794:
3775:Saryesik-Atyrau
3716:
3649:
3585:Farafra (White)
3526:
3512:List of deserts
3502:Desertification
3488:
3482:
3452:
3447:
3421:
3363:
3340:
3307:
3271:
3200:
3189:South China Sea
3098:
3041:Central America
2993:
2926:
2847:
2799:Northern Mexico
2787:Northern Canada
2772:Atlantic Canada
2727:Mountain states
2653:
2508:European Russia
2501:Southern Russia
2457:
2410:Iranian Plateau
2238:
2227:West Antarctica
2210:East Antarctica
2196:
2096:
2044:
2020:Land Hemisphere
2001:
1941:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1861:
1847:Polar air route
1808:
1799:Protected areas
1765:
1759:
1649:
1621:
1528:
1443:
1387:Northern Canada
1328:
1304:Greenland Plate
1299:Eurekan orogeny
1280:
1202:
1144:
1135:Arctic research
1116:
1110:
1073:
1068:
1008:
1007:
1000:
948:
947:
940:
928:
923:
922:
905:
888:
887:
830:
818:
814:
813:
760:
746:
745:
724:
716:
711:
710:
679:
633:
632:
621:
612:
610:
602:
601:
597:
593:
586:
579:
570:
567:
558:
517:
509:coastal erosion
477:
471:
454:
430:
394:
385:
357:
345:
328:Northern Canada
324:
322:Northern Canada
312:
254:
245:
153:Northern Canada
137:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4410:Russian Arctic
4407:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4231:Great Victoria
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Tule (Arizona)
4176:
4174:Tonopah Desert
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Painted Desert
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3971:Southeast Asia
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Dasht-e Naomid
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3443:Physical Earth
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:Mariana Trench
3252:
3242:
3237:
3235:Atlantic Ocean
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3196:Southern Ocean
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3184:East China Sea
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3118:Atlantic Ocean
3115:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2922:Remote Oceania
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2792:Western Canada
2789:
2784:
2782:Eastern Canada
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:South Caucasus
2493:
2491:North Caucasus
2483:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:South Caucasus
2390:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:Aralkum Desert
2264:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:Africa-Eurasia
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1804:Transportation
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Arctic peoples
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Arctic ecology
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1477:Arctic sea ice
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1412:Russian Arctic
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Arctic Cyclone
1238:
1233:
1231:Arctic ecology
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Arctic Council
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:External links
1069:
1067:
1066:
1021:(2): 175–191.
998:
938:
903:
828:
758:
722:
677:
656:10.1086/625664
642:(5): 512–521.
619:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
580:
573:
571:
568:
561:
557:
554:
516:
515:Climate change
513:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
453:
450:
429:
426:
393:
390:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:Gulf of Alaska
371:
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353:
344:
341:
323:
320:
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301:
295:
294:
291:
277:
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275:United States
273:
267:
266:
263:
253:
250:
244:
241:
215:marine animals
169:Gulf of Alaska
133:Main article:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4485:
4474:
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4469:
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4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Polar regions
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4308:South America
4305:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Tule (Nevada)
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4036:North America
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
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3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
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3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Gurbantünggüt
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
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3768:
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3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Rub' al Khali
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
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3643:
3641:
3638:
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3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
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3611:
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3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
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3556:
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3538:
3537:
3535:
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3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3444:
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3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
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3279:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:Pacific Ocean
3243:
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3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
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3215:
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3207:
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3182:
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3180:
3179:Pacific Ocean
3177:
3173:
3170:
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3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Caribbean Sea
3131:
3129:
3126:
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3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:by population
3073:
3071:
3068:
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3066:
3063:
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3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:South America
3046:
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3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:North America
3029:
3028:
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3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:Southern Cone
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Andean States
2955:
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2932:South America
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2668:
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2660:
2659:North America
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Low Countries
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:South-western
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:South-eastern
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:South-central
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Mediterranean
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:British Isles
2528:
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2514:
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2428:
2427:Levantine Sea
2425:
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2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
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2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Mediterranean
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2088:
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2086:
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2038:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
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1996:
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1822:Arctic Bridge
1820:
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1797:
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1553:
1552:Bowhead whale
1550:
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1525:
1522:
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1514:Polar climate
1512:
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1342:Arctic Alaska
1340:
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1234:
1232:
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1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Arctic Circle
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Saami Council
1186:
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286:
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279:
278:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
262:Name of land
261:
260:
257:
251:
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242:
240:
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234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:Bering Strait
178:
174:
173:Arctic Circle
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
136:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4397:
4378:Meyer Desert
4236:Little Sandy
4138:
4006:Cabo de Gata
3888:Indus Valley
3808:Badain Jaran
3730:Aral Karakum
3722:Central Asia
3712:Wahiba Sands
3625:Richtersveld
3550:Black Desert
3507:Polar desert
3441: /
3439:List of seas
3437: /
3402:Global South
3387:Global North
3321:Atlantic Rim
3260:Ring of Fire
3240:Indian Ocean
3230:Arctic Ocean
3172:Persian Gulf
3167:Indian Ocean
3148:Adriatic Sea
3113:Arctic Ocean
2945:Amazon Basin
2940:Amazon Plain
2912:Near Oceania
2717:Mid-Atlantic
2667:Aridoamerica
2627:Northwestern
2540:Northwestern
2513:Southeastern
2405:Greater Iran
2344:Southeastern
2339:Pacific Asia
2308:Pacific Asia
2296:Northeastern
2252:Asia–Pacific
1995:Fourth World
1985:Second World
1881:
1869:
1758:Quviasukvik
1547:Beluga whale
1524:Polar vortex
1438:
1236:Arctic Ocean
1018:
1014:
958:
954:
932:
898:j.ctt1cn6rbs
889:
822:
752:
639:
635:
611:. Retrieved
607:
598:
581:Icebergs at
550:
546:
533:Beaufort Sea
530:
518:
505:
478:
463:
459:
455:
446:
439:
434:polar desert
431:
395:
386:
364:Arctic Ocean
358:
346:
325:
313:
255:
246:
227:
212:
193:
185:midnight sun
161:Arctic Ocean
140:
138:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4286:New Zealand
4266:Sturt Stony
4226:Great Sandy
4164:Smoke Creek
4129:Lechuguilla
4114:Great Sandy
4104:Great Basin
3745:Betpak-Dala
3417:Global West
3377:Global East
3336:Pacific Rim
3278:waterbodies
3267:World Ocean
3092:New Zealand
2972:The Guianas
2861:Australasia
2804:West Indies
2732:New England
2712:Great Lakes
2682:Mesoamerica
2569:Middle East
2545:Scandinavia
2434:Middle East
2272:Caspian Sea
2178:Great Lakes
2158:Sub-Saharan
2144:Middle East
2007:Hemispheres
1990:Third World
1980:First World
1933:'s primary
1888:WikiProject
1467:Arctic haze
1407:Nunatsiavut
585:, Greenland
497:Athabascans
418:Arctic char
406:Marine life
398:polar bears
189:polar night
4452:Categories
4373:Antarctica
4336:Patagonian
4321:La Guajira
4261:Strzelecki
4154:Red Desert
4094:Forty Mile
4079:Chihuahuan
4059:Black Rock
3875:South Asia
3860:Taklamakan
3635:Tanezrouft
3158:Ionian Sea
3153:Aegean Sea
3123:Baltic Sea
3055:Antarctica
2907:Micronesia
2876:New Guinea
2834:Portuguese
2757:West Coast
2707:East Coast
2702:Bible Belt
2697:Appalachia
2376:Subregions
2284:Inner Asia
2202:Antarctica
2102:Continents
2075:Antarctica
2050:Landmasses
1960:Down Under
1955:Arab World
1939:subregions
1572:Polar bear
1542:Arctic fox
1372:Inuvialuit
1266:North Pole
1150:Government
613:2020-07-28
591:References
442:permafrost
422:lake trout
369:Hudson Bay
337:ice fields
165:Hudson Bay
69:newspapers
4403:Greenland
4365:Antarctic
4213:Australia
4089:Escalante
4026:Deliblato
3883:Cholistan
3800:East Asia
3600:Moçâmedes
3354:Antarctic
3138:Irish Sea
3128:Black Sea
3087:Australia
3036:Caribbean
3013:continent
2987:Patagonia
2917:Polynesia
2895:Melanesia
2888:Zealandia
2866:Australia
2752:Southwest
2672:Caribbean
2449:Near East
2090:submerged
2085:Zealandia
2080:Australia
1970:Old World
1965:New World
1814:Transport
1698:Icelandic
1688:Karelians
1612:Snowy owl
1362:Greenland
1261:Nordicity
1208:Geography
1035:0036-8504
985:0894-8755
933:ArcticNet
664:0022-1376
608:UCL Press
583:Cape York
408:includes
348:Greenland
343:Greenland
299:Greenland
243:Geography
200:tree line
157:Greenland
99:July 2020
4432:Category
4084:Colorado
4064:Carcross
4049:Amargosa
4021:Tabernas
4011:Monegros
3961:Registan
3765:Moiynkum
3760:Kyzylkum
3672:Ad-Dahna
3590:Kalahari
3540:Algerian
2881:Tasmania
2829:Hispanic
2692:Northern
2639:Germanic
2617:Atlantic
2559:Southern
2520:Northern
2486:Caucasus
2422:Dead Sea
2393:Caucasus
2361:Southern
2354:Maritime
2349:Mainland
2322:Northern
2303:Far East
2262:Aral Sea
2185:Southern
2129:Northern
1876:Category
1748:Yukaghir
1708:Gwich'in
1678:Chukotka
1577:Reindeer
1357:Finnmark
1061:18717368
1052:10361153
1043:43425779
993:26385397
672:30057600
392:Wildlife
303:Denmark
265:Country
187:and the
179:and the
127:isotherm
4437:Commons
4427:Project
4346:Tatacoa
4341:Sechura
4316:Atacama
4294:Rangipo
4256:Simpson
4251:Pedirka
4246:Painted
4204:Oceania
4169:Sonoran
4016:Oleshky
3893:Katpana
3865:Tengger
3790:Ustyurt
3780:Sarykum
3755:Karakum
3740:Barsuki
3735:Aralkum
3687:Judaean
3682:Arabian
3645:Western
3575:Eastern
3565:Danakil
3486:deserts
3082:Oceania
3070:by area
3026:America
3003:Islands
2853:Oceania
2722:Midwest
2677:Central
2644:Romance
2612:Western
2481:Balkans
2476:Eastern
2471:Central
2439:Mashriq
2383:Western
2327:Siberia
2279:Eastern
2257:Central
2190:Western
2163:Central
2139:Mashriq
2134:Maghreb
2124:Saharan
2070:America
2063:Eurasia
1935:regions
1770:Economy
1718:Koryaks
1673:Chukchi
1655:Culture
1585:bearded
1567:Narwhal
1557:Lemming
1482:decline
1449:Climate
1402:Nunavut
1397:Nunavik
1377:Karelia
1367:Iceland
1334:Regions
1286:Geology
1122:History
963:Bibcode
644:Bibcode
556:Gallery
538:Chukchi
525:sea ice
501:Iñupiat
452:Animals
440:Due to
383:Climate
333:caribou
293:Canada
289:Nunavut
151:(USA),
83:scholar
4473:Tundra
4390:Arctic
4276:Tirari
4271:Tanami
4221:Gibson
4159:Sevier
4144:Owyhee
4134:Mojave
4069:Carson
4044:Alvord
3993:Europe
3979:La Paz
3956:Polond
3951:Naomid
3898:Kharan
3855:Qaidam
3843:Kubuqi
3833:Kumtag
3785:Taukum
3707:Syrian
3640:Ténéré
3630:Sahara
3610:Nubian
3595:Libyan
3570:Djurab
3560:Chalbi
3545:Bayuda
3532:Africa
3497:Desert
3484:World
3369:Global
3359:Arctic
3298:Rivers
3276:Other
3210:Oceans
3065:Europe
3021:Africa
2814:French
2687:Middle
2649:Slavic
2634:Celtic
2535:Nordic
2525:Baltic
2463:Europe
2417:Levant
2111:Africa
1947:Worlds
1743:Yakuts
1738:Selkup
1723:Nenets
1713:Khanty
1683:Evenks
1645:Tundra
1617:Walrus
1605:ringed
1600:ribbon
1595:hooded
1562:Muskox
1276:Tundra
1115:topics
1113:Arctic
1059:
1049:
1041:
1033:
991:
983:
896:
755:: 5–8.
670:
662:
469:People
428:Plants
410:walrus
402:muskox
355:Waters
315:Alaska
310:Alaska
271:Alaska
204:tundra
196:Arctic
167:, the
149:Alaska
135:Arctic
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4331:Monte
3946:Margo
3936:Leili
3931:Khash
3926:Kavir
3848:Mu Us
3838:Ordos
3692:Negev
3677:Nefud
3615:Nyiri
3605:Namib
3580:Ferlo
3346:Polar
3291:lists
3286:Lakes
3105:ocean
2824:Ibero
2819:Latin
2809:Anglo
1931:Earth
1703:Inuit
1627:Flora
1581:Seal
1534:Fauna
1434:Yukon
1429:Sápmi
1424:Sakha
1417:North
1039:JSTOR
989:JSTOR
929:(PDF)
894:JSTOR
819:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
668:JSTOR
493:Aleut
489:Yupik
485:Inuit
414:seals
281:Yukon
252:Lands
90:JSTOR
76:books
4194:Yuma
4189:Yuha
4124:Kaʻū
3908:Thar
3903:Thal
3823:Hami
3813:Gobi
3655:Asia
3555:Blue
3303:Seas
3060:Asia
2332:Ural
2244:Asia
2173:Horn
2168:East
1937:and
1733:Sami
1693:Komi
1590:harp
1382:Komi
1057:PMID
1031:ISSN
981:ISSN
660:ISSN
499:and
479:The
420:and
400:and
194:The
155:and
139:The
62:news
3941:Lut
3828:Lop
3770:Ryn
3313:Rim
3103:By
3011:By
1047:PMC
1023:doi
971:doi
652:doi
147:of
45:by
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495:,
491:,
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1025::
995:.
973::
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