2937:
2854:
2899:
2869:
2824:
2952:
2982:
2967:
2809:
2839:
3464:
56:
2884:
3486:
618:
661:
511:
846:. It moved as a coherent unit after the breakup of Pangaea. The Atlantic and Gulf Coasts experienced eight transgressions in the Cenozoic. The Laramide orogeny continued to raise the present Rocky Mountains into the Paleocene. The Western Cordillera continued to suffer tectonic deformation, including the formation of the
572:. Sedimentary rocks that were deposited on top of the basement complex were formed in a setting of quiet marine and river waters. The craton was covered by shallow, warm, tropical epicontinental or epicratonic sea (meaning literally "on the craton") that had maximum depths of only about 60 m (200 ft) at the
597:
Ma) on
Laurentia has been determined via extensive shell bed records. Flooding of the continent that occurred during the Ordovician provided the shallow warm waters for the success of sea life and therefore a spike in the carbonate shells of shellfish. Today the beds are composed of fossilized shells
2545:
Iizuka, Tsuyoshi; Komiya, Tsuyoshi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Katayama, Ikuo; Uehara, Yosuke; Maruyama, Shigenori; Hirata, Takafumi; Johnson, Simon P.; Dunkley, Daniel J. (March 2007). "Geology and zircon geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss
Complex, northwestern Canada: New constraints on its tectonothermal
309:
Laurentia first assembled from six or seven large fragments of
Archean crust at around 2.0 to 1.8 Gya. The assembly began when the Slave craton collided with the Rae-Hearne craton, and the Rae-Hearne craton collided shortly after with the Superior Craton. These then merged with several smaller
708:
were raised in the southwestern part of
Laurentia. This has been attributed either to either the collision with Gondwana or subduction under the continental margin from the southwest. Two additional marine transgressions took place during the late Paleozoic: the Kaskaskia and Absaroka.
341:
rather than recycled from older crustal rock. The intense mountain building of the Trans-Hudson orogeny formed thick, stable roots beneath the craton, possibly by a process of "kneading" that allowed low density material to move up and high density material to move down.
917:, an overall warming trend occurred. As indicated by fossilized invertebrates, the western margin of Laurentia was affected by a lasting southward bound cool current. This current contrasted with waters warming in the Texas region. This opposition suggests that, during
553:. There was also violent volcanic activity, including the eruption that produced the Millburg/Big Bentonite ash bed. About 1,140 cubic kilometers (270 cu mi) of ash erupted in this event. However, this does not seem to have triggered any mass extinction.
264:
erosional feature. The strait is floored with continental crust and shows no indications of a thermal event or seaway tectonism. Greenland is composed mostly of crust of
Archean to Proterozoic age, with lower Paleocene shelf formations on its northern margin and
560:. An important feature was the Transcontinental Arch, which ran southwest from the lowlands of the Canadian Shield. The shield and the arch were the only portions of the continent that were above water through much of the early Paleozoic. There were two major
756:
began opening at about 180 Ma. Florida, which had been a part of
Gondwana before the assembly of Pangaea, was left with Laurentia during the opening of the central Atlantic. This former Gondwana fragment includes the Carolina Slate belt and parts of Alabama.
471:
Recent evidence suggests that South
America and Africa never quite joined to Rodinia, though they were located very close to it. Newer reconstructions place Laurentia closer to its present-day orientation, with East Antarctica and Australia to the west,
181:
of
Greenland, which is 3.8 Ga. When subsurface extensions are considered, the wider term Laurentian Shield is more common, not least because large parts of the structure extend outside Canada. In the United States, the craton bedrock is covered with
522:, at the very end of the Proterozoic. This continent broke up again almost at once, and Laurentia rifted away from South America at around 565 Ma to once again become an isolated continent near the equator, separated from Gondwana by the western
608:
shell beds. These beds imply the presence of an equatorial climate belt that was hurricane free which lay inside 10° of the equator. This ecological conclusion matches the previous paleomagnetic findings which confirms this equatorial location.
2469:
Rosenau, Nicholas A.; Herrmann, Achim D.; Leslie, Stephen A. (15 January 2012). "Conodont apatite δ18O values from a platform margin setting, Oklahoma, USA: Implications for initiation of Late
Ordovician icehouse conditions".
692:
beds, including the
Appalachian coal beds in the U.S. Meanwhile, Gondwana had drifted onto the South Pole, and cycles of extensive glaciation produced a characteristic pattern of alternating marine and coal swamp beds called
826:, dividing North America into eastern and western land masses. From time to time, land masses or mountain chains rose up on the distant edges of the craton and then eroded down, shedding their sand across the landscape.
866:
1904:
Huff, Warren D.; Bergström, Stig M.; Kolata, Dennis R. (1 October 1992). "Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance".
1577:"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Mya) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"
1368:
Dawes, Peter R. (February 2009). "Precambrian-Palaeozoic geology of Smith Sound, Canada and Greenland: key constraint to palaeogeographic reconstructions of northern Laurentia and the North Atlantic region".
643:
The Western Cordillera became a convergent plate margin during the Ordovician, and the Transcontinental Arch became submerged, only to reappear in the Devonian. The Devonian also saw the deposition of the
498:(composed of most of today's southern continents) had rotated away from Laurentia, which was left isolated near the equator. The breakup of Rodinia may have triggered an episode of severe ice ages (the
842:
Northeast Mexico was added to the North American craton relatively recently in geological time. This block was formed from the Mesozoic to nearly the present day, with only small fragments of earlier
1662:
Arlo B. Weil; Rob Van der Voo; Conall Mac Niocaill; Joseph G. Meert (January 1998). "The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically derived reconstructions for 1100 to 800 Ma".
353:
and other juvenile crust and occasional fragments of older crust (such as the Mojave block). This accretion occurred along the southeastern margin of Laurentia, where there was a long-lived
772:
today. Europe rifted away from North America between 140 and 120 Ma, and Laurentia once again became the core of an independent continent with the opening of the North Atlantic in the
1325:
Burgess, P.M.; Gurnis, M.; Moresi, L. (1997). "Formation of sequences in the cratonic interior of North America by interaction between mantle, eustatic, and stratigraphic processes".
533:
The breakup of Pannotia produced six major continents: Laurentia, Baltica, Kazakhstania, Siberia, China, and Gondwana. Laurentia remained an independent continent until the middle
861:
The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions. This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the
629:
rifted away from Gondwana. By the end of the Ordovician, Avalonia had merged with Baltica, and the two fused to Laurentia at the end of the Silurian (about 420 Ma) in the
2238:
Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs
1697:
Xie, Xiangyang; Manger, Walter L. (February 2022). "Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) intertwining sediment dispersal network across the Laurentian cratonic interior".
1625:
468:
extended along the entire southwest (present southeast) margin of Laurentia, where it had collided with Congo, Amazonia, and Baltica. Laurentia lay along the equator.
396:
beds on the southern margin of the craton. This long episode of accretion doubled the size of Laurentia but produced craton underlain by relatively weak, hydrous, and
2434:
Landing, Ed (15 December 2012). "Time-specific black mudstones and global hyperwarming on the Cambrian–Ordovician slope and shelf of the Laurentia palaeocontinent".
253:
Provinces, is located in the northern two thirds of Laurentia. During the Early Proterozoic they were covered by sediments, most of which has now been eroded away.
432:
Laurentia was formed in a tectonically active world. The subduction under the southeast margin of the continent is thought to have contributed to the formation of
2510:
Clapham, Matthew E. (15 December 2010). "Faunal evidence for a cool boundary current and decoupled regional climate cooling in the Permian of western Laurentia".
2714:
636:
During this time, several small continental fragments merged with other margins of the craton. These included the North Slope of Alaska, which merged during the
2772:
541:, several volcanic arcs collided with Laurentia along what is now the Atlantic coast of North America. This caused an episode of mountain-building called the
310:
fragments of Archean crust, including the Wyoming, Medicine Hat, Sask, Marshfield, and Nain blocks. This series of collisions raised the mountains of the
1182:
1148:
3536:
2051:
Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H. (May 2011). "The Palaeozoic geography of Laurentia and western Laurussia: A stable craton with mobile margins".
909:
conditions, occurred. Due to sea level fluctuation, these intervals led to mudstone deposits on Laurentia that act as a record of events. The late
688:. The mountains were located close to the equator and produced a year-round zone of heavy precipitation that promoted the deposition of extensive
202:. The sequence of sedimentary rocks varies from about 1,000 m to in excess of 6,100 m (3,500–20,000 ft) in thickness. The cratonic rocks are
2371:
3531:
1279:
3526:
2765:
2585:
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008).
2408:
2245:
2155:
1761:
1496:
1452:
2586:
2029:
556:
Throughout the early Paleozoic, Laurentia was characterized by a tectonically stable interior flooded by the seas, with marginal
2708:
621:
Paleogeography of Earth in the middle Silurian, around 430 Ma. Avalonia and Baltica have fused with Laurentia to form Laurussia.
913:
brought a cooling period, although the extent of this cooling is still debated. More than 100 million years later, in the
1594:
3521:
2741:
2702:
2728:
764:
opened during the Late Triassic and Jurassic. This was accompanied by deposition of evaporite beds that later gave rise to
3474:
1819:
Dalziel, I. W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation".
717:
1576:
3380:
2758:
2327:"Early Cretaceous to Paleocene paleogeography of the Western Interior Seaway: the interaction of eustasy and tectonism"
3340:
740:
The breakup of Pangaea began in the Triassic, with rifting along what is now the east coast of the U.S. that produced
199:
640:. Several small crust fragments accreted from the late Devonian through the Mesozoic to form the Western Cordillera.
1078:(23.03 ± 0.05 Ma until today or ending 2.588 Ma), Laurentia, in the form of North America, collided with
1045:(298.9 ± 0.8 to 252.17 ±0.4 Ma), all major continents collided against each other, forming the supercontinent
721:
664:
Paleogeography of Earth in the late Carboniferous, around 310 Ma. Laurussia has fused with Gondwana to form Pangea.
47:
564:(episodes of continental flooding) during the early Paleozoic, the Sauk and the Tippecanoe. During this time, the
3285:
3275:
3028:
2177:(15 September 1993). "Tropical mountains and coal formation: A climate model study of the Westphalian (306 MA)".
975:
705:
685:
565:
477:
354:
273:
formations on its western and eastern margins. The eastern and northern margins were heavily deformed during the
1926:
1840:
1346:
873:. This block of crust consists of Proterozoic to early Paleozoic shelf and Mesozoic arc volcano formations. The
369:
at 1.49 to 1.45 Gya, which may have welded the 1.50 to 1.30 Gya Granite-Rhyolite province to Laurentia; and the
3494:
3260:
1171:
862:
847:
712:
The great continental mass of Pangaea strongly affected climate patterns. The Permian was relatively arid, and
413:
187:
75:
2654:
Loewy, S. L.; Dalziel, I. W. D.; Pisarevsky, S.; Connelly, J. N.; Tait, J.; Hanson, R. E.; Bullen, D. (2011).
2000:
Jin, J.; Harper, D. A. T.; Cocks, L. R. M.; McCausland, P. J. A.; Rasmussen, C. M. O.; Sheehan, P. M. (2013).
3317:
3312:
1537:
1120:
819:
701:
3255:
43:
3140:
3048:
2858:
2853:
1095:
968:
960:
939:
834:
were deposited at this time, and accretion of crustal fragments continued along the Western Cordillera.
417:
323:
86:, as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of
39:
518:
There is some evidence that the fragments of Rodinia gathered into another short-lived supercontinent,
165:
rock covering over a million square miles. This includes some of the oldest rock on Earth, such as the
1595:"Enriched Grenvillian lithospheric mantle as a consequence of long-lived subduction beneath Laurentia"
3479:
3234:
3125:
2669:
2603:
2555:
2519:
2479:
2443:
2186:
2060:
2013:
1914:
1828:
1706:
1671:
1609:
1378:
1334:
1132:
1121:"United Plates of America, The Birth of a Craton: Early Proterozoic Assembly and Growth of Laurentia"
959:
Around 2.1 to 1.84 Ga, when Kenorland broke apart, the Arctican craton was part of the landmass
561:
545:. As the mountains raised by the Taconic orogeny were subsequently eroded, they produced the immense
311:
285:
281:
195:
178:
138:
3489:
3436:
3226:
3185:
2397:
Sedlock, R.L. (2003). "Geology and tectonics of the Baja California peninsula and adjacent areas".
2174:
921:
global warm period, northern and northwestern Pangea (western Laurentia) remained relatively cool.
769:
681:
550:
449:
346:
494:, which is over 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) thick. By 750 Ma the breakup was mostly complete, and
3344:
3190:
3170:
2635:
1722:
1394:
1350:
854:. The Colorado Plateau was uplifted with remarkably little deformation. The flood basalts of the
843:
831:
808:
630:
473:
437:
409:
373:
at 1.30 to 0.95 Gya, which accreted the 1.30 to 1.00 Gya Llano-Grenville province to Laurentia.
274:
142:
3463:
444:. It was rotated approximately 90 degrees clockwise compared with its modern orientation, with
55:
3411:
3265:
3230:
2660:
2627:
2619:
2594:
2587:"A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent"
2404:
2241:
2151:
1757:
1557:
1492:
1448:
1295:
Fisher, J.H.; et al. (1988). "Michigan basin, Chapter 13: The Geology of North America".
1275:
1034:(419.2 ± 2.8 to 358.9 ±2.5 Ma), Laurentia collided against Baltica, forming the landmass
745:
725:
645:
573:
465:
370:
338:
293:
134:
91:
2375:
3516:
3426:
3090:
2677:
2611:
2563:
2527:
2487:
2451:
2194:
2068:
2021:
1973:
1922:
1836:
1714:
1679:
1675:
1617:
1549:
1386:
1342:
1235:
1172:"On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia"
1140:
855:
851:
796:
457:
362:
289:
211:
203:
183:
118:
3416:
3386:
3327:
3150:
2745:
2732:
788:
583:
580:
546:
542:
491:
445:
377:
366:
358:
246:
158:
157:
In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface as the
2705:, paleogeographic history of southwestern Laurentia, goes back to 1.7 billion years ago.
2673:
2607:
2559:
2523:
2483:
2447:
2190:
2064:
2017:
1918:
1832:
1710:
1613:
1382:
1338:
1144:
1136:
728:
beds in the late Triassic. Pangaea reached its height about 250 Ma, at the start of the
361:
at 1.71 to 1.68 Gya, which welded the 1.8 to 1.7 Gya Yavapai province to Laurentia; the
3348:
3068:
3022:
1593:
Chiarenzelli, J.; Lupulescu, M.; Cousens, B.; Thern, E.; Coffin, L.; Regan, S. (2010).
1027:(485.4 ± 1.7 to 443.8 ±1.5 Ma), Laurentia was shrinking and Baltica was expanding.
906:
792:
784:
761:
649:
637:
600:
569:
499:
441:
242:
146:
114:
99:
2001:
1683:
3510:
3365:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2655:
2326:
1726:
1398:
1390:
1354:
1079:
1071:(145 ± 4 to 66 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent called North America.
999:
935:
800:
669:
557:
523:
385:
384:
magma into the juvenile crust, which helped mature the crust and stitch it together.
319:
250:
238:
170:
110:
79:
17:
2639:
2567:
2325:
Slattery, J.S.; Cobban, W.A.; McKinney, K.C.; Harries, P.J.; Sandness, A.L. (2015).
2072:
617:
3468:
3421:
3155:
3130:
2941:
2936:
985:
878:
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has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area experienced numerous
823:
804:
660:
461:
421:
334:
329:
The resulting nucleus of Laurentia was mostly reworked Archean crust but with some
257:
230:
191:
98:. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and
1966:"The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) systems in the United States"
530:, around 530 Ma, Argentina rifted away from Laurentia and accreted onto Gondwana.
256:
Greenland is part of Laurentia. The island is separated from North America by the
2531:
2491:
2455:
2398:
1718:
1442:
1098: – Archaean craton exposed in Greenland, Labrador, and northwestern Scotland
905:
melt. Nine macro scale fluctuations of "global hyper warming", or high intensity
3322:
3290:
3280:
2719:
2711:– Paleogeographic history of western Laurentia, goes back to the Permian period.
890:
753:
405:
296:
in the Superior Province is the largest greenstone belt in the Canadian Shield.
261:
162:
122:
107:
2438:. Special Issue: Time-Specific Facies: the color and texture of biotic events.
3360:
3270:
3250:
3100:
2828:
2823:
2738:
1068:
1035:
1024:
910:
898:
815:
694:
605:
538:
487:
401:
350:
234:
2656:"Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?"
2623:
1561:
1310:
Sloss, L.L. (1988). "Conclusions, Chapter 17: The Geology of North America".
3431:
3400:
3295:
3245:
3160:
3105:
3038:
2781:
2615:
1553:
1006:
953:
931:
773:
765:
713:
404:
under the southeast margin of the continent likely caused enrichment of the
389:
381:
337:
belts. Juvenile crust is crust formed from magma freshly extracted from the
315:
270:
219:
215:
174:
87:
83:
35:
31:
2631:
365:
at 1.65 to 1.60 Gya, accreting the 1.71 to 1.65 Gya Mazatzal province; the
194:
regions and is exposed only in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, the New York
3355:
3240:
3145:
3120:
3110:
3073:
3058:
3043:
3033:
2956:
2951:
1444:
The Greenland Caledonides: Evolution of the Northeast Margin of Laurentia
1061:
1057:
1053:
1031:
1020:(541 ±0.3 to 485.4 ±1.7 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent.
1017:
1010:
894:
874:
729:
720:. Sedimentary beds deposited in the southwest in the early Triassic were
626:
534:
527:
519:
495:
490:
were emplaced in western Laurentia. Early stages of rifting produced the
412:. Around 1.1 Gya, the center of the craton nearly rifted apart along the
393:
266:
95:
2148:
Evolution of Laurussia : a Study in Late Palaeozoic Plate Tectonics
380:, in particular, was characterized by the intrusion of great volumes of
3375:
3370:
3135:
3115:
3095:
3063:
3053:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
1790:
1788:
1775:
1773:
1240:
1223:
1075:
1046:
1042:
992:
964:
946:
918:
914:
902:
870:
780:
741:
677:
673:
453:
433:
207:
166:
103:
2750:
2372:"Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province on"
2198:
1978:
1965:
3406:
3175:
2873:
2868:
2813:
2808:
2681:
2025:
1621:
1491:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
1056:(201.3 ± 0.6 to 145 ±4 Ma), Pangaea rifted into two landmasses:
71:
1009:(635 to 541 ±0.3 Ma), Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
952:
Around 2.72 to 2.45 Ga, Arctica was part of the supercontinent
510:
2709:
Mesozoic Paleogeography and Tectonic History, Western North America
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
1887:
1885:
1883:
322:
of northwest Canada. During the assembly of the core of Laurentia,
3180:
2785:
2400:
Tectonic Evolution of Northwestern México and the Southwestern USA
827:
749:
659:
616:
509:
484:
223:
54:
942:(older individual mineral grains are known, but not whole rocks).
2843:
2838:
689:
121:
onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable
2754:
799:. The Nevadan orogeny emplaced the extensive batholiths of the
974:
Around 1.82 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
226:. These sedimentary rocks were largely deposited 650–290 Ma.
2240:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 33–34.
1224:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
869:. Baja California rifted away from North America during the
1927:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2
1841:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2
1756:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 370–371.
1347:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1515:FOSITC>2.3.CO;2
1257:
Naming the Laurentians: A History of Place Names 'up North'
981:
Around 1.35–1.3 Ga, Laurentia was an independent continent.
807:
in the late Jurassic was accompanied by deposition of the
991:
Around 1.07 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent
881:, a warm spell between episodes of extensive glaciation.
436:. According to the Southwest U.S. and East Antarctica or
2002:"Precisely locating the Ordovician equator in Laurentia"
1441:
Higgins, A.K.; Gilotti, J.A.; Smith, M.P., eds. (2008).
889:
Several climate events occurred in Laurentia during the
783:
occurred in the Mesozoic in the Western Cordillera: the
476:
to the northwest, Baltica to the east, and Amazonia and
284:
of western Greenland preserves oceanic crust containing
82:. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate
2735:
from The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
998:
Around 750 Ma, Laurentia was part of the landmass
400:(ripe for extraction of magma) mantle lithosphere. The
345:
Over the next 900 million years, Laurentia grew by the
1588:
1586:
1274:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 231.
934:, the oldest intact rock formation on the planet, the
483:
The breakup of Rodinia began by 780 Ma, when numerous
326:
was deposited in Michigan, Minnesota, and Labrador.
2169:
2167:
1548:(13). Society for Science & the Public: 22–26.
448:and Australia to the north (what is now the west),
27:
Craton forming the geological core of North America
984:Around 1.3 Ga, Laurentia was part of the landmass
2512:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2472:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2436:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2300:
2133:
1891:
1853:
1794:
1779:
2403:. Geological Society of America. pp. 1–42.
1447:. United States: Geological Society of America.
514:Pannotia 545 Ma, view centred on the South Pole.
1064:. Laurentia was part of the landmass Laurasia.
1752:Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009).
1575:Daniel, Christopher G. and co-authors (2013).
1487:Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2017).
1222:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
1181:. Vol. 2, no. 11. pp. 237–241.
1114:
1112:
388:at 1.70 and 1.65 Gya deposited characteristic
2766:
1125:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
850:in the middle Cenozoic and the uplift of the
8:
2085:
1428:
633:. This produced the continent of Laurussia.
288:. These provide evidence to geologists that
229:The oldest bedrock, assigned to the Archean
30:For the use of the surname "Laurentia", see
625:At the end of the Cambrian, about 490 Mya,
3214:
3209:
3009:
3004:
2926:
2921:
2798:
2793:
2773:
2759:
2751:
1255:Graham, Joseph (2005). "The Laurentians".
604:facies and loose shells or nonamalgamated
464:to the southwest (present southeast). The
314:, which likely were similar to the modern
1977:
1970:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
1312:Sedimentary cover – North American Craton
1297:Sedimentary cover – North American Craton
1239:
408:mantle beneath the orogenic belts of the
2331:Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
676:, Laurussia fused with Gondwana to form
357:. Major accretion episodes included the
1108:
579:The position of the equator during the
1821:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1327:Geological Society of America Bulletin
811:, notable for its vertebrate fossils.
186:on the broad interior platform in the
117:and oceanic islands collided with and
2703:Paleogeography of the Southwestern US
2505:
2503:
2501:
2429:
2427:
2358:
2312:
2281:
2260:
2223:
2211:
2121:
2109:
2097:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1951:
1939:
1874:
1806:
1739:
1649:
1631:from the original on 7 September 2020
1523:
1511:
1474:
1151:from the original on 7 September 2020
141:, which received their name from the
7:
2715:USGS Interior Plains Region web site
1188:from the original on 17 October 2016
2150:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
1664:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1536:Petit, Charles (18 December 2010).
1145:10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.002551
949:formed as an independent continent.
822:ran from the Gulf of Mexico to the
440:, Laurentia became the core of the
2374:. USGS.gov website. Archived from
1314:. Vol. D-2. pp. 493–496.
1299:. Vol. D-2. pp. 361–382.
858:also erupted during the Cenozoic.
25:
2032:from the original on 30 June 2017
1972:. Professional Paper. 1110-M-DD.
1489:Earth history and palaeogeography
1002:. Laurentia nearly rifted apart.
460:to the south (present east), and
3537:Natural history of North America
3485:
3484:
3462:
2980:
2965:
2950:
2935:
2897:
2882:
2867:
2852:
2837:
2822:
2807:
1964:Menard, W. William, ed. (1979).
1391:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00845.x
428:Formation and breakup of Rodinia
106:assembled on a network of early
3308:Possible future supercontinents
2568:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.11.017
2301:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2134:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
2073:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.007
1892:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1854:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1795:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1780:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1082:, forming the landmass America.
752:deposits. The central Atlantic
549:, recorded in the rocks of the
173:, which is 4.04 billion years (
724:in character, but gave way to
133:The craton is named after the
1:
1684:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00127-1
1579:. GSA Bulletin. p. 1423.
587:
537:. During the early to middle
452:to the east (present north),
102:and consists of many smaller
3086:Other prehistoric continents
2532:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.019
2492:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.003
2456:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.09.005
2179:Geophysical Research Letters
1719:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.106064
938:, was formed in what is now
901:, sea level fluctuated with
652:in the Western Cordillera.
200:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
3553:
2146:Ziegler, Peter A. (1989).
312:Trans-Hudson orogenic belt
48:Laurentia (disambiguation)
29:
3532:Precambrian North America
3454:
3212:
3208:
3007:
3003:
2924:
2920:
2796:
2792:
2236:Fillmore, Robert (2010).
1270:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1119:Hoffman, Paul F. (1988).
930:Around 4.03 to 3.58
885:Paleoenvironmental change
706:Ancestral Rocky Mountains
686:Central Pangean Mountains
355:convergent plate boundary
3527:Geology of North America
3495:Chronology of continents
2725:United Plates of America
2086:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1429:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1170:Dalziel, I.W.D. (1992).
867:large volcanic eruptions
863:Basin and Range Province
848:Basin and Range Province
803:. The regression of the
526:. Sometime in the early
424:are rich in copper ore.
414:Midcontinent Rift System
59:Laurentia basement rocks
2616:10.1126/science.1159189
2175:Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.
1676:1998E&PSL.154...13W
1554:10.1002/scin.5591781325
1477:, p. 234, 238-239.
820:Western Interior Seaway
76:ancient geological core
70:is a large continental
3256:Great Australian Bight
1272:The earth through time
945:Around 2.565 Ga,
716:were deposited in the
665:
622:
515:
286:sheeted dike complexes
60:
46:. For other uses, see
44:Palatias and Laurentia
38:of the same name, see
3522:Historical continents
2053:Earth-Science Reviews
1096:North Atlantic Craton
940:Northwest Territories
893:eon. During the late
663:
620:
562:marine transgressions
513:
418:Keweenawan Supergroup
324:banded iron formation
68:North American Craton
58:
42:. For the saint, see
40:Laurentia (bioregion)
18:North American craton
3480:Continental fragment
3475:Regions of the world
2744:5 March 2016 at the
2731:6 March 2005 at the
2548:Precambrian Research
2315:, pp. 382, 397.
1538:"Continental Hearts"
770:petroleum reservoirs
656:Formation of Pangaea
416:. This produced the
292:existed 3.8 Ga. The
282:Isua Greenstone Belt
179:Istaq Gneiss Complex
139:Laurentian Mountains
3437:Indian Subcontinent
3227:Submerged continent
2674:2011Geo....39..859L
2608:2008Sci...321..235G
2560:2007PreR..153..179I
2524:2010PPP...298..348C
2484:2012PPP...315..172R
2448:2012PPP...367..256L
2263:, pp. 312–313.
2191:1993GeoRL..20.1947O
2065:2011ESRv..106....1C
2018:2013Geo....41..107J
1919:1992Geo....20..875H
1856:, pp. 374–377.
1833:1997GSAB..109...16D
1797:, pp. 371–373.
1782:, pp. 372–373.
1742:, pp. 256–257.
1711:2022SedG..42806064X
1699:Sedimentary Geology
1652:, pp. 255–256.
1614:2010Geo....38..151C
1526:, pp. 229–230.
1514:, pp. 251–253.
1383:2009TeNov..21....1D
1339:1997GSAB..109.1515B
1137:1988AREPS..16..543H
768:that are important
682:Alleghanian orogeny
551:Queenston Formation
214:composed mostly of
210:with the overlying
125:craton seen today.
3218:
3013:
2930:
2802:
2378:on 25 January 2009
2100:, p. 273–305.
1241:10.1130/GES00055.1
925:Geological history
832:Niobrara Formation
809:Morrison Formation
736:Breakup of Pangaea
666:
631:Caledonian orogeny
623:
598:or massive-bedded
566:Western Cordillera
516:
506:Pannotia and after
410:Grenville Province
275:Caledonian orogeny
212:sedimentary layers
143:St. Lawrence River
61:
3504:
3503:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3266:Kerguelen Plateau
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2721:The Dynamic Earth
2602:(5886): 235–240.
2199:10.1029/93GL02235
2185:(18): 1947–1950.
2088:, pp. 44–46.
1979:10.3133/pp1110MDD
1333:(12): 1515–1535.
746:arkosic sandstone
646:Chattanooga Shale
371:Grenville orogeny
294:Abitibi gold belt
184:sedimentary rocks
153:Interior platform
135:Laurentian Shield
92:Hebridean Terrane
16:(Redirected from
3544:
3488:
3487:
3469:World portal
3467:
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2799:
2794:
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2768:
2761:
2752:
2739:Map of Laurentia
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:10.1130/G32029.1
2650:
2648:
2646:
2591:
2572:
2571:
2554:(3–4): 179–208.
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2026:10.1130/g33688.1
1997:
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1961:
1955:
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1767:
1754:Global tectonics
1749:
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1622:10.1130/g30342.1
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1116:
856:Columbia Plateau
852:Colorado Plateau
680:. The resulting
596:
592:
589:
466:Grenville orogen
438:SWEAT hypothesis
363:Mazatzal orogeny
300:Tectonic history
290:mid-ocean ridges
260:, but this is a
21:
3552:
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3427:Eastern Siberia
3417:Central America
3405:
3398:
3392:
3387:Terra Australis
3354:
3338:
3332:
3328:Pangaea Proxima
3311:
3306:
3300:
3239:
3235:microcontinents
3224:
3200:
3195:
3141:East Antarctica
3089:
3084:
3078:
3027:
3023:supercontinents
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2779:
2746:Wayback Machine
2733:Wayback Machine
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1999:
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1963:
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1934:
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887:
840:
838:In the Cenozoic
738:
658:
615:
594:
590:
581:Late Ordovician
547:Queenston Delta
543:Taconic orogeny
508:
492:Belt Supergroup
478:Rio de la Plata
446:East Antarctica
430:
378:Picuris orogeny
367:Picuris orogeny
359:Yavapai orogeny
333:in the form of
307:
302:
177:) old, and the
159:Canadian Shield
155:
131:
115:microcontinents
100:supercontinents
74:that forms the
51:
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2697:External links
2695:
2694:
2693:
2668:(9): 859–862.
2651:
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2577:
2574:
2573:
2537:
2518:(3): 348–359.
2497:
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2344:
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2114:
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2012:(2): 107–110.
1985:
1956:
1954:, p. 277.
1944:
1942:, p. 290.
1932:
1896:
1894:, p. 376.
1879:
1877:, p. 273.
1858:
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907:greenhouse gas
886:
883:
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836:
762:Gulf of Mexico
737:
734:
657:
654:
650:Antler Orogeny
638:Early Devonian
614:
611:
601:Thalassinoides
570:passive margin
558:orogenic belts
507:
504:
500:Snowball Earth
480:to the south.
442:supercontinent
429:
426:
339:Earth's mantle
331:juvenile crust
306:
303:
301:
298:
154:
151:
147:Saint Lawrence
145:, named after
137:, through the
130:
127:
111:orogenic belts
26:
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2904:South America
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:North America
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2861:
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2410:9780813723747
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2247:9781607810049
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2159:
2157:9789400904699
2153:
2149:
2142:
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2123:
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2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:(1–2): 1–51.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
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1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:9781405107778
1759:
1755:
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1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:9781107105324
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1454:9780813712024
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1431:, p. 41.
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
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1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
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1361:
1356:
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1328:
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1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1259:. p. 15.
1258:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
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1200:
1184:
1180:
1173:
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1163:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:South America
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:Protolaurasia
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:Acasta Gneiss
933:
929:
928:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:basement rock
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:Sierra Nevada
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Permian Basin
715:
710:
707:
703:
702:Pennsylvanian
698:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Carboniferous
662:
655:
653:
651:
647:
641:
639:
634:
632:
628:
619:
612:
610:
607:
603:
602:
585:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:Iapetus Ocean
521:
512:
505:
503:
502:hypothesis.)
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
481:
479:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
422:flood basalts
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Slab rollback
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:Wopmay orogen
317:
313:
304:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
171:Acasta Gneiss
168:
164:
161:, an area of
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:in northwest
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:North America
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3460:
3399:
3385:
3349:hypothesised
3339:
3307:
3225:
3165:
3156:Kazakhstania
3131:Congo Craton
3085:
3021:Prehistoric
3020:
2979:
2964:
2949:
2942:Afro-Eurasia
2934:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2851:
2836:
2821:
2806:
2724:
2720:
2685:. Retrieved
2665:
2659:
2643:. Retrieved
2599:
2593:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2515:
2511:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2439:
2435:
2414:. Retrieved
2399:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2366:
2335:. Retrieved
2330:
2320:
2308:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2182:
2178:
2147:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2009:
2005:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1849:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1802:
1753:
1747:
1735:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1605:
1601:
1570:
1545:
1542:Science News
1541:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1488:
1482:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1443:
1436:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1231:
1227:
1190:. Retrieved
1178:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1128:
1124:
1085:
986:Protorodinia
967:and Eastern
897:through the
888:
879:interglacial
860:
841:
830:beds of the
824:Arctic Ocean
813:
805:Sundance Sea
778:
759:
739:
711:
699:
684:created the
667:
642:
635:
624:
599:
578:
555:
532:
517:
482:
470:
431:
406:lithospheric
397:
375:
344:
335:volcanic arc
330:
328:
308:
279:
258:Nares Strait
255:
228:
192:Great Plains
169:rock of the
156:
132:
67:
63:
62:
52:
3323:Novopangaea
3191:South China
3171:North China
2579:Works cited
2478:: 172–180.
2442:: 256–272.
1377:(1): 1–13.
1131:: 543–603.
963:along with
891:Phanerozoic
818:times, the
754:ocean basin
748:, and lake
700:During the
668:During the
595: 444
488:dike swarms
474:South China
351:island arcs
262:Pleistocene
204:metamorphic
196:Adirondacks
163:Precambrian
123:Precambrian
108:Proterozoic
3511:Categories
3459:See also:
3361:Hyperborea
3351:continents
3286:Seychelles
3271:Madagascar
3251:Doggerland
3146:Euramerica
3101:Asiamerica
2829:Antarctica
2782:Continents
2687:24 January
2645:4 February
2546:history".
2416:22 January
2382:9 November
2359:Levin 2010
2337:17 January
2313:Levin 2010
2282:Levin 2010
2261:Levin 2010
2224:Levin 2010
2212:Levin 2010
2122:Levin 2010
2110:Levin 2010
2098:Levin 2010
1952:Levin 2010
1940:Levin 2010
1875:Levin 2010
1807:Levin 2010
1740:Levin 2010
1705:: 106064.
1650:Levin 2010
1524:Levin 2010
1512:Levin 2010
1475:Levin 2010
1460:22 January
1371:Terra Nova
1234:(4): 220.
1103:References
1069:Cretaceous
1036:Euramerica
1025:Ordovician
969:Antarctica
911:Ordovician
899:Ordovician
816:Cretaceous
766:salt domes
714:evaporites
695:cyclothems
606:brachiopod
593: – c.
591: 458
539:Ordovician
402:subduction
318:, and the
220:sandstones
216:limestones
198:, and the
34:. For the
3432:Greenland
3296:Zealandia
3261:Jan Mayen
3246:Cathaysia
3166:Laurentia
3161:Laramidia
3151:Kalaharia
3106:Atlantica
3039:Kenorland
2859:Australia
2624:0036-8075
1827:(1): 31.
1727:245416564
1562:0036-8423
1399:128703747
1355:140723924
1228:Geosphere
1179:GSA Today
1007:Ediacaran
954:Kenorland
877:being an
781:orogenies
774:Paleogene
613:Laurussia
390:quartzite
382:granitoid
347:accretion
316:Himalayas
271:Paleogene
149:of Rome.
129:Etymology
88:Greenland
84:continent
64:Laurentia
36:bioregion
32:Laurentum
3490:Category
3356:Atlantis
3341:Mythical
3276:Mauritia
3241:Beringia
3126:Cimmeria
3121:Chilenia
3111:Avalonia
3091:Amazonia
3074:Vaalbara
3059:Pannotia
3044:Laurasia
3034:Gondwana
3029:Columbia
2957:Americas
2742:Archived
2729:Archived
2640:11799613
2632:18621666
2030:Archived
1635:24 April
1626:Archived
1192:25 April
1183:Archived
1155:25 April
1149:Archived
1090:See also
1062:Gondwana
1058:Laurasia
1054:Jurassic
1032:Devonian
1018:Cambrian
1011:Pannotia
976:Columbia
895:Cambrian
875:Holocene
797:Laramide
742:red beds
730:Triassic
648:and the
627:Avalonia
535:Silurian
528:Cambrian
520:Pannotia
496:Gondwana
458:Amazonia
420:, whose
394:rhyolite
305:Assembly
267:Devonian
247:Superior
113:. Small
104:terranes
96:Scotland
90:and the
3517:Cratons
3376:Meropis
3371:Lemuria
3186:Siberia
3136:Cuyania
3116:Baltica
3096:Arctica
3064:Rodinia
3054:Pangaea
2987:Oceania
2972:Eurasia
2670:Bibcode
2661:Geology
2604:Bibcode
2595:Science
2556:Bibcode
2520:Bibcode
2480:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2333:: 22–60
2187:Bibcode
2061:Bibcode
2036:14 June
2014:Bibcode
2006:Geology
1915:Bibcode
1907:Geology
1829:Bibcode
1707:Bibcode
1672:Bibcode
1610:Bibcode
1602:Geology
1379:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
1133:Bibcode
1076:Neogene
1074:In the
1067:In the
1052:In the
1047:Pangaea
1043:Permian
1041:In the
1030:In the
1023:In the
1016:In the
1005:In the
993:Rodinia
965:Baltica
947:Arctica
919:Permian
915:Permian
903:ice cap
871:Miocene
814:During
789:Nevadan
722:fluvial
678:Pangaea
674:Permian
454:Baltica
450:Siberia
434:Rodinia
398:fertile
243:Wyoming
208:igneous
188:Midwest
167:Archean
119:sutured
66:or the
3412:Arabia
3407:Alaska
3347:, and
3318:Aurica
3313:Amasia
3176:Pampia
2874:Europe
2814:Africa
2638:
2630:
2622:
2407:
2244:
2154:
1760:
1725:
1560:
1495:
1451:
1397:
1353:
1278:
795:, and
793:Sevier
785:Sonoma
726:eolian
704:, the
576:edge.
568:was a
249:, and
239:Hearne
224:shales
222:, and
72:craton
3291:Sunda
3281:Sahul
3231:lands
3181:Sahul
2786:Earth
2636:S2CID
2590:(PDF)
1723:S2CID
1629:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1395:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1186:(PDF)
1175:(PDF)
828:Chalk
779:Four
750:shale
584:epoch
574:shelf
485:mafic
462:Congo
231:Slave
3345:lost
3233:and
3049:Nena
2844:Asia
2689:2016
2647:2016
2628:PMID
2620:ISSN
2418:2022
2405:ISBN
2384:2009
2339:2022
2242:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2038:2017
1758:ISBN
1637:2020
1558:ISSN
1493:ISBN
1462:2022
1449:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1194:2020
1157:2020
1060:and
961:Nena
760:The
690:coal
672:and
456:and
376:The
280:The
251:Nain
190:and
2784:of
2678:doi
2612:doi
2600:321
2564:doi
2552:153
2528:doi
2516:298
2488:doi
2476:315
2452:doi
2440:367
2195:doi
2069:doi
2057:106
2022:doi
1974:doi
1923:doi
1837:doi
1825:109
1715:doi
1703:428
1680:doi
1668:154
1618:doi
1550:doi
1546:178
1387:doi
1343:doi
1331:109
1236:doi
1141:doi
349:of
269:to
235:Rae
206:or
78:of
3513::
3381:Mu
3343:,
3069:Ur
2723:,
2676:.
2666:39
2664:.
2658:.
2634:.
2626:.
2618:.
2610:.
2598:.
2592:.
2562:.
2550:.
2526:.
2514:.
2500:^
2486:.
2474:.
2450:.
2426:^
2347:^
2329:.
2289:^
2268:^
2193:.
2183:20
2181:.
2166:^
2067:.
2055:.
2028:.
2020:.
2010:41
2008:.
2004:.
1988:^
1968:.
1921:.
1911:20
1909:.
1882:^
1861:^
1835:.
1823:.
1787:^
1772:^
1721:.
1713:.
1701:.
1678:.
1666:.
1624:.
1616:.
1606:38
1604:.
1600:.
1585:^
1556:.
1544:.
1540:.
1407:^
1393:.
1385:.
1375:21
1373:.
1349:.
1341:.
1329:.
1230:.
1226:.
1202:^
1177:.
1147:.
1139:.
1129:16
1127:.
1123:.
1111:^
932:Ga
791:,
787:,
776:.
744:,
732:.
697:.
588:c.
277:.
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
218:,
175:Ga
3229:/
2774:e
2767:t
2760:v
2691:.
2680::
2672::
2649:.
2614::
2606::
2570:.
2566::
2558::
2534:.
2530::
2522::
2494:.
2490::
2482::
2458:.
2454::
2446::
2420:.
2386:.
2341:.
2250:.
2201:.
2197::
2189::
2160:.
2075:.
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